BUILDING STONES

Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap

Class Instructor

Stone a natural, hard substance formed from

minerals and earth material which are present in rocks.

Rockthe portion of the earth’s crust having no definite shape and structure

To qualify as a construction material, stone should have the following qualities:

Strength: Most types of stone have more than adequate compressive strength. The shear strength of stone, however, is usually about 1/10 of its compressive strength

Hardness: hardness is important when stone is used for flooring, paving, and stair treads.

Hardness:

Talc, easily scratched with the thumb-nail: 1Gypsum, scratched by the thumb-nail: 2Calcite, not scratched by thumb-nail but easily cut by knife: 3Fluorite, can be cut by knife with greater difficulty than calcite: 4Apatite, can be cut only with difficulty by knife: 5Orthoclase, can be cut w/ knife w/ great difficulty on thin edges: 6Quartz, not scratched by steel, scratches glass: 7Topaz: 8Sapphire: 9Diamond: 10

Durability: Resistance to the weathering effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action is necessary for exterior stonework

Workability: A stone’s hardness and grain texture must allow it to be quarried, cut and shaped

Density: A stone’s porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining

Density:

Porosity of Stones

24-hours Water Absorption of Stones by Volume

Appearance: Appearance factors include color, grain, and texture

CLASSIFICATION OF STONES

(according to geological origin):

Igneous rock

Metamorphic rocks

Sedimentary rock

Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian and malachite

Igneous rock also known as primary, unstratified or eruptive rocks

Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate

Metamorphic rocks:

Examples of Transformation of Rocks

Sedimentary rock is formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone and shale

Sedimentary rocks are also known as aqueous or stratified rocks

As a load bearing wall material, stone is similar to modular unit masonry. Although stone masonry is not necessarily uniform in size, its laid up with mortar and used in compression. Almost all stone is adversely affected by sudden changes in temperature and should not be used where a high degree of fire resistance is required.

Stone is used in construction in the following forms:

Rubble

Dimension stone

Flagstone

Crushed stone

Rubble - consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for exposure in a wall.

Dimension stone - is quarried and squared stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels and flooring.

Flagstone - refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing.

Crushed stone - is used as aggregate in concrete products.

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Argillite – formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green.

Used for: floor tilestair threadscoping stones

interior wall base interior window stools of exterior window sills.

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Granite – igneous origin, hard, strong, durable and capable of taking high pressure polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.

Used for: flooringwall panelingcolumnmullion facingstair threads

flagstone

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Limestone – sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. High compressive & tensile strength

Used for: wall & floor surfaces

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Travertine – sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets on a cut surface.

Used for: interior decorative stone

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Marble – metamorphic rock, a re crystallized limestone forming into carrara, parian, onyx and vermont.

Used for: flooring wall & column facing

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Serpentine – igneous with mineral serpentine. Typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock.

Used only for interiors due to weathering

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Sandstone – class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, red and light brown. Porous where as 30% of volume composed of pores

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Slate Rock – metamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited in layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets called slates . Colors are black, green red, grey, or purple.

Used for: flooringwindow sillsstoolsstair treads & facing

STONE CONSTRUCTION Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames.

Application Categories :

1. Paneling

2. Ashlars

3. Rubblework

4. Trim

Running Bond - a masonry bond formed when all units are laid in stretcher position, with a half-unit overlap

Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and

provide finished exterior

Stack Bond - a masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are aligned

Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and

provide finished exterior

Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.

Coursed Ashlar - Ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks of various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the course

Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.

Random Ashlar - Ashlar masonry laid without regular courses but with an overall effect of horizontal orientation

Rubblework – random & no attempt to produced an orderly course either horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.

Coursed Rubble - Fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar, assembled to give a effect of courses

Rubblework – random & no attempt to produced an orderly course either horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.

Fieldstone - Stone found on the ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a suitable size and shape for use

as drywall or rubble masonry

jambs

sills

copings

cornices

lintels

steps

arch stone (voussoirs)

Trim – stones cut for specific purposes like:

Stone Finish

Rusticated - A term describing stone masonry with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is formed when the blocks are aligned

Sand Finish - A stone finish that is granular and moderately smooth, varying with the characteristics of the specific stone

Sawn Face - A term describing stone exhibiting the marks left by the saw used to cut it

Rock Face - A stone finish with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners, exaggerating the natural look of the stone

Split Face - A stone finish exhibiting the natural quarry texture resulting from splitting the stone

Stone Pavers

Cobble stone - A stone used in paving. It may be rectangular, or naturally rounded

Durex Blocks - Roughly cubed, usually granite blocks used for paving