Q1.          Lithium metal is used in alkaline batteries.

(a)     The diagram shows the atoms in lithium metal.

Why is lithium metal described as an element?

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(1)

(b)     The diagram below represents a lithium atom.

Choose words from the box to label parts of the atom.

bond electron molecule nucleus

(2)(Total 3 marks)

 

Q2.          In the flasks are the particles of four different gases. (Each circle represents

an atom.)

          (a)     Which diagram represents

(i)      oxygen, O2 ..................................(1)

(ii)     steam, H2O .................................(1)

(b)     The gases in A and B are elements and the gases in C and D are compounds. Explain why.

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(3)(Total 5 marks)

 

Q3.          Use the Periodic Table of Elements on the Data Sheet to help you to answer

this question.

(a)     Describe, in as much detail as you can, the structure of a fluorine atom.

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(3)

(b)     Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a magnesium atom.

(1)(Total 4 marks)

 

Q4.          Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin, a builder from Leeds. The flow diagram shows how cement is made.

(a)     (i)      Name the raw material X used to make cement.

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(1)

(ii)     In the kiln the raw materials are heated to about 1500°C.The limestone (calcium carbonate) is broken down at this temperature.Complete the word equation for this reaction.

         calcium carbonate → ........................................ + carbon dioxide(1)

(iii)     Suggest one major cost of this process other than the cost of the raw materials.

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(1)

(b)     Cement can be used to make concrete.Name two substances that must be mixed with cement to make concrete.

1 .....................................................................

2 .....................................................................(2)

(Total 5 marks)

 

Q5.          Limestone contains calcium carbonate.

(a)     Calcium carbonate has the formula CaCO3.

Complete the sentence by writing in the correct numbers.

The formula of calcium carbonate is made up of 1 calcium atom, ............ carbon atom(s)

and ............ oxygen atom(s).(2)

(b)     When limestone is heated it forms two other compounds.

(i)      State one safety precaution that you should take when heating limestone.

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(1)

(ii)     Name the white solid produced.

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(1)

(iii)     Why does a piece of limestone lose mass as it is heated?

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(1)

(d)     A company wants to quarry limestone. There are some houses near the quarry.

Residents in the houses say that they do not want a quarry next to them.

(i)      Suggest two reasons why they do not want the quarry next to them.

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(2)

(ii)     Suggest one possible benefit to the residents of having a quarry near their houses.

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(1)(Total 8 marks)

 

Q6.Iron is produced from the ore haematite (iron oxide).

Titanium is produced from the ore rutile (titanium oxide).

IronTitanium

 

(a)     The production of low-carbon steel uses oxygen but the production of titanium uses argon.

Explain why.

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(b)     There is less titanium than iron in the Earth’s crust.

Apart from titanium’s scarcity, explain why titanium costs much more than iron.

Use the two flow diagrams above to help you to answer this question.

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(c)     Many chemical reactions take place in the production of both metals.

A chemical reaction in the production of iron is:

    2 Fe2O3     +     3 C       →     4 Fe     +     3 CO2

A chemical reaction in the production of titanium is:

    TiCl4          +     2 Mg     →     Ti         +     2 MgCl2

Titanium can be used to produce iron from iron oxide. The chemical reaction is:

    2 Fe2O3     +     3 Ti       →     4 Fe     +     3 TiO2

Use these three reactions and the Chemistry Data Sheet to answer this question.

Suggest the position of titanium in the Reactivity Series of Metals.

Explain your answer.

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(Total 8 marks)

Q7.The hip joint sometimes has to be replaced.Early replacement hip joints were made from stainless steel.

 

Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel.The diagram below represents the particles in stainless steel.

 Paticle diagram of stainless steal

(a)     Use the diagram to complete the percentages of metals in this stainless steel.

The first one has been done for you. 

Element Percentage (%)

Iron, Fe 72

Chromium, Cr

Nickel, Ni

(2)

(b)     Pure iron is a soft, metallic element.

 

(i)      Why is iron described as an element?

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(ii)     Pure iron would not be suitable for a replacement hip joint.

Suggest why.

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(iii)    The three metals in stainless steel have different sized atoms.Stainless steel is harder than pure iron.

Explain why.

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(Total 6 marks)

Q8.Alkanes are hydrocarbons found in crude oil.

(a)     (i)      Complete the sentence.

Hydrocarbons contain the elements ......................... and .........................only.

(1)

(ii)     Ethane is an alkane with the formula C2H6

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. 

Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general formula

CnHn

CnH2n

CnH2n+2

(1)

(b)     Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

 

Describe and explain how crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Use the diagram to help you answer the question.

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(c)     Dodecane (C12H26) from crude oil is cracked to produce ethene (C2H4).

(i)      Complete the equation for this reaction.

C12H26         2 C2H4  +  ............................(1)

(ii)     Give two conditions needed for cracking.

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2 ............................................................................................................

(2)(Total 9 marks)

Q9.This question is about compounds produced from crude oil.

The table below shows four of these compounds. 

Compound Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C

methane (CH4) −183 −164

ethene (C2H4) −169 −104

decane (C10H22) −30 +174

icosane (C20H42) +37 +343

(a)     Tick (  ) two correct statements about the four compounds. 

Statement Tick (  )

Methane has the lowest melting point and icosane has the highest boiling point.

Ethene and methane are alkanes.

Methane and decane are gases at room temperature (20°C).

Decane and icosane are liquid at 100°C.

(2)

(b)     Petrol contains a mixture of compounds, including octane (C8H18).

Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of octane.

octane   +   oxygen   →   ........................................   +    ........................................

(2)

(c)     Most petrol used in cars contains about 5% ethanol (C2H5OH).Ethanol can be produced from sugar cane.

 

(i)      Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. 

combustion.

The reaction to produce ethanol from sugar solution is displacement.

fermentation.

(1)

(ii)     Some people say that increasing the production of ethanol from sugar cane will be good for the environment.

Suggest two reasons why.

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(iii)    Other people say that increasing the production of ethanol from sugar cane will be bad for the environment.

Suggest two reasons why.

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(Total 9 marks)

Q10.Poly(ethene) is a polymer with many uses.

(a)     Poly(ethene) is not biodegradable.

Give one problem caused by waste poly(ethene).

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..(1)

(b)     Many molecules of ethene are combined to make poly(ethene). Ethene is an alkene.

(i)      Complete the sentence about the colour change in the test for alkenes.

Alkenes turn bromine water from .................................................... to

............................................ .(2)

(ii)     Complete the equation below to show the formation of poly(ethene).

 

 (3)

(c)     Poly(ethene) is a thermosoftening polymer that melts when heated.

The diagrams show a thermosetting polymer and a thermosoftening polymer.

Polymer chain

        Thermosetting polymer             Thermosoftening polymer

The thermosetting polymer does not melt when heated.

Use the diagrams and your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why.

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(Total 9 marks)

Q11.          In 1939 Roy Plunkett opened the valve on a new cylinder of tetrafluoroethene gas. No gas came out!

          He cut the cylinder open and found that the gas had changed into a white solid. This solid was an addition polymer.

(a)     Give the name of the addition polymer that formed inside the cylinder.

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(1)

(b)     The structure of this polymer can be represented by the diagram below.

          Draw the structure of the monomer, tetrafluoroethene, from which it is formed.

 

 

 

 

 (2)

(c)     Describe how this addition polymer forms from monomers.

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(3)(Total 6 marks)

 

Q12.          Many plants produce useful oils.

(a)     The diagram shows some apparatus used to obtain oil from plant material.

Four parts of the apparatus are labelled, A, B, C and D.

Use the information in the diagram to complete the sentences.

Steam is made in part .

Oil from the plant material is vaporised in part .

Steam and oil vapour are condensed in part .(3)

(b)     A student investigated a mixture of a plant oil and water.

(i)      A mixture of the plant oil and water was shaken and left to stand for 10 minutes.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. 

dissolves.

floats.

sinks.

The plant oil separates from the water because it

(1)

(ii)     A mixture of the plant oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand for 10 minutes. The mixture did not separate.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. 

a compound.

an emulsion.

a fat.

The plant oil, water and egg yolk make

(1)(Total 5 marks)

 

 

Q13.          This information was taken from a label on a packet of crisps.

 

Main ingredients:

Potatoes, vegetable oil, Worcester sauce flavour,

colourings, flavourings, salt.

Nutritional information (per 100 g):

Energy 2040 kJ

Protein 6.5 g

Carbohydrate 55 g

of which sugars 3 g

Fat 27 g

of which saturates 9 g

unsaturates 18 g

Fibre 4.5 g

Sodium 1.2 g

          Saturated fats are linked to heart problems. In order to claim that their crisps are healthy, the manufacturer keeps the proportion of saturated fats low.

(i)      What type of fat contains double carbon carbon bonds?

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(1)

(ii)      The colour of bromine water is orange.

          What is seen when bromine water is shaken with:

          an unsaturated fat ........................................................................................................

          a saturated fat? ............................................................................................................

(2)

(iii)     Unsaturated vegetable oils can be hardened to make them useful as spreads. Describe how unsaturated vegetable oils are hardened.

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(2)(Total 5 marks)

 

Q14.          (a)     Apart from water vapour, two gases account for about 99% of the present atmosphere of our planet.

          What are the names of these gases?

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(1)

(b)     Scientists now have evidence that, over three billion years ago, our planet’s atmosphere was mostly a mixture of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia. Since then the mixture has gradually changed.

(i)      Suggest why there is now less water vapour in the atmosphere.

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(2)

(ii)     Suggest why there is now less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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(2)

(c)     The following information suggests that the continents of Africa and South America were once joined together but then began to move apart.

          Fossilised remains of a large fern-like plant called Glossopteris have been found in the rocks of the Carboniferous period in both Africa and South America.

          Fossilised remains of a freshwater reptile called Mesosaurus have been found in the rocks of the Permian period in both Africa and South America.

          No fossils of identical organisms have been found in the rocks of the Jurassic or the Cretaceous period in Africa or South America.

          The following table gives the names of some of the periods in our planet’s geological history.

 

Start of the periodmillions of years ago

Name of the period

2 Quaternary

65 Tertiary

136 Cretaceous

190 Jurassic

225 Triassic

280 Permian

345 Carboniferous

395 Devonian

435 Silurian

500 Ordovician

570 Cambrian

(i)      Use this information to suggest when Africa and South America began to move apart.

About ......................................................... million years ago.(1)

(ii)     What conditions were necessary for Africa and South America to move apart?

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(3)(Total 9 marks)

 

 

Q15.          The bar chart below shows the percentage by mass of gases in dry air. Two of the gases are labelled as A and B.

          What are the names of gas A and gas B?

          Gas A is ................................................................................................................................

          Gas B is ................................................................................................................................

(Total 2 marks)

 

Q16.          (a)     The diagram gives information about some of the layers that make up the Earth.

(i)      What name is given to the outer layer of the Earth labelled X?

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(1)

(ii)     What is the difference between the inner core and the outer core?

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(2)

(b)     Which of the following is used to detect the waves produced by an earthquake?

          Draw a ring around your answer.

barograph                        seismograph                      tachograph(1)

(Total 4 marks)