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VOLCANOES

New homework due next Tuesday, Nov 23Extra Credit Chapter 14 “The Fire Below” due next Tuesday, Nov 23

Bryson Extra Credit Reading

A Short History of Nearly EverythingChapter 14: “The Fire Below”Short summary due November 23, by your class time.Available at the bookstore, on line sales outlets, local libraries, and a ragged copy on reserve at the library (treat it gently)

Bowen’s Reaction Series Oceanic basin tectonics

Partial melting due to decompressionMantle material results in mafic magmaBasaltic oceanic crust forms

• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html

Icelandic Rift

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/0829_09_iceland.jpg

Convergent plate boundary

Partial melting by water flux From continental crust results in felsic magmaGranitic continental crust forms

• http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html

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Fujiyama

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_composite_volc_Fujiyama.jpg

Tectonics of Magma

Basaltic magmaFrom partial melting of mantleOccurs at oceanic ridges and mantle plumesM d k i tMore dense: makes oceanic crust

Granitic magmaFrom melting of crust, with water as fluxOccurs at convergent boundariesLess dense: makes continental crust

Low viscosity lava

http://smart.tin.it/domsky/4/fotos-imagenes/immagini/1/2002_07_28_archive.html

Pahoehoe

http://gaia.busanedu.net/~creative/2002/cyber/rock/pages/20651_pahoehoe.htm

AA

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/aa_pahoehoe_lg.jpg

Kilauea

http://www.fhvnp.org/albums/seminar_1142006.htm

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Mt St Helens Before

http://www.ncusd203.org/north/depts/science/slack/mt_helens.html

Ash of Mt St Helens

Kilauea spatter cone

http://www.billystudio.com/photo_album/Big_Island/Volcano_Park_Slide/pages/Kilauea%20Spatter%20Cone%201984.htm

Volcanic bombs

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/bomb.html

bomb

http://www.volcanicimages.com/krakatau/krakatau.html

Terms

Viscosity: resistance to flowPyroclastic: material blown into the air by volcanic eruptionWhat is the relationship of lava viscosity to pyroclastic production by a volcano?Greater viscosity=more likely to have pyroclastic material

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Lava character

Volcanic gas information below

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html

Volcanic gas compositionKilauea Summit Hot Spot 1170°C

CO

HCl

H20

H2SH2

S02

C02

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php

Volcanic gas composition

Erta` Ale Divergent Plate 1130°CCO

S02

H2

H2S

HClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erta_Ale

H20

S02

C02

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php

Volcanic gas composition

Momotombo Convergent Plate 820°C

H2CO

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Momotombo.jpg

H20

S02

HClH2S

CO

C02

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php

Shield volcano

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ShieldVolcano.html

Pahoehoe

http://gaia.busanedu.net/~creative/2002/cyber/rock/pages/20651_pahoehoe.htm

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Pahoehoe

http://www.mistermoose.org/rtw/usa/hawaii/pahoehoe.html

AA

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/aa_pahoehoe_lg.jpg

A'a

http://news.cnet.com/2300-13576_3-10001182-2.html

Active Lava Tube

http://www.doubledeckerpress.com/skylight.htm

Kilauea Caldera

http://www.globalgeografia.com/album/oceania.htm

Shield volcano

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_shield_volc.jpg

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Hawaii

http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/hawaii/big_island.html

Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?

60%1. a'a2. pegmatitic3. pahoehoe4 i

1 2 3 4 5

10%8%

3%

20%

4. scoria5. tuff

_________ magma is the most abundant type erupted at oceanic spreading centers.

60%1. Andesitic2. Basaltic 3. Clastic

1 2 3 4 5

5% 5%

26%

5%

4. Granitic5. Pegmatitic

Usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism

33%

44%1. Chlorine and sodium2. Hydrogen and sulfur3. Neon and ammonia

1 2 3 4 5

2%

19%

2%

4. Oxygen and nitrogen5. Water and carbon dioxide

Type of basaltic lava flow with a surface of sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble

73%1. a'a 2. pahoehoe3. pillow lava

1 2 3 4 5

0%8%

20%

0%

4. scoria5. tuff

Mt St Helens

http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Dig_a_Hole_to_China_Chapter1.html

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MtStHelens

http://www.geology.mcmail.com/volcanoes.htm

Ash progression map of May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens

http://www.cmos.ca/Ao/articles/v190207.pdf

Ash of Mt. St. Helens

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htm

Ash Bed

http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/30714277-048_caption.html

Welded tuff Composite cone

http://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/GEOG_3350/examreviews/volcanic_structures.htm

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Blasted summit of Mt. St. Helens

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htm

Whaleback dome in Mt. St. Helens

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htm

Mt. Meager, British Columbia, Canada Glass cliff of Mt. Meager eruption 2500 y.b.p.

Pumice lapilli of Mt. Meager

Pumice deposit of Mt. Meager

Mt Hoodhttp://www.geog.utah.edu/~hmiller/photos/Mt_Hood.jpg

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Cascade Volcano eruptions

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htm

Fujiyama

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100tu/plots/1008_composite_volc_Fujiyama.jpg

Ring of fire

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/fire.html

Nuee Ardente

St. Pierre Harbor, 1902

http://rolfgross.dreamhosters.com/LafcadioHearn-GE/MartiniqueStPierre-MtPeleeLifeLett1.jpg

Martinique

http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Pelee.html

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Martinique

Video of nuee ardente: http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/apes/images.htmlhttp://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/051296/pf_sea.mpg

St Helens Blast Zone

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htm

Lahar Mt St Helens

http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Lahars.html

Lahar

Link to Nevado del Ruizhttp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/RuizLahars.html

St Helens Deposits

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/st_helens/sthelens.htm

Rainier Lahars

http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Lahars.html

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Paricutin

http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~asuarezn/Paricutin_page.html

Ash from Paricutin

http://www.greenville.k12.oh.us/volcano/cindercone.html

Parícutin

http://www.greenville.k12.oh.us/volcano/cindercone.html

Cinder cone

Cinder cones

http://courses.unt.edu/hwilliams/GEOG_3350/examreviews/volcanic_structures.htm

San Juan Parangaricutiro

http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~asuarezn/Paricutin_page.html

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Mt Etna

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect13/Sect13_4d.html

Volcanic features

FissurePipeVentO i tOpening at summit may be crater or caldera

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/earthscience/Geology/volcanoes/structure/structure2.jpg

Aspects of volcano types Crater Lake

Caldera initial stage Caldera final stage

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Collapse caldera formation

Like Crater Lake

http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/volclandforms.htm

Kilauea Caldera

http://satftp.soest.hawaii.edu/space/hawaii/nav/ap.kilauea.html

Kilauea Caldera—Stage 1

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html

Kilauea Caldera—Stage 2

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html

Kilauea Caldera—Stage 3

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/howwork/subsidence/inflate_deflate.html

Valles Grande

http://ve.ou.edu/weaver/votw/valles.htm

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Curtain of fire

http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~csav/gallery/decker/hawaii_curtain_of_fire.php

Lava fountain from fissure

Flood basalt Flood basalt

http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/images/floodbasalt.jpg

Flood basalt

http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/FieldImages/BasaltTwinFalls.jpeg

Deccan basalt

http://www.accuracyingenesis.com/deccan.html

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Shiprock

http://www.uwosh.edu/faculty_staff/muldoon/51-360/Moes_pics/pages/6B_Ship_Rock_gif.htm

Volcanic summary

The most violent volcanic activity is associated with _________.

1. cinder cones2. fissure eruptions3 flood basalts

1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%0%0%

3. flood basalts4. shield volcanoes5. strato-volcanoes

What destroyed the city of St. Pierre, Martinique, in 1902?

1. A nueé ardente2. Basaltic lava flows3. Cinder cone

1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%0%0%

4. Heavy ashfall5. Mudflows

The current volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States is related to

1. oceanic ridge system2. deep transform faults3. flood basalts4 tl h t t

1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%0%0%

4. mantle hot spot5. plate subduction

An isolated steep-sided erosional remnant consisting of crystalline rock that once was lava in a volcanic vent is called a ___________.

1. batholith2. dike3. laccolith

1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%0%0%

4. tuff deposit5. volcanic neck

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Mt St Helens After

http://www.ncusd203.org/north/depts/science/slack/mt_helens.html

Sept. 2002

Photo credit see http://www.roddyscheer.com/mt_st_helens.html

Volcanocam see http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/

Input the 1st of six number of your v # with the transmitters (after the V00part)

V00123456Enter this digit now as soon as the ‘polling’ box turns green and says ‘open’p

I will ask for the second digit shortlyDo not press the number for the second digit until I ask for it with the next slide

If you make a mistake, reenter the proper number before we go on to the next slideDo not push the GO button unless you need to recode it transmit frequency!! (…when you push GO it resets the frequency it transmit on)

Now input the 2nd number after the V00 with the transmitters

V00123456this digit only, not any otherswhen the polling box turns green!

If you make a mistake, reenter the proper number before we go on to the next slide

Do not push the GO button!!

It’s time to input the 3rdnumber with the transmitters

V00123456This digit only

Do not go on to the next digit until I go to the next slide

If you make a mistake, reenter the proper number before we go on to the next slideIf you didn’t get an entry, enter the proper one for this slide, not the one for the previous slide

!!

We are up to the 4th digit of your V#

V00123456

If you make a mistake, reenter the proper number before we go on to the next slide If you didn’t get an entry, enter the proper one

for this slide, not the one for the previous slideDo not push the GO button!!

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Input the 5th digit now

V00123456Do not go on to the next digit until I go to the next slide

If you make a mistake, reenter the proper number If you didn’t get an entry, enter the proper one for this slide, not the one for the previous slideDo not push the GO button!!

Input the LAST DIGIT of your v # with the clickers

V00123456when the polling box turns greenIf you make a mistake reenter the proper numberIf you make a mistake, reenter the proper number

Do not push the GO button!!