B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY III SEMESTER US03CBCH01 Biochemistry … · Physical properties – Asymmetric...

B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

III SEMESTER

US03CBCH01

Biochemistry of Bio molecules I

UNIT I: Introduction, Definition, History and Scope of Biochemistry.

� Milestones in history of biochemistry.

� Important and applications of biochemistry.

� Branches of biochemistry.

� Biochemistry as a chemical science.

� The chemical elements of living matter.

� Biological Molecules.

UNIT II: The atoms and chemical bonds.

� Structure of an atom.

� Nature of chemical bonding and molecular structure.

� Types of chemical bondings.

� Electrovalent or polar or Ionic bond.

� Covalent or non polar bond.

� Stereochemistry.

UNIT III: Carbohydrates and glycobiology.

� Definition, classification and functions of carbohydrates.

� Occurance and biochemical roles of monosaccharides.

� Disaccarides (maltose, sucrose and lactose).

� Oligosaccarides (Raffinose).

� Polysaccarides ( starch, glycogen, cellulose, heparin).

� Physical properties – Asymmetric carbon, D and L isomers, isomerism,

mutarotation, optical activity, epimers, cyclization.

� Chemical properties – Osazone formation, action of acids and alkali on

sugars

� Derivatives of Sugars.

UNIT IV: Chemistry of Lipids

� Definition,classification and functions of Lipids

� Simple ,compound, derived and miscellaneous lipids.

� Fatty acids – free and esterified fatty acids, length of hydrocarbon chain,

straight and branched chain fatty acids, hydroxyl and cyclic fatty acids,

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids , nomenclature of fatty acids, omega

classification of fatty acids, essential fatty acids, dietary sources and

functions of fatty acids.

� Introduction to:

Triacylglycerols,phospholipids,sphingophospholipids,glycolipids

,lipoproteins,cholesterol.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Biochemistry Mathews –Van Holde.

2. Fundamentals of biochemistry Dr. J.L Jain, Dr.Sanjay Jain.

Nitin Jain.

3. Textbook of biochemistry for medical students DM. Vasudevan,

Sreekumari S. Kannan Vaidyanathan.

4. Zubay’s Principles of biochemistry VeerBala Rastogi K.R.

Aneja.

5. Textbook of Biochemistry for medical students RAFI MD.

6. Biochemistry U.Satayanarayana, U Chakrapani.

7. Outlines of Biochemistry Eric E. Conn, Paul k. Stumpf, George

Bruening , Roy H. Doi

8.Textbook of medical biochemistry :7th Edition – Rana Shinde, M.N.

Chatterjea

B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

III SEMESTER

COURSE: US03CBCH02 (P)

(BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICAL)

� Prepration of Normal ,% solution.

� Prepration of Starch from potato and its hydrolysis by Salivary Amylase

� Titration for reducing sugar by Cole’s method.

� Qualitative analysis of carbohydrate.

� Qualitative analysis of lipid.

� Sepration of amino acid. ( paper chromatogrphy)

� Quantitative analysis by Beer’s Law / lamda max.( KmnO4)

� Determination of pH by using indicatars.

REFRENCE BOOK: -

� STANDARD METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS – S.R. THIMMAIAH.

� PRACTICAL CILINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY methods & Interepretations –

RANJANA CHAWLA.

� PRACTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY BY HAROLD VARLEY.

� LABORATRY MANUAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY – BY J.JAYARAMAN

� LAB MANUAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY, IMMUNOLOGY & BIOTECH – BY Arti

Nigam, Archana Ayyagiri

� LABORATRY MANUAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY – BY SUBRAYAMAN

B. Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

III SEMESTER

US03CBCH03 BIOPHYSICAL BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT-1 WATER: -

1) Structure and solvent properties.

2) Colligative properties of water.

3) Distribution of body water.

4) Normal water balance.

5) Regulatory mechanism of normal water balance.

A) Role of kidney.

B)Thirst mechanism.

C) Role of ADH and Aldosterone

6) Abnormal water balance.

A) Pure water Dehydration.

B) Pure Salt Dehydration.

C) Mixed type (water & Salt) Dehydration

D) Over hydration.

UNIT-2 Acid, Base, and Buffer:-

1. Definition of Acid, Base, Buffer & pH and pH measurement methods.

2. Physiological Buffer System.

a. Bicarbonate buffer

b. Phosphate buffer

c. Protein and hemoglobin acting as buffer.

3. Titration curve and pka of weak acid

4. H-H equation & its example to find PH and pka

UNIT-3 Biophysical Biochemistry:-

1) Colloid:-Definition & classification of colloids

2) Properties of colloids (in short). (A) Tyndal effect (B) Dialysis (C) Brownian movement

(D) Ageing (E) Coagulation (F) Electrical Properties.

3) Biological significance of Colloids.

4) Definition & significance of - Viscosity, surface tension, Osmosis, Diffusion, Donnan

membrane equilibrium.

UNIT-4 Radioisotopes

1) Introduction of isotopes :-atomic Numbers, mass numbers,isotopes Radioisotopes unit of

radio activity. Half lives of isotopes. Radio acive decay.

2) Techniques used in mesurement of radioactivity:- Principle and method of

Autoradiography, Scintillation Counting, Geigermuller Counter.

3) Biological hazards of radiation and its safety.

4) Significances and applications of radio isotopes in various field of biological science and

medical field.

REFRENCE Books: -

1. Biophysical Chemistry BY Upadhayay and Nath.

2. Hawks biochemistry.

3. Human Physiology By C.C.Chetargy.

4. Principles of biochemistry – lehninger.

B. Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

III SEMESTER

COURSE: US03CBCH04 (P)


� Prepration of std. buffer.

� Mesurment of pH by pH meter.

� Centrifugation

� Verification of Beer’s law (methelene blue)

� Effect of hypotonic, hypertonic & isotonic solution on cells.

� Demonstrtion of UV spectrophotometer ( mesuerment of protein at 280

nm or nucliec acid at 260 nm.

REFRENCE BOOK: -



RANJANA CHAWLA.


B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

IV SEMESTER

US04CBCH01

Biochemistry of Biomolecules II

UNIT I: Amino acids

� Proteins are polymers of amino acids, standard amino acids

� Classification of amino acids – Based on structure.

Aminoacids with aliphatic side chains.

Hydroxyl group containing aminoacids.

Sulphur containing amino acids.

Acidic amino acids and theirs amids.

Basic amino acids.

Aromatic amino acids and Imino acids.

Nutritional classification of amino acids.

Classification based on metabolic fate.

Classification based on their solubility.

� Non standard or uncommon or rare amino acids – Non protein amino acids

� Physical Properties – Isomerism, Isoelectric pH, Zwitter ion, Isoelectric point (IEP),

Sorenson’s titration curve.

� Chemical properties – Reactions involving (-COOH) group, Reaction involving (-NH2)

group, Reactions involving side chains.

UNIT II: Proteins

� Function and classifications.

� An overview of protein structure, peptide bond, primary,secondary,tertiary and

quaternary structure.

� Forces stabilizing the tertiary structure – Hydrophobic intraction, hydrogen bonds,ionic

interactions, Van der wals interactions and covalent cross linkages.

� Biological Important peptides.

� Protein denaturation.

� Precipitations reactions of proteins.

UNIT III: Nuclotide and Nucleic acids:

� Functions and composition of nuclecic acids

� Structure of nucleotides, purines and pyrimidines.

� Nomenclature of nucleotides.

� Structure of DNA – chargaff’s rule of DNA compositions

� DNA double helixs (Watson and crick model).

� Other types of DNA structure. Bent DNA, Triple standard DNA and Four Standard DNA.

� The size of DNA molecule-Units of length.

� Denaturation of DNA strands ,organization of DNA in the cell

� Structure of RNA,Types of RNA: mRNA,tRNA , r RNA.

UNIT IV: Vitamins and Minerals

� Definition,classification-Watersoluble and fat soluble vitamins. Sources, chemical

nature (without structure) functions of vitamins.

� Minerals – requirements

� Macro and Micro minerals - their sources, RDA and functions.

� Roles of Coenzymes .

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Biochemistry Mathews –Van Holde.

2. Fundamentals of biochemistry Dr. J.L Jain, Dr.Sanjay Jain. Nitin Jain.

3. Texbook of biochemistry for medical students DM. Vasudevan, Sreekumari S. Kannan

Vaidyanathan.

4. Zubay’s Principles of biochemistry VeerBala Rastogi K.R. Aneja.

5. Textbook of Biochemistry for medical students RAFI MD.

6. Biochemistry U.Satayanarayana, U Chakrapani.

7 Outlines of Biochemistry Eric E. Conn, Paul k. Stumpf, George Bruening , Roy H. Doi

8. Textbook of medical biochemistry Dinesh Puri.

9. Textbook of medical biochemistry: 7th

Edition – Rana Shinde, M.N. Chatterjea

B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

IV SEMESTER

COURSE: US04CBCH02(P)


� Study of protein colour reaction.

� Study of protein precipitation .

� Vit C titration – Ascorbic Acid volumetric method.

� Estimation of protein by Biuret method.

� Estimation of protein by Folin Lowery method.

� Quantitative estimation of Amino Acids.

� Estimation of mineral sulpur/ magnisium/ phosphorous.

REFRENCE BOOK: -



RANJANA CHAWLA.


B.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY

IV SEMESTER

US04CBCH03 CELL BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:-

• Structural Organization of Plant Cell and Animal Cell,

• Difference between Plant Cell and Animal Cell.

• Origin and Evolution of life from a single cell.

• General features and Biochemical Composition for following Organelles: -Plasma

membrane / Cell wall, Mitochondria, Golgi complex, Ribosomes, Lysosomes,

Peroxisome, Chloroplast, ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum), Cytoplasm.

UNIT-2 Cytoskeleton:-

• Actin filament: -Structure and Function, Polymerization and De Polymerization.

• Microtubule:-Symmetric -Assembly and Dynamic instability and microtubule.

• Centrosome: - location and Function, chromosome segregation. Tread milling,

intermediate filament Polymerization mechanism.

• Centrioles: - Structure and Function

UNIT-3 Cell Cycle:-

• Cell Cycle- Phases of cell cycle,

• Molecular events during cell cycle phases.

• Cell Cycle Regulation,

• cyclin Dependent kinases,

• Mitosis and meiosis.

UNIT-4 Apoptosis and Stem cell:-

• Types of Apoptosis,

• Mechanism of apoptosis,

• Stem cell types,

• Significance and Application.

REFRENCE Books:-

1. The Cell- A molecular Approch Geoffrey and cooper.

2. Cell Biology – C.b. Pawar Himalaya Publication.

3. Cytology – varma and Agrawal.

4. Cell and Molecular Biology –De Roberti’s -8th

edition.

5. Cell and Molecular Biology John wiley and sons.

6. Mol.biology and the cell-Albert.

7. Plant Physiology by Salisbury & Ross.

8. Plant Biochemistry by Hans-walter Heldt.

BSc. BIOCHEMISTRY

IV SEMESTER

COURSE: US04CBCH04(P)


� Vital staining by Evan’s Blue.

� Demonstration of mitochondria by staining.

� Study of different stages of mitosis.

� Study of different stages of meiosis.

� Demonstation of nucleus.

REFRENCE BOOK: -



RANJANA CHAWLA.


� LABORATRY MANUAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY – BY J.JAYARAMAN

� LAB MANUAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY, IMMUNOLOGY & BIOTECH – BY Arti

Nigam, Archana Ayyagiri

� LABORATRY MANUAL IN BIOCHEMISTRY – BY SUBRAYAMAN

SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY

SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (THIRD SEMESTER)

BIOLOGY

US03CBIO21 (T) CONCEPT OF BIOLOGY

(Four Credit Course, Four hours per week)

Effective from June-2019

(Total Marks-100, Internal 30 marks, External-70 marks)

UNIT 1: BIOLOGY – THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

Characteristics and Properties of life, Origin of life: three Hypothesis, The early earth, Major steps in

evolution of Life, Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin, Origin of Cells, History of cell, Structure of

Prokaryotic cell, Structure of Eukaryotic cell (Cell wall, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Endoplasmic

Reticulum, Golgi body, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosome), Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis with

significance.

UNIT 2: PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Brief account of Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition, Transpiration

Respiration- Glycolysis, Krebs cyle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP generation

Photosynthesis: Structure of stomata, Light reaction (cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation), Dark

reaction/Calvin cycle, C3 and C4 plants, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

UNIT 3: CONCEPT OF GENE

Chromosomes: Morphology, structure and chemical composition, Karyotype, Euchromatin and

Heterochromatin

Genetic material: Nucleic acids- DNA and RNA, Nitrogen bases, Nucleoside, Nucleotide

Watson and Crick’s structural model of DNA.

Different forms of DNA

RNA- Structure of RNA, mRNA, t RNA and r RNA

Modern concept of gene

UNIT 4: GENE EXPRESSION

Transcription- Comparison between DNA replication and transcription, Mechanism of prokaryotic

transcription, Mechanism of Eukaryotic transcription.

Post transcriptional modifications.

Translation-Central Dogma

Stages of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

• Genes: Lewin, Jones and Barlett Publishers

• Cell and Molecular Biology: De Roberties, Lipincott Williams and Williams (2008)

• Biochemistry-Lehninger Copyright 2011 Macmillan Pulishers Limited

• Cell Biology: Singh and Tomar

• Fundamentals of Biochemistry: J.L. Jain (publisher-s.chand group)

• Elementary Biochemistry: J.L. Jains (s.chand group)

• Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology: P.S. Verma and

V.K.Agarwal.( S. Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi.

• Cell and Molecular Biology by Karp 5th Ed., ISBN 0471465801


SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (THIRD SEMESTER)

BIOLOGY

US03CBIO 22(P) PRACTICAL BASED ON CONCEPT OF BIOLOGY

(Two Credit Course, four hours per week)


(Total Marks-50, External-50 marks)

1. Study of prokaryotic cell structure-Bacteria (Temporary mount/PS)

2. Study of Plant cellular organization- Eukaryotic cell (Onion scaly leaf)

3. To demonstrate the importance of living membrane

4. Study of stomata (Epidermal leaf peeling)

5. Various cell division stages of mitosis from onion root tips.

6. Various cell division stages of meiosis from flower buds/PS

7. Micrometry for determination of cell size

8. To demonstrate the phenomenon of Imbibition

9. Study the phenomenon of Cell plasmolysis ( Tradescantia/ Rhoeo leaf)

10. To demonstrate the process of Endosmosis and Exosmosis

11. To demonstrate water loss (Transpiration) from leaf surface

12. To demonstrate stomatal transpiration by four leaves method

13. To demonstrate that oxygen is liberated during photosynthesis.

14. Determination of chlorophyll by absorption spectra

15. To study the R. Q. of different respiratory substrates by Ganong’s respirometer

16. To demonstrate liberation of CO2 during aerobic respiration

17. Separation of Leaf pigments by paper chromatography

18. Study of Polytene chromosomes (Chironemous larvae/ PS)

19. Estimation of DNA by DPA method.

20. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method

21. Estimation of Protein by Folin Lowry method

Sardar Patel University

Second Year B.Sc. (Third Semester)

Biology

US03CBIO23(T) - Applied Zoology


(Effective from June 2019)

(Total Marks 100, Internal-30 marks, External 70-marks)

UNIT 1 - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY Apiculture – Species of honey bees, Life history, Methods of Bee keeping, Appliances of modern

method, Products of Bee keeping

Lac Culture – Life history, Host plants, Cultivation of lac, Processing of lac, Economic importance

Seri Culture – Species of silkworm, Life history of Mulberry silkworm, Sericulture industry, Rearing of

silkworm

Pearl Culture – Pearl producing Molluscs, Pearl producing sites in India, Pearl formation, Harvesting of

Pearl, Composition and quality of Pearl

Fish Culture – Aim of Fish culture, Types of cultivable fishes, Types of Culture in India, External

factors affecting Fish Culture, Management of Fish Culture Programme

Poultry Farming – Fowl House, Food and Feeding of Fowls, Breeds of Fowls, Indigenous breeds,

Improved or Exotic Breeds, Breeding in fowls, Eggs and Hatching, Selection and Treatment of Eggs,

Precautions for Hatching, Disease of Poultry

UNIT 2 - ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS Terrestrial Adaptations: Desert, Burrowing, Cursorial, Arboreal, Volant

Aquatic Adaptations: Fresh water and Marine water

Special Adaptations: Mimicry in insects and birds, Camouflage in insects and reptiles, Echolocation In

Bats, Electric Organ In Fish

UNIT 3 - ANIMAL PARASITOLOGY Life Cycle and Pathogenicity Of

Protozoan Parasites (Balantidium coli, Leischmania donovani, Trypanosoma gambience)

Helminthic Parasites (Ancylostoma duodenale, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides)

UNIT 4 - WILDLIFE BIOLOGY Introduction, Wildlife of Gujarat based on habitats

Importance of Wildlife, Vanishing Wildlife,

Concept of Threatened Species – Critically endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Data defficient

Special Projects for Endangered Species – Project Tiger, Gir Lion Project, Crocodile Breeding Project,

Project Elephant

Wildlife Management in India

National Parks and Sanctuaries of Gujarat

( * Designed following UGC Curriculum)

SUGGESTED READINGS: Modern Textbook of Zoology-Vertebrate by R. L. Kotpal

Medicinal Parasitology by Rajesh Karyakarte, Ajit Damle

Economic Zoology by Shukla and Upadhyay

Environmental Biology and Toxicology by P.D. Sharma

Medical Parasitology by Dey and Dey

Sardar Patel University

Second Year B.Sc. (Third Semester)

Biology

US03CBIO24 (P) -Applied Zoology

(Two Credit Course, Four hours per week)


(Total Marks 50)

1. Study of life cycle of honey bee, silk moth, lac insect

2. Study of pearl culturing

3. Study of animals exhibiting terrestrial adaptations using specimen (Dessert, Burrowing,

Arboreal)

4. Study of animals exhibiting aquatic adaptations using specimen (Fresh water and Marine

water)

5. Study of animals exhibiting special adaptations using specimen (Mimicry, Camouflage,

Electric organ, Echolocation)

6. Study of parasites (Protozoan and Helminthic)

7. Study of endangered animals of gujarat (Mammals, Reptiles, Birds and Amphibian)

8. Field visit for studying apiculture (Report Submission)

9. Visit to fish farm and poultry farm (Report Submission)

10. Visit to study wildlife in Gujarat (National Park/Sanctuary/Zoo) (Report Submission)

SUGGESTED READINGS:

Manual of Practical Zoology Chordate by- P.S. Verma

Medical Parasitology by Dey & Dey

Manual of Practical Zoology Invertebrates by P.S. Verma


SECOND YEAR B.SC. (FOURTH SEMESTER)

BIOLOGY

US04CBIO21 (T) AQUATIC BIOLOGY



(Total Marks 100, Internal-30 marks, External 70-marks)

UNIT 1: AQUATIC BIOMES

Brief introduction of the aquatic biomes: Fresh water ecosystem (Lakes, wetlands, streams and rivers), Estuaries,

intertidal zone, oceanic pelagic zone, marine benthic zone and coral reefs. Salinity and density of Sea water,

Continental shelf, Adaptations of deep sea organisms, Sea weeds.

UNIT 2: FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Lakes: Origin and classification, Lake as an Ecosystem, Lake morphometry, Physico-chemical Characteristics:

Light, Temperature, Thermal stratification,

Streams: Different stages of stream development, Physico-chemical environment, Adaptation of hill-stream fishes.

Wetlands:

Definition, types of wetland (fresh water and marine): ecological significance of wetlands; threats of wetlands;

wetland conservation and management; Ramsar Convention,1971; major wetlands of Gujarat

Unit :3 Aqua culture

Definition and scope, Global scenario of aquaculture, Prospects of aqua culture for future development, types of

aqua culture- Pond culture, Monoculture, Polyculture

Important terms -Fish farming, Prawn farming, Oyster farming, Mariculture, Multi trophic aqua culture

Different levels of aquaculture, aquaculture methods- conventional and non conventional, Harvesting, Handling and

transportation of fresh fish, fish as food, Processing of Fish and other products, Quality control of aquaculture

products, Aquaculture economics,

UNIT 4: Water treaties and case studies

Major laws and treaties National water policy; water pollution (control and prevention) Act 1972; National River

linking plan: ecological and economic impacts. Case studies on River: Indus water treaty; Ganges water treaty;

Teesta water treaty Kaveri and Krishna river water disputes, Multipurpose river valley projects in India with its

environmental and social impacts, Case studies of dams - Narmada and Tehri dam – social and ecological losses

versus economic benefits, International conflicts on water sharing between India and her neighbours, Agreements to

resolve these conflicts.

Suggested Readings :

1. Bansil, P.C. 2004. Water Management in India. Concept Publishing Company, India.

2. Brebbia, C.A. 2013. Water Resources Management VII. WIT Press.

3. CEA. 2011. Water Resources and Power Maps of India. Central Board of Irrigation & Power.

4. Grumbine, R.E. & Pandit, M.K. 2013. Threats from India's Himalaya dams. Science 339: 36- 37.

5. Loucks, D.P., Stedinger, J.R. & Haith, D. A. 1981. Water Resource Systems Planning and Analysis. Englewood

Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.

6. Mays, L.W. 2006. Water Resources Sustainability. The McGraw-Hill Publications.

7. Schward& Zhang, 2003. Fundamentals of Groundwater. John Willey and Sons.

8. Souvorov, A.V. 1999. Marine Ecologonomics: The Ecology and Economics of Marine Natural Resource

Management. Elsevier Publications.

9. Vickers, A. 2001. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. WaterPlow Press.

( * Designed following UGC curriculum)



BIOLOGY

US04CBIO22 (P) AQUATIC BIOLOGY


Effective from June 2019

(Total Marks 50, External marks- 50)

1. Determine the area of a lake using graphimetric and gravimetric method.

2. Study of important macrophytes from nearby wetland

3. Study of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons present in a aquatic ecosystem.

4. Study of coral reef

5. Study of sea weeds

6. Determine the amount of Turbidity/transparency,

7. Free Carbon dioxide, Alkalinity (carbonates & bicarbonates) in water collected from a

nearby lake/ water body.

8. Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen from pond water

9. Instruments used in limnology (Secchi disc, Van Dorn Bottle, Conductivity meter,

Turbidity meter, PONAR grab sampler) and their significance.

10. A Project Report on a visit to aquatic bodies- pond/ lake

11. A project report on visit to Marine bioreserve

12. Visit to aquafarm industry

13. Activities- aqua culture products –chart preparation

14. Activities- National river linking project – chart preparation

SUGGESTED READINGS:

• Anathakrishnan : Bioresources Ecology 3rd Edition

• Goldman : Limnology, 2nd Edition

• Odum and Barrett : Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th Edition

• Pawlowski : Physicochemical Methods for Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1st Edition

• Wetzel : Limnology, 3rd edition

• Trivedi and Goyal : Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies



BIOLOGY

US04CBIO23 (T) ECONOMIC BOTANY



(Total Marks 100, Internal-30 marks, External 70-marks

UNIT 1: CEREALS & LEGUMES

Wheat and Rice (origin, morphology,processing and uses); Brief account of millets.

Origin, morphology and uses of Chick pea, Pigeon pea and fodder legumes.

Significance of Cereals and legumes

Drug-Yielding plants : Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to Cinchona,

Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis; Tobacco (Morphology, processing, uses and health hazards).

UNIT 2: SOURCES OF SUGARS AND SPICES

Morphology and processing of

Sugarcane : products and by-products of sugar industry. Potato morphology, propagation and

uses.

Spices : Listing of important spices, their family and part used.

Economic importance with special reference to fennel, saffron, clove and black pepper

UNIT 3: Timber, Rubber and Fibers

Timber plants : General account with special reference to Teak and Pine.

NATURAL RUBBER: Para-rubber : tapping, processing and uses.

Fibers : Classification based on the origin of fibers; Cotton, Coir and Jute (morphology,

extraction and uses).

UNIT 4: BEVERAGES AND OILS

Beverages : Tea, Coffee - Morphology, processing and uses.

Sources of oils and fats : General description, classification, extraction, their uses and health

implications of Groundnut, Coconut, Linseed, Soybean, Mustard (Botanical name & family).

Essential oils: General account, extraction methods, comparison with fatty oils and their uses.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Kochhar, S.L. (2012). Economic Botany in Tropics, MacMillan & Co. New Delhi, India.

2. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic

Publishers, The Netherlands.

3. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. 1994 Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones & Bartlett -

Publishers.

( * Designed following UGC curriuculum)



BIOLOGY

US04CBIO24 (P) ECONOMIC BOTANY


Effective from June 2019

(Total Marks 50, External Marks-50)

1. Cereals: Wheat (habit sketch, L. S/T.S. grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests)

2. Rice (habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests).

3. Legumes: Soybean, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-chemical tests).

4. Sources of sugars : Sugarcane ( habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests),

Potato (habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show localization of starch grains,

w.m. starch grains, micro-chemical tests).

5. Spices: Black pepper, Fennel and Clove (habit and sections).

6. Beverages: Tea (plant specimen, tea leaves), Coffee (plant specimen, beans).

7. Sources of oils and fats: Coconut- T.S. nut, Mustard–plant specimen, seeds; tests for fats

in crushed seeds.

8. Essential oil-yielding plants: Habit sketch of Rosa, Vetiveria, Santalum and Eucalyptus

(specimens/photographs).

9. Rubber: specimen, photograph/model of tapping, samples of rubber products.

10. Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis.

11. Tobacco: specimen and products of Tobacco.

12. Woods: Tectona, Pinus: Specimen, Section of young stem.

13. Fiber-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to show lint and fuzz;

whole mount of fiber and test for cellulose), Jute (specimen, transverse section of stem,

test for lignin on transverse section of stem and fiber).

14. Submission – chart preparation of types of fibers and products



Programme: BSC (BOTANY),

Semester: III

Syllabus with effect from: June 2019

US03CBOT21 4 CREDIT

PHYCOLOGY,MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY

Unit Description in detail Weighting

(%)

1 Cyanophyta and Xanthophyta

Ecology and occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure;

Reproduction,Morphology and life-cycle of Nostoc and Vaucheria.

Chlorophyta and Charophyta

General characteristics; Occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell

structure; Reproduction.Morphology and life-cycles of

Chlamydomonas,Chara.

Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta

Characteristics; Occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure;

Reproduction.Morphology and life-cycles of Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia.

Significant contributions of importantphycologists (F.E. Fritsch, G.M.

Smith, R.N. Singh, T.V. Desikachary, H.D. Kumar, M.O.P.Iyengar).

Role of algae in the environment, agriculture, biotechnology and industry

25

2 Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota

Characteristic features; Ecology and significance; Thallus organisation;

Reproduction; Life cyclewith reference to Synchytrium,

Ascomycota

General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Ecology; Life

cycle, Heterokaryosis

and parasexuality; Life cycle and classification with reference to

Aspergillus,, Alternaria, Neurospora .

Basidiomycota

General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and Classification with

Agaricus; Bioluminescence, Fairy Rings and Mushroom Cultivation.

Oomycota General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and classification with reference

to Phytophthora,Albugo.

25

3 Symbiotic associations

Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms and range of

thallus organization;

Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners; Reproduction;

Mycorrhiza-Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza and their significance.

Applied Mycology

Role of fungi in biotechnology; Application of fungi in food industry

25

(Flavour & texture,Fermentation, Baking, Organic acids, Enzymes,

Mycoproteins); Secondary metabolites(Pharmaceutical preparations);

Agriculture (Biofertilizers); Mycotoxins; Biological

control(Mycofungicides, Mycoherbicides, Mycoinsecticides,

Myconematicides); Medical mycology.

4 Phytopathology Major Plant Diseases: Differentiation between bacterial, viral and fungal diseases

using morphological symptoms; Study of the following diseases in detail i.e. symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease control. Bacterial diseases – Citrus Canker, Angular leaf spot of cotton Viral diseases -Leaf curl of papaya, Yellow vein mosaic in bhindi. Fungal diseases- White rust of crucifers, red rot of sugarcane, Tikka disease of groundnut. Stripe rust of wheat. Phytoplasma diseases: Little leaf brinjal,

25

Suggested Readings

1. Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.

2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley &

Sons (Asia) Singapore. 4th edition.

3. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge. 3rd edition.

4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan Publishers

India Ltd.

5. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.

Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.

� College Botany Vol 2: Gangulee and Kar

� Algae by B. R. Vashistha

� Fungi by B. R. Vashistha

� Plant Pathology by Singh R. S.

� Botany by A. C. Dutta


Programme: BSC (BOTANY)

Semester: III

Syllabus with effect from: June 2019 Paper Code: US03CBOT22

Title Of Paper: Practical

US03CBOT22 Total credit-2

No detail

1 Study of Gleotrichia and Vaucheria

2 Study of Chlamydomonas and chara

3 Study of Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia

4 Study of white rust of crucifers

5 Study of early blight of potato

6 Study of late blight of potato

7 Study of Rust of wheat

8 Study of Tikka disease of ground nut

9 Study of Aspergillus and Fusarium

10 Study of Alternaria and Colletotrichum

11 Preparation of potato dextrose culture medium and slants

12 Culturing of fungi



Semester: III


Paper Code: US03CBOT23

PLANT ANATOMY,PHYSIOLOGY,TAXONOMY AND

BIOINFORMATICS

Total

Credit: 4

Unit Description in detail Weighting

(%)

1 Introduction and scope of Plant Anatomy :

Applications in systematics, forensics and pharmacognosy.

Classification of tissues; Simple and complex tissues

Plant Histology: Internal organization of plant body: The three tissue

systems, types of cells and tissues:

Meristem: Introduction, classification ,cytological characters

Parenchyma: Shape and arrangement, structure and contents

Collenchyma: Position in the plant body, structure and arrangement

Sclerenchyma: structure and types

Xylem: cell types and their cytology

Phloem : cell types and their cytology

2 Transpiration and Guttation

Seed dormancy and germination

Plant growth and growth regulators Growth and development: Definitions; phases of growth and factors ; Plant

hormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscissic acid and ethylene, history of

their discovery, mechanism of action.

Discovery, chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and physiological

roles of Auxin,Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene,

Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acid.

Physiology of flowering:

Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, florigen concept, vernalization, seed

dormancy.

3 Plant Taxonomy

Biological concept of species

Characters , Examples and Economic importance of :

Annonaceae,Meliaceae,Leguminosae,Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae,

Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Myrtaceaeand Liliacaeae

4 Introduction to Bioinformatics

Introduction, Branches of Bioinformatics, Aim, Scope and Research areas

of Bioinformatics

What is bioinformatics?Defination,A multidisciplinary

approach,History,scope and applications of bioinformatics.

Bioinformatics in India-the flourishing approach.

Databases in Bioinformatics :

Introduction, Biological Databases, Classification ,format of Biological

Databases, BiologicalDatabase Retrieval System.

Basic Text & Reference Books:

� College Botany Vol 1: Gangulee , Das and Dutta

� Taxonomy of angiosperms: B. P. Pandey

� Plant Physiology: V. Verma

� Cell and Molecular Biology: De Robertis and De Robertis

A Text book of Bioinformatics by Sharma,Munjal and Shankar(Rastogi publication)



Semester: III




No detail

1 Study of mitosis in onion root tips using squash preparation

2 Study of parenchyma, chrorenchyma and aerenchyma using free hand

sectioning

3 Histochemical localization of lignin, crystals and Callose

4 Study of collenchyma in the young stem of sunflower and

localization ofcellulose

5 Study of Sclerenchyma in maceration

6 Study of xylem cells in maceration

7 Study of diagnostic characters of the members of Annonaceae

,Meliaceae and

Rubiaceae

8 Study of diagnostic characters of the members of Leguminosae

9 Study of diagnostic characters of the members of Lamiaceae,

Euphorbiaceae &

Asteraceae

10 Study of diagnostic characters of the members of Brassicaceae and

Myrtaceae

11 Separation of chlorophyll pigments using Paper/TLC

chromatography

12 To compare the rate of transpiration using Farmer/Ganong

photometer

13 Botanical Excursion



Semester: IV


US04CBOT21 4 CREDIT

ARCHEGONIATES,ECONOMIC AND NUTRACEUTICAL

BOTANY

UNIT DESCRIPTION IN DETAIL WEIGHTAGE%

1 Unit 1: Introduction TO ARCHEGONIATES

Unifying features of archegoniates; Transition to land habit; Alternation

of generations.

Bryophytes

General characteristics; Adaptations to land habit; Classification; Range

of thallus organization.

Type Studies- Bryophytes

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of

Marchantia,Pellia, Anthoceros, and Funaria;

Ecological and economic importance of bryophytes with special

reference to Sphagnum

2 Pteridophytes General characteristics; Classification; Early land plants -Rhynia.

Type Studies- Pteridophytes

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of

Psilotum, Selaginella,Marsilea (Developmental details not to be

included).Apogamy, and apospory,heterospory andseed habit, telome

theory, stelar evolution; Ecological and economic importance

Gymnosperms

General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology,

anatomy and reproduction of Pinus and Gnetum (Developmental details

not to be included); Ecological and economic importance.

3 ECONOMIC BOTANY:Major crops introduction with their distribution,botanical

name ,family,parts used and economic importance of foloowings:

Cereals:Wheat and Rice

Legumes: Chick pea, Pigeon pea and fodder legumes

Sources of sugars and starches:potato,sugarcane

Spices: fennel, saffron, clove and black pepper

Beverages:Tea, Coffee

Sources of oils and fats: groundnut,coconut, linseed, soybean, mustard

and coconutNatural Rubber,Drug-yielding plants: Cinchona,

Digitalis, Papaver andCannabis;Timber plants:Teak and PineFibers:

Cotton, Coir and Jute

4 Nutraceuticals bridging the gap between food and drug, Brief idea about some Nutraceutical rich supplements e.g. Bee pollen, Caffeine, Green tea, Lecithin, Mushroom extract, Chlorophyll, Kelp and Spirulina Introduction to Nutraceuticals as Science: Historical perspective, classification, scope & future prospects. Applied aspects of the Nutraceutical Science. Sources of Nutraceuticals. Properties, structure and functions of various Nutraceuticals: Glucosamine, Octacosanol, Lycopene, Carnitine, Melatonin and Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate and omega fatty acids Use of grape products, flaxseed oil as Nutraceuticals.


� College Botany Vol 2 : Gangulee and Kar

� Pharmacognosy : Kokate ,Purohit and Gokhle

� Text Book of Pteridophyta by B. R. Vasistha and N. S. Parihar

� Text book of Gymnosperm by P.C. Vasistha

Economic botany in the tropics by S.L.Kochhar

Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional foods byRobert E.C.Wildman



Semester: IV




No detail

1 Marchantia- Morphology of thallus, whole mount of rhizoids &

Scales, vertical sectionof thallusthrough Gemma cup, whole mount of

Gemmae (all temporary slides), vertical section ofAntheridiophore,

Archegoniophore, longitudinal section of Sporophyte (all permanent

slides).

2 Anthoceros- Morphology of thallus, dissection of sporophyte (to

show stomata,

spores,pseudoelaters, columella) (temporary slide), vertical section of

thallus (permanent slide).

3 Pellia, Porella- Permanent slides.

4 Funaria- Morphology, whole mount of leaf, rhizoids, operculum,

peristome, annulus, spores

(temporary slides); permanent slides showing antheridial and

archegonial heads, longitudinal

section of capsule and protonema

5 Psilotum- Study of specimen, transverse section of synangium

(permanent slide).

6 Selaginella- Morphology, whole mount of leaf with ligule, transverse

section of stem, whole

mount of strobilus, whole mount of microsporophyll and

megasporophyll (temporary slides),

longitudinal section of strobilus (permanent slide).

7 Study of life history of Marsilea throughpermanent slides

8 Pinus- Morphology (long and dwarf shoots, whole mount of dwarf

shoot, male and female

cones), transverse section of Needle, transverse section of stem,

longitudinal section of /

transverse section of male cone, whole mount of microsporophyll,

whole mount of Microspores

9 Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male & female cones), transverse

section of stem, verticalsection of ovule (permanent slide)

10 Cereals: Wheat (habit sketch, L. S/T.S. grain, starch grains, micro-

chemical tests)Rice

(habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical

tests).

2. Legumes: Soybean, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-

chemical tests).

3. Sources of sugars and starches: Sugarcane ( habit sketch; cane

juice- micro-chemical tests),

Potato(habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show

localization of starch grains, w.m.

starch grains, micro-chemical tests).

11 Spices: Black pepper, Fennel and Clove (habit and sections).

5. Beverages: Tea (plant specimen, tea leaves), Coffee (plant

specimen, beans).

6. Sources of oils and fats: Coconut- T.S. nut, Mustard–plant

specimen, seeds; tests for fats in

crushed seeds.

7. Essential oil-yielding plants: Habit sketch of Rosa, Vetiveria,

Santalum and Eucalyptus

(specimens/photographs).

12 Rubber: specimen, photograph/model of tapping, samples of rubber

products.

Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Digitalis, Papaver and

Cannabis.

Tobacco: specimen and products of Tobacco.

Woods: Tectona, Pinus: Specimen, Section of young stem.

Fiber-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to

show lint and fuzz; wholemount of fiber and test for cellulose), Jute

(specimen, transverse section of stem, test for lignin

on transverse section of stem and fiber).

13 Botanical excursion



Semester: IV


US04CBOT23 4 CREDIT

PLANT ANATOMY,EMBRYOLOGY,TISSUE CULTURE

AND BASICMOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIT DETAIL DESCRIPTION %WEIGHTAGE

1 Plant Anatomy

Structure of epidermal cells, Structure, function and types of Stomata

Structure, distribution, types and function of Laticifers

Structure, distribution, function and ecology of Nectaries

Structure and activity of Vascular Cambium

Structure and function of Periderm

Secondary growth of stem of Leptadenia and Boerhavvia

2 Introduction

History (contributions of G.B. Amici, W. Hofmeister, E. Strasburger,

S.G. Nawaschin, P.Maheshwari, B.M. Johri, W.A. Jensen, J. Heslop-

Harrison) and scope.

Plant Embryology

Induction of flowering; flower as a modified determinate shoot

Structure of Microsporangium and Megasporangium

Structure and development of male and female gametophyte

Pollination: Self and cross pollination, Pollination in Commelina,

Sunflower andFig,Double fertilization, Endosperm

3 Plant Tissue Culture

Historical perspective; Composition of media; Nutrient and hormone

requirements (role ofvitamins and hormones); Totipotency;

Organogenesis; Embryogenesis (somatic and zygotic);

Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; Tissue culture applications

(micropropagation,androgenesis, virus elimination, secondary

metabolite production, haploids, triploids andhybrids;

Cryopreservation; Germplasm Conservation).

4 Nucleic acids : Carriers of genetic information

Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic information

(Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase,Avery, McLeod & McCarty, Fraenkel-

Conrat’s experiment.

The Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic Material

DNA Structure: Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective,

DNA structure, Salient features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types

of genetic material, denaturation andrenaturation, cot curves;

Organization of DNA- Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes.RNA

Structure_Organelle DNA -- mitochondria and chloroplast DNA.

Introduction to central dogma of molecular biology(DNA

Replication,Transcription and Translation)


� Plant anatomy: A. Fahn

� College Botany Vol 1: Gangulee, Das and Dutta

� Plant tissue culture and biotechnology: Kavi Kishore P.B.

� Genetics: P.S. Verma and Agarwal

� Text book of Env. Biotechnology: P.K.Mahapatra



Semester: III




No detail

1 Anther: Wall and its ontogeny; Tapetum (amoeboid and glandular); MMC,

spore tetrads,

uninucleate, bicelled and dehisced anther stages through

slides/micrographs, male germ unit

(MGU) through photographs and schematic representation

2 Pollen grains: Fresh and acetolyzed showing ornamentation and aperture,

psuedomonads,

polyads, pollinia (slides/photographs,fresh material), ultrastructure of

pollen wall(micrograph);

Pollen viability: Tetrazolium test.germination: Calculation of percentage

germination in different

media using hanging drop method.

3 Ovule: Types-anatropous, orthotropous, amphitropous/campylotropous,

circinotropous,

unitegmic, bitegmic; Tenuinucellate and crassinucellate; Special structures:

Endothelium,

obturator, hypostase, caruncle and aril (permanent

slides/specimens/photographs)

4 Female gametophyte through permanent slides/ photographs: Types,

ultrastructure of mature egg

apparatus.

5 To dissect out embryo from suitable materials

6 To test the viability of seed

7 Epidermal system: cell types, stomata types; trichomes: non-glandular and

glandular

8 Study of types of stomata through peeling and imprints

9 Study of laticifers in Papaya, Euphorbia and Calotropis

10 Study of Cyathial nectary using free hand sectioning

11 Study of vascular cambium and phloem tissue in T.S. (free hand

sectioning)

12 Study of xylem by maceration technique/ and phloem

13 Study of secondary tissues in the stem of Leptadenia and Boerhavvia (free

hand

sectioning)

14 Histochemical localization of Tannin ,Gum ,Sugar, Mucilage ,Starch

,Lipids,Cellulose and Proteins

15 Preparation of LB medium and raising E.Coli

16 DNA isolation from cauliflower head.

17 Study of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs

18 Preparation of MS medium

19 Isolation of protoplasts

20


SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (THIRD SEMESTER )

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

US03CENV21 (T): FUNDAMENTALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE


(Effective from June – 2019)

(Total Marks-100, Internal-30 marks, External -70 marks)

UNIT 1: ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS:

Definition, Principles and scope of Environmental Science, Basic concepts of light and matter, Laws of

thermodynamics and the human body, Energy transfers (conduction, convection), Spectroscopic concepts (concept

of absorption and transmission of light, Beer–Lambert law), Basic concepts of force, Types of forces and their

relation (pressure gradient, viscous, coriolis, gravitational, centripetal, and centrifugal force), Concept of

temperature (lapse rate, dry and moist adiabatic)

UNIT 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:

Atomic structure, Mole concept (molarity and normality), Quantitative volumetric analysis, Types of chemical

reactions (acids, bases and salts, solubility products, solutes and solvents), Concepts of pH and electrochemistry,

Dissolution and precipitation reactions, Basic concepts of biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and

vitamins)

UNIT 3: ETHICS AND POPULATION ISSUES:

Introduction and scope of environmental management, Need of environmental ethics, Guiding principles of

environmental ethics, Basic directives of environmental ethics, Individual’s obligations to community, Rights of

nature, Our obligations to future generation, Human population as a global environmental problem, Three phases of

population growth (lag phase, rapid growth phase, stabilization phase), Biotic potential, Analysing the pattern of

population growth.

UNIT 4: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIETY:

Social and cultural construction of ‘environment’, Developmental issues and related impacts (ecological

degradation, environmental pollution), Development-induced displacement, Resettlement and rehabilitation

(problems, concerns, and compensative mechanisms), Evaluation of sustainable development, Participation of

Community in Sustainable development, Project Affected People (PAPs), Imperatives for sustainable development,

Slacking pace of climate change, Green Technologies for sustainable development, Major conservation efforts for

society – WWF, IUCN, UNEP, CPCB, MOEF, GCPC, CITES, ENVIS, Role of NGO’s in Environment protection.


SUGGESTED READINGS:

• Environmental Chemistry by A. K. De

• Environmental Science - Arms Karen

• Destruction of hazardous chemicals- G.Lunn, E.B.Sandome

• Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, H. J Arnikar, Wiley Eastern Limited, 4thEdition.(1995)

• Principles of Environmental Science-Watt, K. E. F. (1973) McGraw-Hill Book Company.

• Environmental Science –Noble, B .J. Kormandy, E.J. (1981). The way worldworks, Prentice-Hall Inc., N .J.

• Environmental Issues: Measuring, Analyzing, Evaluating, Abel, Daniel C. McConnell, Robert L. Abel, Daniel

C. Edi. 2 Prentice Hall Publication

• Beard, J.M. 2013. Environmental Chemistry in Society (2nd edition). CRC Press.

• Connell, D.W. 2005. Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry (2nd edition). CRC Press.

• Forinash, K. 2010. Foundation of Environmental Physics. Island Press.

• Girard, J. 2013. Principles of Environmental Chemistry (3rd edition). Jones & Bartlett.

• Manhan, S. E. 2000. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry. CRC Press.

• Pani, B. 2007. Textbook of Environmental Chemistry. IK international Publishing


SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (THIRD SEMESTER)


US03CENV22 (P): PRACTICAL BASED ON FUNDAMENTALS OF




(Total Marks-50, External -50 marks)

1. To determine pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and turbidity

2. To prepare solutions to understand molarity and normality

3. Verification of Beer’s law

a) KMnO4

b) Methylene blue

4. To identify the given carbohydrates

a) Glucose

b) Fructose

c) Sucrose

d) Maltose

e) Lactose

5. Estimation of lipids

6. Estimation ofvitamins

7. Estimation of proteins

8. To study Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic

9. Demonstrate the working of spectrophotometer

10. To estimate sulphate from given water sample

11. To estimate phosphate from given water sample

12. Report writing on Environmental Organization with chart preparation

13. Visit to NGO (environment concerned)




US03CENV23 (T): ECOLOGY & WATER RESOURCES




UNIT 1: POPULATION ECOLOGY:

Introduction, Population characteristics (spacing, size and density, dispersion, growth forms, age

structure, natality, mortality), Concepts of growth rate, Survivorship curve, Biotic potential, Population

dynamics, Theory of population growth, Population regulation, Species survivability, ‘r’and ‘k’ selected

species.

UNIT 2: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:

Definition, Characteristics, Composition, Structure, Origin and development, Analytical characters

(quantitative and qualitative), Synthetic characters, Methods of study of communities (floristic methods,

physiognomic methods and phytosociological methods), Ecological succession (causes, basic types,

general process), Hydrosere, Lithosere.

UNIT 3: WATER- PROPERTIES & CHEMISTRY:

Sources and types of water, Hydrological cycle,Precipitation, Runoff, Infiltration, Evaporation,

Evapotranspiration,Major inorganic and organic constituents of water, Physical,Chemical and Biological

properties of water, water table, vertical distribution of water, Formation and properties of aquifers,

Techniques for ground water recharge, River structure and patterns, Watershed and drainage basins

UNIT 4: WATER RESOURCE AND MANAGEMENT:

Demand for water (agriculture, industrial, domestic),Overuse and depletion of surface and ground water

resources,Water quality standards in India, Hot Spots of surface water,Water Resources Planning and

Management (Introduction, Needs, System Components, Planning and Management, Models, Adaptive

Integrated Policies, Role of government)


SUGGESTED READINGS:

• Fundamentals of Ecology – E.P.Odum (1997) Natraj Publishers, Dehradun

• Fundamentals of Ecology – M.C.Dash (1993) Tata Mc. Graw Hill Pub.

• Ecology and Environment – P.D.Sharma

• Bansil, P.C. 2004. Water Management in India. Concept Publishing Company, India.

• Brebbia, C.A. 2013. Water Resources Management VII. WIT Press.

• CEA. 2011. Water Resources and Power Maps of India. Central Board of Irrigation & Power.

• Mays, L.W. 2006. Water Resources Sustainability. The McGraw-Hill Publications.




US03CENV24 (P): PRACTICAL BASED ON ECOLOGY & WATER RESOURCES




1. To calculate natality and mortality of given population

2. Estimation of Total Solids, Total dissolved solids and Total Suspended Solids

3. To determine the minimum size of quadrat by species area-curve method

4. To study communities by quadrat method and to determine % frequency, density and

abundance

5. To determine minimum number of quadrats required for estimate of biomass in grassland

6. To study frequency of herbaceous species in grassland and to compare the frequency

distribution with Raunkiaer’s standard frequency diagram

7. To estimate Importance Value Index for grassland species on basis of relative frequency,

relative density and relative dominance

8. To determine basal cover or vegetational cover of one herbaceous community by quadrat

9. To measure vegetation cover through point frame method

10. To prepare list of plant occurring in grassland using line transect

11. To determine diversity indices ( richness, Simpson, Shannon-Wiener) in grassland

12. Estimation of Alkalinity and Acidity

13. Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen

14. To estimate Nitrate from given water sample

15. To estimate Boron from given water sample

16. Preparation of water management model


SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (THIRD SEMESTER)

Skill Enhancement Course

US03SMED21 (T): MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS

(Two Credit Course, Two hours per week)



Unit 1: Medical Diagnostics -Introduction

Scope and Importance

Diagnostics Methods Used for Analysis of Blood

Blood composition, Preparation of blood smear and Differential Leucocyte Count

(D.L.C) using Leishman's stain, Platelet count using Haemocytometer, Erythrocyte

Sedimentary Rate (E.S.R), Packed Cell Volume (P.C.V.)

Unit 2:Non-infectious Diseases

Causes, types, symptoms, complications, diagnosis and prevention of Diabetes (Type I

and Type II), Hypertension (Primary and secondary), Testing of blood glucose using

Glucometer/Kit

Unit 3: Infectious Diseases

Causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and prevention of Tuberculosis and Hepatitis

Contagious diseases- HIV, TB, Measles

Unit 4: Tumours

Types (Benign/Malignant), Detection and metastasis; Medical imaging: X-Ray of Bone

fracture, PET, MRI and CT Scan (using photographs).


SUGGESTED READINGS

• Park, K. (2007), Preventive and Social Medicine, B.B. Publishers

• Godkar P.B. and Godkar D.P. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology, II

Edition, Bhalani Publishing House

• Cheesbrough M., A Laboratory Manual for Rural Tropical Hospitals, A Basis for

Training Courses

• Guyton A.C. and Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Saunders

• Robbins and Cortan, Pathologic Basis of Disease, VIIIEdition, Saunders

• Prakash, G. (2012), Lab Manual on Blood Analysis and Medical Diagnostics, S.

Chand and Co. Ltd.


SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (FOURTH SEMESTER )


US04CENV21 (T): ECOLOGY AND SOIL SCIENCE




UNIT 1: ECOLOGICAL CYCLES AND ADAPTATIONS:

Morphological and Anatomical ecological adaptations of plants (Hydrophytes, Xerophytes and

Halophytes), Morphological and Anatomical ecological adaptations of animals (Mesocoles, Xerocoles),

Biogeochemical cycles (Oxygen cycle, Phosphorus cycle, Sulphur cycle)

UNIT 2: BIOGEOGRAPHY AND WILDLIFE:

Introduction, Species’ habitats, Island biogeography theory, Equilibrium theory of Insular Biogeography

geography of diversification and invasion, Phylogeography, Phytogeography (Definition, major plant

communities of the world, Phytogeographical regions of the world, Floristic regions of India),

Zoogeography (Definition, Factors determining distribution of animals with space, Zoogeographical

regions of the world, Biodiversity in India, Wildlife of India, Endangered flora and fauna of India,

Wildlife management in India)

UNIT 3: SOIL CHEMISTRY:

Introduction, Types of soil, Classification of soil, Physicaland Chemical properties of soil, Mechanism of

nitrogen fixation,Soil profile, Soil texture, Soil composition, Soil Weathering and Paedogenesis,

Inorganic and Organic components in soil, Organic matter decomposion, Soil humus, Cation and Anion

exchange reactions in soil

UNIT 4: LAND AND SOIL CONSERVATION:

Land as a resource, Soil biodiversity and micronutrients, Ecological and economic importance of soil,

Types of land use, Topographic factors (Height of mountain, Direction, Steepness of slop), Soil health,

Soil erosion, Types and causes of soil degradation, Impact of soil loss and soil degradation, Need for soil

conservation, Land conservation strategies, Soil conservation techniques

SUGGESTED READING:

• Fundamentals of Ecology – E.P.Odum (1997) Natraj Publishers, Dehradun

• Fundamentals of Ecology – M.C.Dash (1993) Tata Mc. Graw Hill Pub.

• Ecology and Environment – P.D.Sharma

• Brady, N.C. & Well, R.R. 2007.The Nature and Properties of Soils (13th edition),

PearsonEducation Inc.

• Johnson, D.L. 2006. Land Degradation (2nd edition). Rowman& Littlefield Publishers.

• Marsh, W. M. &Dozier,J. 1983. Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications. John Wiley

and Sons.



SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (FOURTH SEMESTER)


US04CENV22 (P): PRACTICAL BASED ON ECOLOGY AND SOIL SCIENCE




1. Analysis of soil organic carbon and organic matter

2. Study soil profile and soil taxonomy maps of given soil sample

3. Assessment of Soil bulk density

4. Assessment of Soil particle density and pore space

5. Assessment of water holding capacity

6. Determination of salinity and sodicity

7. To calculate Soil temperature and soil colloids

8. Study of morphological and anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes

9. Study of morphological and anatomical adaptations of Xeroophytes

10. Study of Wildlife map of India

11. Preapration of Soil health Chart

12. Preparation of Soil health Card for Farmers of nearby agricultural fields


SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (FOURTH SEMESTER)


US04CENV23 (T): ECOSYSTEM AND EARTH SCIENCE




UNIT 1: ECOSYSTEM:

Introduction, Energy flow in ecosystem, Single channel energy model, Y shaped energy model, Productivity of

ecosystems, Measurement of productivity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, Factors affecting productivity,

Climatic factors of Ecosystem- Light (Effect of light quality, intensity and duration on plant and animal life),

Temperature (Effect of temperature, thermal stratification in lakes)

UNIT 2: METEOROLOGY:

Importance of meteorology, Earth Sun relationship, Ecliptic and equatorial plane, Rotation and revolution of the

Earth Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion and Aphelion, Causes of seasons, Seasonal and latitudinal variation of

insolation, Scale of Meteorology, Concept, Aims, Measurement and Data collection on Meteorological parameters

(temperature, pressure, relative humidity, Wind speed and direction, precipitation), Atmospheric stability and

mixing heights.

UNIT 3: EARTH SCIENCE:

Solar system formation and planetary differentiation, Formation of the Earth (formation and composition of core,

mantle, crust), Chemical composition of Earth, Geological time scale and major changes on the Earth’s surface,

Holocene and the emergence of Humans, Role of humans in shaping landscapes, Development of cultural

landscapes.

UNIT 4: ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE CHANGE:

Atmosphere- Composition, Vertical layers of the atmosphere, Major and trace gases, Atmospheric photochemistry,

Reaction of nitrogen, oxygen, ozone, chlorides etc., Properties of dust and aerosols in the atmosphere, Radiative

Balance and the Natural Greenhouse effect, Major greenhouse gases, Kyoto Protocol, Atmospheric Circulation

Patterns, El-Nino and La-Nina, climatic cycles, Global ozone problem (Ozone in atmosphere, Ozone depletion

process, Ozone hole, Worldwide Ozone trends, Montreal Protocol, Consequences of Ozone depletion (climate,

Human health, Terrestrial and Aquatic ecosystems)


SUGGESTED READINGS:

• The Earth System (3rd Edition) 3rd Edition- Lee R. Kump, James F. Kasting, Robert G. Crane

• Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology 4th ed. 1993 Edition- Arthur Holmes (Ed) P. Mc L. D. Duff

• Introduction to Physical Geology 1998. G.R. Thompson, & J. Turk

• Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and Environment- CesareEmiliani

• Environmental Geology – K.S. Valdiya


SECOND YEAR B. Sc. (FOURTH SEMESTER )


US04CENV24 (P): PRACTICAL BASED ON ECOSYSTEM AND EARTH SCIENCE




1. Determination of Primary productivity by light and dark bottles

2. To calculate sums based on Productivity

3. To estimate Sodium & Potassium from given sample

4. To analyse effect of light and temperature

5. Measurement of Biological Oxygen Demand from water samples

6. Study of meteorological instruments (Part 1)– Simple Thermometer, Minimum-

Maximum Thermometer, Wet and Dry bulb Thermometer

7. Study of meteorological instruments (Part 2)–Stevenson’s screen, Cup anemometer, Rain

Gauge, Hygrograph, Lux meter, Barometer, Planimeter

8. Study of Greenhouse Gas Simulation

9. Determination of Carbon dioxide

10. Estimation of Carbonates from soil sample

11. Study of 3d models of Earth and activity of atmospheric stratification

12. Study Geological scale of Earth

13. Academic Visit (meteorological department of Anand Agri Uni.)


SECOND YEAR B.Sc. (FOURTH SEMESTER)

Skill Enhancement Course

US04SHTE21 (T) Herbal Technology

(Two Credit Course, Two hours per week)


(Total Marks-50, Internal -15 marks, External-35 marks)

Unit 1: Herbal medicines: history of medicine in India , definition of medical terms - role of

medicinal plants in Siddha systems of medicine; cultivation - harvesting - processing - storage -

marketing and utilization of medicinal plants. Medicial plant banks, micropropagation of imp

species

Unit 2: Pharmacognosy – Definition, History and scope of Pharmacognosy, classification of

drugs of natural origin, Scheme for Pharmacognostic study of a drug,

Botanical source, geographical distribution, chemical constituents and medicinal uses of the

following in curing various ailments: Tulsi, Ginger, Fenugreek, Amla and Ashoka.

Unit 3: Natural drugs of therapeutic value-

Laxatives,Cardiotonics, Astringents, Drugs acting on nervous system, Antirheumatics, antitumor,

antidiabetics, Diuretics, Antidysenterics, Antimalarial (with two examples in each )

Unit 4: Analytical pharmacognosy –

Drug adulteration - methods of drug adulteration, methods of evaluation –Significance of

Phrmacopoeial standards

Properties, chemistry, classification and distribution of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Volatile oils,

Tannins, Resins, fixed oils

Herbal foods-future of pharmacognosy

Suggested Readings :

1. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants, R.N.Chopra, S.L.Nayar and I.C.Chopra, 1956.

C.S.I.R, New Delhi.

2. The indigenous drugs of India, Kanny, Lall, Dey and Raj Bahadur, 1984.

International Book Distributors.

3. Herbal plants and Drugs Agnes Arber, 1999. Mangal Deep Publications.

4. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant source. V.V. Sivarajan and Balachandran Indra 1994.

Oxford IBH publishing Co.

5. Ayurveda and Aromatherapy. Miller, Light and Miller, Bryan, 1998. Banarsidass, Delhi.

6. Principles of Ayurveda, Anne Green, 2000. Thomsons, London.



S . Y. B. Sc.- Microbiology

Semester - III

US03CMIC 21- Elements of Microbiology - I

(04 Credits; 4 Hrs/week)


Unit : 1

Historical development and Scope of Microbiology :

- Discovery of Microorganisms

- Spontaneous generation versus Biogenesis.

- Germ theory of Fermentation

- Germ theory of disease

- Laboratory techniques and pure cultures

- Principle of Immunization

- Widening horizons:

Medical microbiology

Agricultural and Industrial microbiology

Molecular biology

- Applied areas of Microbiology

Unit : 2

Ultra structure of Bacterial cell:

- Morphology of bacteria

- Basic structure of Bacterial cell

- Structure external to the cell wall:

Flagella, Pili, Capsules, Sheaths, Prosthecae and stalks.

Cell wall structure and chemical composition.

- Structure internal to the cell wall :

Cytoplasmic membrane

Protoplasts and Spheroplast

Membranous intrusions and Intracellular membrane systems.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuoles

Nuclear material

Endospore and Cysts .

Unit : 3

Microscopic examination of microorganisms:

(A) Stains and staining:

- Introduction to Stains and Dyes

- Principles of staining.

- Steps in staining process.

- Role of intensifier, mordant & decolorizer

- Types of staining:

Simple staining

Negative staining

Differential staining (Gram staining and Acid fast staining)

(B ) Microscopy :

- Principles of Microscopy, magnification and resolving power

- Light microscopy: Simple and compound microscope.

- Principles and applications of phase contrast, fluorescent and Electron

Microscopy.

Unit- 4

Characterization, Classification and Identification of Microorganisms:

- Place of microorganisms in living world

- Whittaker’s five kingdom concept

- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

- Major characteristics of Microorganisms.

Microbial Classification: Taxonomic groups

General Methods of Classifying Bacteria -

- Intuitive method, Numerical Taxonomy , Genetic Relatedness.

Nomenclature and Identification

Reference Books:

1. Microbiology - Pelczar, Chan, & Krieg , 5th

edition

2. Elementary Microbiology - H. A. Modi



Semester - III

US03CMIC 22- Elements of Microbiology - I (Practicals)



1. Introduction to Laboratory apparatus.

2. Preparation of Reagents – Preparation of normal, molar & % solution of HCL, NaOH.

3. Simple staining - Monochrome staining & Negative staining

4. Demonstration of Permanent Slide.

5. Study of Bacterial motility by hanging drop preparation.

6. Gram’s staining

7. Cell wall staining

8. Capsule staining.

9. Endospore staining.

10. Metachromatic granule staining

11. Demonstration of Micrometry.



Semester - III

US03CMIC 23- Microbial Physiology



Unit : 1

Cultivation of Bacteria:

- Nutritional requirements.

- Nutritional types of bacteria

- Common ingredients of media

- Types of media

Isolation:

- Pure cultures

- Methods of isolating pure cultures

- Maintenance & Preservation of Pure cultures

Unit : 2

Growth of Bacteria:

- Methods of Reproduction in Bacteria

- Mathematical expression of Growth

- Measurement of Growth.

- Growth curve of Bacteria

- Synchronous Growth

- Continuous culture

- Diauxic growth

- Physical condition required for growth : Temperature, Gaseous requirements

(Aerobes and Anaerobes), PH & Miscellaneous Physical requirements.

Unit : 3

Control of Microorganisms by Physical agents

- Fundamentals of control

- Definition of terms

- Condition influencing antimicrobial action

- Mode of action of antimicrobial agents.

- Physical agents: High temperature, Low temperature, Desiccation, Osmotic pressure,

Radiation,Filtration.

Unit : 4

Control of Microorganism by Chemical agents

- Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial chemical agents

- Selection of chemical agent

- Major groups of chemical Antimicrobial agents

- Evaluation of antimicrobial chemical agents

- Antibiotics: Mode of action of Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Nystatins &

AZT.

Reference Books :


edition




Semester - III

US03CMIC 24 - Microbial Physiology (Practicals)



1. Preparation of media – Nutrient broth / agar

2. Disposal of Laboratory waste and media.

3. Streak plate method for isolation of bacteria.

4. Spread plate technique for isolation of bacteria.

5. Use of selective and differential media (MacConkey’s and EMB agar medium)

6. Effect of environmental factors on the growth of microorganisms – Temp. & pH .

7. Study of Oligodynamic action.

8. Effect of antibiotic on growth of test organisms.

9. Effect of antimicrobial agents on the growth of bacteria (Antibiotic, Phenol, Crystal

violet).



Semester - III

US03CMIC 21- Elements of Microbiology - I



Unit : 1

Historical development and Scope of Microbiology :

- Discovery of Microorganisms

- Spontaneous generation versus Biogenesis.

- Germ theory of Fermentation

- Germ theory of disease

- Laboratory techniques and pure cultures

- Principle of Immunization

- Widening horizons:

Medical microbiology

Agricultural and Industrial microbiology

Molecular biology

- Applied areas of Microbiology

Unit : 2

Ultra structure of Bacterial cell:

- Morphology of bacteria

- Basic structure of Bacterial cell

- Structure external to the cell wall:

Flagella, Pili, Capsules, Sheaths, Prosthecae and stalks.

Cell wall structure and chemical composition.

- Structure internal to the cell wall :

Cytoplasmic membrane

Protoplasts and Spheroplast

Membranous intrusions and Intracellular membrane systems.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuoles

Nuclear material

Endospore and Cysts .

Unit : 3

Microscopic examination of microorganisms:

(A) Stains and staining:

- Introduction to Stains and Dyes

- Principles of staining.

- Steps in staining process.

- Role of intensifier, mordant & decolorizer

- Types of staining:

Simple staining

Negative staining

Differential staining (Gram staining and Acid fast staining)

(B ) Microscopy :

- Principles of Microscopy, magnification and resolving power

- Light microscopy: Simple and compound microscope.

- Principles and applications of phase contrast, fluorescent and Electron

Microscopy.

Unit- 4

Characterization, Classification and Identification of Microorganisms: - Place of microorganisms in living world

- Whittaker’s five kingdom concept

- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

- Major characteristics of Microorganisms.

Microbial Classification: Taxonomic groups

General Methods of Classifying Bacteria -

- Intuitive method, Numerical Taxonomy ,Genetic Relatedness.

Nomenclature and Identification

Reference Books:


edition




Semester - III

US03CMIC 22- Elements of Microbiology - I (Practicals)



12. Introduction to Laboratory apparatus.

13. Preparation of Reagents – Preparation of normal, molar & % solution of HCL, NaOH.

14. Simple staining - Monochrome staining & Negative staining

15. Demonstration of Permanent Slide.

16. Study of Bacterial motility by hanging drop preparation.

17. Gram’s staining

18. Cell wall staining

19. Capsule staining.

20. Endospore staining.

21. Metachromatic granule staining

22. Demonstration of Micrometry.



Semester - III

US03CMIC 23- Microbial Physiology



Unit : 1

Cultivation of Bacteria:

- Nutritional requirements.

- Nutritional types of bacteria

- Common ingredients of media

- Types of media

Isolation:

- Pure cultures

- Methods of isolating pure cultures

- Maintenance & Preservation of Pure cultures

Unit : 2

Growth of Bacteria:

- Methods of Reproduction in Bacteria

- Mathematical expression of Growth

- Measurement of Growth.

- Growth curve of Bacteria

- Synchronous Growth

- Continuous culture

- Diauxic growth

- Physical condition required for growth : Temperature, Gaseous requirements

(Aerobes and Anaerobes), PH & Miscellaneous Physical requirements.

Unit : 3

Control of Microorganisms by Physical agents

- Fundamentals of control

- Definition of terms

- Condition influencing antimicrobial action

- Mode of action of antimicrobial agents.

- Physical agents: High temperature, Low temperature, Desiccation, Osmotic pressure,

Radiation,Filtration.

Unit : 4

Control of Microorganism by Chemical agents

- Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial chemical agents

- Selection of chemical agent

- Major groups of chemical Antimicrobial agents

- Evaluation of antimicrobial chemical agents

- Antibiotics: Mode of action of Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Nystatins &

AZT.

Reference Books :


edition




Semester - III

US03CMIC 24 - Microbial Physiology (Practicals)



10. Preparation of media – Nutrient broth / agar

11. Disposal of Laboratory waste and media.

12. Streak plate method for isolation of bacteria.

13. Spread plate technique for isolation of bacteria.

14. Use of selective and differential media (MacConkey’s and EMB agar medium)

15. Effect of environmental factors on the growth of microorganisms – Temp. & pH .

16. Study of Oligodynamic action.

17. Effect of antibiotic on growth of test organisms.

18. Effect of antimicrobial agents on the growth of bacteria (Antibiotic, Phenol, Crystal

violet).



Semester - IV

US04CMIC 21- Environmental Microbiology



Unit : 1

Microorganisms and their Habitats:

- Structure and function of ecosystems Terrestrial Environment:

- Soil profile and soil microflora

- Aquatic Environment: Microflora of fresh water and marine habitats

- Atmosphere: Aeromicroflora and dispersal of microbes

- Extremophiles: Microbes thriving at high & low temperatures, pH, Osmotic pressure

&, salinity.

Unit : 2

Soil Microbiology

Microbial Interactions :

- Microbe interactions: Mutualism, synergism, commensalism, competition,

amensalism, parasitism.

Biogeochemical Cycling :

- Carbon cycle: Microbial degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and chitin

- Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Denitrification and

Nitrate reduction.

- Sulphur cycle: Microbes involved in sulphur cycle

Unit : 3

Water Microbiology :

- Types of natural Waters

- Nuisance microbes in water

- Bacteriological Examination of Domestic water : presumptive test/MPN test,

confirmed and completed tests for faecal coliforms , IMViC Test, Membrane filter

technique.

- Purification of Water : Sedimentation, Filtration & Disinfection.

- Water borne Diseases.

Unit : 4

Waste Water Microbiology :

- Liquid waste management: Composition and strength of sewage (BOD and COD),

Primary, secondary (oxidation ponds, trickling filter, activated sludge process and

septic tank) and tertiary sewage treatment.

- Solid Waste management: Sources and types of solid waste, Methods of solid waste

disposal (composting and sanitary landfill)

Reference Books :


edition

2. General Microbiology - Vol – II - Powar & Daginawala



Semester - IV

US04CMIC 22- Environmental Microbiology (Practicals)



1. Bacteriological analysis of Air.

2.Bacteriological Quantitative analysis of Soil.

3.Qualitative analysis of water: presumptive test , confirmed and completed tests.

4.Quantitative analysis of Water : SPC

5.Detection of Coliforms in water by MPN test .

6.Determination of Potability ratio of water.

7.Determination of Dissolved Oxygen by Winkler’s Method.

8.Study of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria : Rhizobium & Azotobacter.



Semester - IV

US04CMIC 23- Elements of Microbiology- II



Unit : 1

Eucaryotic Microbes :

(a) Fungi : General characteristics & Significance.

(b) Algae : General characteristics & Significance.

(c) Protozoa : General characteristics & Significance

(d) Introduction to Lichens, Slime molds and their significance.

Unit : 2

Viruses:

(a) General characteristics, Cultivation and Enumeration of viruses.

(b) Bacteriophages: Introduction, Morphological groups and Introduction to Lytic

cycle and Lysogeny.

(c) Animal Viruses : Introduction and general life cycle of Animal Viruses.

(d) Plant Viruses : TMV.

(e) Introduction to Prions & Viroids.

Unit : 3

Microbiology of Food :

- Food as a substrate for Microorganisms.

- Microbial flora of food

- Factors affecting kinds and numbers of microorganisms : intrinsic and extrinsic

- Microbial Spoilage of food & Food Poisoning , Role of Clostridium botulinum &

Salmonella spp.

- Preservation of food and Milk

A. General principles

B. Methods of preservation:

i. Use of aseptic handling

ii. High temperature: Sterilization, canning

iii. Low temperature: Refrigeration and freezing

iv. Dehydration

v. Osmotic pressure

vi. Preservatives

vii. Radiations: Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

- Indian fermented food products : Pickles & Idli.

- Microbes as food: Mushrooms & Spirulina.

Unit : 4

Microbiology of milk and milk products:

- Sources of microorganism in milk

- Types of microorganisms in milk

- Milk borne diseases

- Microbiological examination of milk:

- Pasteurization of milk, Phosphatase test, MBRT & Resazurin test

- Some dairy milk products: Butter, Cheese.

- Introduction to probiotics, prebiotics, Synbiotics.

Reference Books :


edition

2. General Microbiology - Vol – II - Powar & Daginawala



Semester - IV

US04CMIC 24 - Elements of Microbiology- II (Practicals)



1. Microbiological analysis of food - Standard plate count

2. Microbiological analysis of milk - Standard plate count

3. Determination of microbial load by use of MBRT.

4. Detection of Acid fast bacteria in milk.

5. Detection of Bacteriophage

6. Isolation of Yeast.

7. Study of Fungi - Wet mounting of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus & Mucor.

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