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IPR Introduction Page No. 1 / 87

SKB, Dept. of BT AIT

10BT- 81 PROJECT MANAGEMENT & IPR

[PART B IPR]

Prepared byDr. K. !"a#$a%a Ba' Pr()e**(r

Depar'"e#' () B+('e,#(%($y

ACARA INTIT/TE O

(%dea#aa%%+2 C+33aba#aara2 e*ara$a''aRa(d

ACARAINSTITUTS

TECNO

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IPR Introduction Page No. ! / 87

SKB, Dept. of BT AIT

Ba#$a%(re. 560 070

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C(#'e#'*

1. Introduction " #oncept of propert$ %&

!. 'i(tor$ of IPR in India %8

&. )a*( re+ated to IPR in India 11

.

#riteria for patenta-i+it$. Pari( conention " Berne conention 10

0. adrid agree2ent 318415 and Ro2e conention 314015 18

7. Patent #ooperation Treat$3P#T5 !1

8. TRIPS agree2ent 31445, 6IP perfor2ance and ponogra2( !!

4. Patent procedure in India !0

1%. #o22ercia+ potentia+ of BT inention &1

11. -9ectie(, o+ution and App+ication of Biotecno+og$ &!

1!. R " D ine(t2ent(, Rationa+e and app+ication( &!

1&. #oncept of Noe+t$ and Inentie (tep in BT &&

1. icro organi(2( and BT inention( %

1. ora+ i((ue( in patenting BT inention 0

10. #a(e (tud$ on patent +a* interpretation on par2a " 2icro-ia+ product( 8

17. #a(e (tud$ on patent +a* interpretation on eniron2enta+ i((ue(, etc. 8

18. :u(tification and internationa+ po(ition for p+ant ariet$ protection 4

14. UP;, 1401, 1478, 1441 guide+ine( 0%

!%. P+ant ariet$ protection in India 0&

!1. no*+edge digita+ +i-rar$ 81

!. Protecta-i+it$ of traditiona+ >no*+edge 8

!0. Biop$rac$ " Biopro(pecting 80

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GP L 1. INTRODUCTION & CONCEPT OF PROPERTY

Inte++ectua+ propert$ Rigt 3IPR5 i( a ter2 u(ed for ariou( +ega+ entit+e2ent( *ic

attac to certain t$pe( of infor2ation, idea(, or oter intangi-+e( in teir e?pre((ed

for2. Te o+der of ti( +ega+ entit+e2ent i( genera++$ entit+ed to e?erci(e ariou(

e?c+u(ie rigt( in re+ation to te (u-9ect 2atter of te Inte++ectua+ Propert$. Te

ter2 inte++ectua+ propert$ ref+ect( te idea tat ti( (u-9ect 2atter i( te product ofte 2ind or te inte++ect, and tat Inte++ectua+ Propert$ rigt( 2a$ -e protected at

+a* in te (a2e *a$ a( an$ oter for2 of propert$. Inte++ectua+ propert$ +a*( ar$

fro2 9uri(diction to 9uri(diction, (uc tat te ac@ui(ition, regi(tration or

enforce2ent of IP rigt( 2u(t -e pur(ued or o-tained (eparate+$ in eac territor$ of

intere(t.

Inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( 3IPR5 can -e defined a( te rigt( gien to peop+e oer

te creation of teir 2ind(. Te$ u(ua++$ gie te creator an e?c+u(ie rigt oer te

u(e of i(/er creation( for a certain period of ti2e.

C(#,ep' () pr(per'y

Propert$ de(ignate( to(e ting( tat are co22on+$ recognied a( -eing te

po((e((ion( of an indiidua+ or a group. A rigt of o*ner(ip i( a((ociated *it

propert$ tat e(ta-+i(e( te good a( -eing oneC( o*n ting in re+ation to oter

indiidua+( or group(, a((uring te o*ner te rigt to di(pen(e *it te propert$ in a

2anner e or (e dee2( fit, *eter to u(e or not u(e, e?c+ude oter( fro2 u(ing, or

to tran(fer o*ner(ip.

Propertie( are of t*o t$pe( = tangi-+e propert$ and intangi-+e propert$ i.e. one tat

i( p$(ica++$ pre(ent and te oter *ic i( not in an$ p$(ica+ for2. Bui+ding, +and,

ou(e, ca(, 9e*e++er$ are fe* e?a2p+e( of tangi-+e propertie( *ic can -e (een

and fe+t p$(ica++$. n te oter and tere i( a >ind of a+ua-+e propert$ tat

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cannot -e fe+t p$(ica++$ a( it doe( not ae a p$(ica+ for2. Inte++ectua+ propert$ i(

one of te for2( of intangi-+e propert$ *ic co22and( a 2ateria+ a+ue *ic

can a+(o -e iger tan te a+ue of a tangi-+e a((et or propert$.

+*'(r+,a% Ba,3$r(!#d

ar?( Teor$

Kar+ ar? e2p+o$ed a+a-our teor$ of a+ue,*ic o+d( tat te a+ue of a co22odit$ i(

te (ocia++$ nece((ar$ +a-our ti2e ine(ted in it. In ti( 2ode+, capita+i(t( do not pa$

*or>er( te fu++ a+ue of te co22oditie( te$ produceE rater, te$ co2pen(ate te *or>er

for te nece((ar$ +a-or on+$ 3te *or>erC( *age, *ic coer on+$ te nece((ar$ 2ean( of

(u-(i(tence in order to 2aintain i2 *or>ing in te pre(ent and i( fa2i+$ in te future a( a

group5. Ti( nece((ar$ +a-or i(, ar? (uppo(e(, on+$ a fraction of a fu++ *or>ing da$ = te

re(t, te (urp+u(=+a-or, *ou+d -e poc>eted -$ te capita+i(t. ar? teoried tat te gap

-et*een te a+ue a *or>er produce( and i( *age i( a for2 of unpaid +a-our, >no*n a(

(urp+u( a+ue. oreoer, ar? argue( tat 2ar>et( tend to o-(cure te (ocia+ re+ation(ip(

and proce((e( of productionE e ca++ed ti( co22odit$ feti(i(2. Peop+e are ig+$ a*are of

co22oditie(, and u(ua++$ donCt tin> a-out te re+ation(ip( and +a-our te$ repre(ent.

Ti( concept initiated te practice of a((igning co22ercia+ a+ue to te inte++ectua+ or

p$(ica+ +a-our . protection i( te 2o(t (ougt after

for2 of IP *or+d*ide *it gro*t rate( of a (i2i+ar 2agnitude a( to(e for patent(. In

!%%4, one @uarter of a++ trade2ar> app+ication( *ere fi+ed at te #ina Trade2ar> ffice.

India (o*ed te ige(t fie=$ear gro*t 31&.F5 fro2 !%% to !%%4, *erea( #ina ad

one of te ige(t annua+ gro*t rate( 3!%.8F5 fro2 !%%8 to !%%4. In !%%4, #ina

accounted for % percent of tota+ indu(tria+ de(ign fi+ing actiit$ *i+e gro*ing -$ 1!.&

percent fro2 !%%8 to !%%4. India *a( in te 4t p+ace. In !%%4, 1,1,4& trade2ar>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_theory_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_fetishismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_theory_of_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_fetishism

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app+ication( *ere fi+ed, &,!87 patent app+ication( *ere fi+ed and 0,%4! Indu(tria+ de(ign(

app+ication( *ere fi+ed.

I#'e%%e,'!a% Pr(per'y Tre#d* - I#d+a

During !%%4=1%, &,!87 patent app+ication( *ere fi+ed, 0%04 e?a2ined and 0108 patent(

granted. Te nu2-er of app+ication( fi+ed -$ te Indian app+icant( *a( 7%. ut of te

app+ication( fi+ed -$ te Indian app+icant(, aara(tra accounted for te 2a?i2u2

nu2-er fo++o*ed -$ De+i, Ta2i+ Nadu, Karnata>a, Andra Prade(, 6e(t Benga+ etc.

During !%%4=1%, 0%4! de(ign app+ication( *ere fi+ed, 0!00 e?a2ined and 0%!

regi(tered. Te nu2-er of app+ication( fi+ed -$ te Indian app+icant( *a( !07. Te

nu2-er of regi(tered de(ign( in force at te end of !%%4=1% *a( &4%%8.During !%%4=1%,

1,1,4&

trade2ar> app+ication( *ere fi+ed, !87 e?a2ined and 07,4% regi(tered. Te nu2-er of

app+ication(

fi+ed -$ te Indian app+icant( *a( 1,&,%&. Te tota+ nu2-er of regi(tered trade2ar>( a( of

&1(t arc,

!%1% i( 8,!!,8!.During !%%4=1%, % ing p+ant

ariet$

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protection under te Act. Te app+ication( -e+ong ne* 3&45, e?tant 3!105, far2er( arietie(

3&%5 and

e((entia++$ deried ariet$ 315 categorie(.

I#+'+a'+e* () G(er#"e#' () I#d+a '(ard* pr('e,'+(# () IPR

1. Te a, Kera+a, ad$a Prade(, ega+a$a, ri((a,

Pondicerr$, Pun9a-, Si>>i2, Ta2i+ Nadu, Tripura and 6e(t Benga+.

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. Te (op( on

cop$rigt i((ue(. Te participant( in te(e (e2inar( inc+ude

enforce2ent per(onne+ a( *e++ a( repre(entatie( of indu(tr$

organiation(.

I#'e%%e,'!a% Pr(per'y

Inte++ectua+ propert$ i( an intangi-+e creation of te u2an 2ind, u(ua++$

e?pre((ed or tran(+ated into a tangi-+e for2 tat i( a((igned certain rigt( of

propert$. ?a2p+e( of inte++ectua+ propert$ inc+ude an autorC( cop$rigt on a

-oo> or artic+e, a di(tinctie +ogo de(ign repre(enting a (oft drin> co2pan$ and

it( product(, uni@ue de(ign e+e2ent( of a *e- (ite, or a patent on te proce(( to

2anufacture ce*ing gu2.

I#'e%%e,'!a% Pr(per'y R+$'*

Inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( 3IPR5 can -e defined a( te rigt( gien to peop+e oer te

creation of teir 2ind(. Te$ u(ua++$ gie te creator an e?c+u(ie rigt oer te u(e ofi(/er creation( for a certain period of ti2e. Inte++ectua+ propert$ 3IP5 refer( to creation(

of te 2indH inention(, +iterar$ and arti(tic *or>(, and ($2-o+(, na2e(, i2age(, and

de(ign( u(ed in co22erce.

Ca'e$(r+e* () I#'e%%e,'!a% Pr(per'y

ne can -road+$ c+a((if$ te ariou( for2( of IPR( into t*o categorie(H

IPR( tat (ti2u+ate inentie and creatie actiitie( 3patent(, uti+it$ 2ode+(,

indu(tria+ de(ign(, cop$rigt, p+ant -reeder( rigt( and +a$out de(ign( for

integrated circuit(5 and

IPR( tat offer infor2ation to con(u2er( 3trade2ar>( and geograpica+ indication(5.

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IPR( in -ot categorie( (ee> to addre(( certain fai+ure( of priate 2ar>et( to proide for

an efficient a++ocation of re(ource(. IP i( diided into t*o categorie( for ea(e of

under(tandingH

1. I#d!*'r+a% Pr(per'y9. C(pyr+$'

I#d!*'r+a% pr(per'y, *ic inc+ude( inention( 3patent(5, trade2ar>(, indu(tria+ de(ign(,

and geograpic indication( of (ourceE and

C(pyr+$', *ic inc+ude( +iterar$ and arti(tic *or>( (uc a( noe+(, poe2( and p+a$(,

fi+2(, 2u(ica+ *or>(, arti(tic *or>( (uc a( dra*ing(, painting(, potograp( and

(cu+pture(, and arcitectura+ de(ign(. Rigt( re+ated to cop$rigt inc+ude to(e of

perfor2ing arti(t( in teir perfor2ance(, producer( of ponogra2( in teir recording(,

and to(e of -roadca(ter( in teir radio and te+ei(ion progra2(.

I#'e%%e,'!a% pr(per'y *a%% +#,%!de 'e r+$' re%a'+#$ '(:;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

i. )iterar$, arti(tic and (cientific *or>(E

ii. Perfor2ance of perfor2ing arti(t(Eiii. Inention( in a++ fie+d( of u2an endeaourE

i. Scientific di(coerie(E

. Indu(tria+ de(ign(E

i. Trade2ar>(, (erice 2ar>( and etcE

ii. Protection again(t unfair co2petition.

R+$'* pr('e,'ed !#der I#'e%%e,'!a% Pr(per'y

Te different t$pe( of Inte++ectua+ Propert$ Rigt( areH

i. Patent(

ii. #op$rigt(

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iii. Trade2ar>(

i. Indu(tria+ de(ign(

. Protection of Integrated #ircuit( +a$out de(ign

i. (

&. Indu(tria+ de(ign

. (

. Dra2atic( *or>(. Audioi(ua+ *or>(

0. Sound recording(

7. Potograpic *or>(

8. Broadca(t

4. Scu+pture

1%. Dra*ing(

11. Arcitectura+ *or>( etc.

IPR a* I#*'r!"e#'* () Dee%(p"e#'

a. Ke$ drier( of econo2ic perfor2ance in R"D -a(ed gro*t 2ode+(

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-. Inte++ectua+ propert$ po+icie( do affect te e?tent and nature of ine(t2ent(

underta>en -$ 2u+tinationa+ enterpri(e(. At te (a2e ti2e, re+atie to oter

factor( deter2ining foreign ine(t2ent deci(ion(, IPR( (ee2 to -e of

re+atie+$ 2inor i2portance.

D!ra'+(# () I#'e%%e,'!a% Pr(per'y R+$'* +# a #!'*e%%

15 Ter2 of eer$ patent *i++ -e !% $ear( fro2 te date of fi+ing of patent app+ication,irre(pectie of *eter it i( fi+ed *it proi(iona+ or co2p+ete (pecification. Date

of

patent i( te date on *ic te app+ication for patent i( fi+ed.

!5 Ter2 of eer$ trade2ar> regi(tration i( 1% $ear( fro2 te date of 2a>ing

of te app+ication *ic i( dee2ed to -e te date of regi(tration.

&5 #op$rigt genera++$ +a(t( for a period of (i?t$ $ear(.

5 Te regi(tration of a geograpica+ indication i( a+id for a period of 1% $ear(.

5 Te duration of regi(tration of #ip )a$out De(ign i( for a period of 1% $ear(

counted fro2 te date of fi+ing an app+ication for regi(tration or fro2 te date of

fir(t co22ercia+ e?p+oitation an$*ere in India or in an$ conention countr$ or

countr$ (pecified -$

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GP L 2. HISTORY OF IPR IN INDIA

or *or> pu-+i(ed in a (erie( of -oo>( or part( (a++ e(t in te

proprietor, pro9ector, pu-+i(er or conductor. Infringing copie( *ere dee2ed to -e copie(

of te proprietor of cop$rigted *or>. I2portant+$, un+i>e toda$, cop$rigt in a *or> *a(

not auto2atic. Regi(tration of cop$rigt *it te 'o2e ffice *a( 2andator$ for te

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enforce2ent of rigt( under te Act. 'o*eer, te Act a+(o (pecifica++$ re(ered te

(u-(i(tence of cop$rigt in te autor, and i( rigt to (ue for it( infringe2ent to te e?tent

aai+a-+e in +a* oter tan te 187 Act. At te ti2e of it( introduction in India, cop$rigt

+a* ad a+read$ -een under dee+op2ent in Britain for oer a centur$ and te proi(ion( of

te 187 enact2ent ref+ected te +earning( fro2 de+i-eration( during ti( period. In 141,

te ten Indian +egi(+ature enacted a ne* #op$rigt Act *ic 2ere+$ e?tended 2o(t

portion( of te United Kingdo2 #op$rigt Act of 1411 to India. It did, o*eer, 2a>e afe* 2inor 2odification(. Jir(t, it introduced cri2ina+ + (anction( for cop$rigt infringe2ent

3(ection( 7 to 1!5. Second, it 2odified te (cope of te ter2 of cop$rigtE under (ection

te (o+e rigt of te autor to produce, reproduce, perfor2 or pu-+i( a tran(+ation of te

*or> (a++ (u-(i(t on+$ for a period of ten $ear( fro2 te date of te fir(t pu-+ication of te

*or>. Te autor, o*eer, retained er (o+e rigt( if *itin te period of ten $ear( (e

pu-+i(ed or autoried pu-+ication of er *or> a tran(+ation in an$ +anguage in re(pect of

tat +anguage. Te 141 Act *a( continued *it 2inor adaptation( and 2odification( ti++

te 147 Act *a( -rougt into force on !t :anuar$, 148.

+*'(ry () Pa'e#' 4a +# I#d+a

Te fir(t +egi(+ation in India re+ating to patent( *a( te Act ;I of 180. Te o-9ectie of ti(

+egi(+ation *a( to encourage inention( of ne* and u(efu+ 2anufacture( and to induce

inentor( to di(c+o(e (ecret of teir inention(. Te Act *a( (u-(e@uent+$ repea+ed -$ Act

I of 187 (ince it ad

-een enacted *itout te approa+ of te (oereign. Jre( +egi(+ation for granting

Le?c+u(ie prii+ege( *a( introduced in 184 a( Act ; of 184. Ti( +egi(+ation contained

certain 2odification( of te ear+ier +egi(+ation, na2e+$, grant of e?c+u(ie prii+ege( to

u(efu+ inention( on+$ and e?ten(ion of priorit$ period fro2 0 to 1! 2ont(. Te Act

e?c+uded i2porter( fro2 te definition of inentor. Te 180 Act *a( -a(ed on te United

Kingdo2 Act of 18! *it certain departure( inc+uding a++o*ing a((ignee( to 2a>e

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app+ication in India and a+(o ta>ing prior pu-+ic u(e or pu-+ication in India or United

Kingdo2 for te purpo(e of a(certaining noe+t$.

Te Act of 184 proided protection for inention on+$ and not for de(ign( *erea( United

Kingdo2 ad -een protecting de(ign( fro2 18! on*ard(. To re2oe ti( +acuna, te

Pattern( and De(ign( Protection Act 3Act III5 *a( pa((ed in 187!. Ti( Act a2ended te

184 Act to inc+ude an$ ne* and origina+ pattern or de(ign or te app+ication of (uc

pattern to an$ (u-(tance or artic+e of 2anufacture *itin te 2eaning of Lne*

2anufacture. Te Act ; of 184 *a( furter a2ended in 188& -$ ;I of 188& to

introduce a proi(ion to protect noe+t$ of te inention, *ic prior to 2a>ing app+ication

for teir protection *ere di(c+o(ed in te ?i-ition( of India. A grace period of 0 2ont(

*a( proided for fi+ing (uc app+ication( after te date of te opening of (uc ?i-ition.

In 1888, ne* +egi(+ation *a( introduced to con(o+idate and a2end te +a* re+ating to

inention and de(ign( in confor2it$ *it te a2end2ent( 2ade in te UK +a*. In 1411, te

Indian Patent( and De(ign( Act, 1411, 3Act II of 14115 *a( -rougt in rep+acing a++ te

preiou( +egi(+ation( on patent( and de(ign(. Ti( Act -rougt patent ad2ini(tration under

te 2anage2ent of #ontro++er of Patent( for te fir(t ti2e. Ti( Act *a( a2ended in 14!%

to proide for entering into reciproca+ arrange2ent( *it UK and oter countrie( for(ecuring priorit$. In 14&%, furter a2end2ent( *ere 2ade to incorporate, inter-alia,

proi(ion( re+ating to grant of (ecret patent(, patent of addition, u(e of inention -$

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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in India in order to en(ure tat te patent ($(te2 i( conducie to te nationa+ intere(t. Te

#o22ittee (u-2itted it( interi2 report on t Augu(t, 144 *it reco22endation( for

preention of 2i(u(e or a-u(e of patent rigt in India and for a2end2ent( to (ection( !!,

!& " !&A of te Patent( " De(ign( Act, 1411 on te +ine( of te United Kingdo2 Act( of

1414 and 144.Ba(ed on te reco22endation( of te #o22ittee, te 1411 Act *a(

a2ended in 14% 3Act II of 14%5 in re+ation to *or>ing of inention( and co2pu+(or$

+icence/reocation. In 14!, an a2end2ent *a( 2ade to proide co2pu+(or$ +icence inre+ation to patent( in re(pect of food and 2edicine(, in(ecticide, ger2icide or fungicide and

a proce(( for producing (u-(tance or an$ inention re+ating to (urgica+ or curatie deice(,

troug Act ) of 14!. Te co2pu+(or$ +icence *a( a+(o aai+a-+e on notification -$

te #entra+

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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operate after (i? 2ont(. Su-(e@uent+$, anoter ordinance *a( i((ued in 1444. Ti(

ordinance *a( +ater rep+aced -$ te Patent( 3A2end2ent5 Act, 1444 tat *a( -rougt into

force retro(pectie+$ fro2 1(t :anuar$, 144. Te a2ended Act proided for fi+ing of

app+ication( for product patent( in te area( of drug(, par2aceutica+( and agro ce2ica+(

toug (uc patent( *ere not a++o*ed. 'o*eer, (uc app+ication( *ere to -e e?a2ined

on+$ after &1(t Dece2-er, !%%. ean*i+e, te app+icant( cou+d -e a++o*ed ?c+u(ie

ar>eting Rigt( 3R(5 to (e++ or di(tri-ute te(e product( in India, (u-9ect to fu+fi++2entof certain condition(. Te (econd a2end2ent to te 147% Act *a( 2ade troug te Patent(

3A2end2ent5 Act, !%%! 3Act &8 %f !%%!5. Ti( Act ca2e into force on !%t a$, !%%&

*it te introduction of te ne* Patent( Ru+e(, !%%& -$ rep+acing te ear+ier Patent( Ru+e(,

147!. Te tird a2end2ent to te Patent( Act, 147% *a( introduced troug te Patent(

3A2end2ent5 rdinance, !%% *it effect fro2 1(t :anuar$, !%%. Ti( rdinance *a(

+ater rep+aced -$ te Patent( 3A2end2ent5 Act, !%% 3Act 1 f !%%5 on t Apri+, !%%

*ic *a( -rougt into force fro2 1(t :anuar$, !%%.

+*'(ry () Trade"ar3 4a +# I#d+a

6i+e (o2e for2 of proprietar$ protection for 2ar>( in India date( -ac> (eera+ 2i++ennia,India( (tatutor$ Trade2ar>( )a* date( -ac> to 180%. Prior to 14% tere *a( no officia+

trade2ar> )a* in India. Nu2erou( pro-+e2( arou(e on infringe2ent, +a* of pa((ing off etc

and te(e *ere (o+ed -$ app+ication of (ection of te Specific Re+ief Act, 1877 and te

regi(tration *a( o-iou(+$ ad9udicated -$ o-taining a dec+aration a( to te o*ner(ip of a

trade2ar> under Indian Regi(tration Act 14%8. To oerco2e te afore(aid difficu+tie( te

Indian Trade2ar>( Act *a( pa((ed in 14%, ti( corre(ponded *it te ng+i( Trade2ar>(

Act. After ti( tere *a( an increa(ing need for 2ore protection of Trade2ar>( a( tere *a(

a 2a9or gro*t in Trade and #o22erce. Te rep+ace2ent to ti( act *a( te Trade2ar>

and ercandi(e Act, 148. Ti( Act *a( to proide for regi(tration and -etter protection

of Trade2ar>( and for preention of te u(e of fraudu+ent 2ar>( on 2ercandi(e. Ti( )a*

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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a+(o ena-+e( te regi(tration of trade2ar>( (o tat te proprietor of te trade2ar> get( +ega+

rigt to te e?c+u(ie u(e of te trade2ar>. Te o-9ectie of ti( act *a( ea($ regi(tration

and -etter protection of trade2ar>( and to preent fraud.

Te repea+ of te Trade2ar>( and ercandi(e Act gae ri(e to te Trade2ar> Act 1444E

ti( *a( done -$ te )a* i( in

co2p+iance *it te TRIPS o-+igation on te reco22endation of te 6or+d Trade

rgani(ation. Te o-9ect of te 1444 Act i( to confer te protection to te u(er of te

trade2ar> on i( good( and pre(cri-e condition( on ac@ui(ition, and +ega+ re2edie( for

enforce2ent of trade2ar> rigt(.

Re)ere#,e*

1. 'and-oo> on inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( in India -$

Ra9>u2ar S. Adu>ia, ttpH//ri(a-acade2$.co2.GP L 3. LAWS RELATED TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

IN INDIA

Te Ru+e( and )a*( goerning Inte++ectua+ Propert$ Rigt( in India are a( fo++o*(H

1. Te #op$rigt Act, 147, Te #op$rigt Ru+e(, 148 and Internationa+

#op$rigt rder, 1444.

!. Te Patent( Act, 147% Te Patent( Ru+e(, !%%&, Te Inte++ectua+ Propert$

Appe++ate Board 3Patent( Procedure5 Ru+e(, !%1% and Te Patent( 3Appea+( and

App+ication( to te Inte++ectua+ Propert$ Appe++ate Board5 Ru+e(, !%11.

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&. Te Trade ar>( Act, 1444, Te Trade ar>( Ru+e(, !%%!, Te Trade ar>(

3App+ication( and Appea+( to te Inte++ectua+ Propert$ Appe++ate Board5 Ru+e(,

!%%& and Te Inte++ectua+ Propert$ Appe++ate Board 3Procedure5 Ru+e(, !%%&.

. Te

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A noe+ inention i( te one *ic a( not -een di(c+o(ed in te prior art eer$ting tat

a( -een pu-+i(ed,pre(ented or oter*i(e di(c+o(ed to te pu-+ic on te date of patent. It

inc+ude( docu2ent( in foreign +anguage( a+(oO.

ii. Inentiene(( 3Non=o-io(ne((5

ti( refer( to te fact tat te inention i( not o-iou( to a per(on L(>i++ed in te art i. e.

(>i++ed in te (u-9ect 2atter of te patent app+icationO. Inentiene(( cannot -e decided on

te 2ateria+ contained in unpu-+i(ed patent(. Te co2p+e?it$ of (i2p+icit$ of an inentie

(tep doe( not ae an$ -earing on te grant of a patent.

iii. U(efu+ne(( 3Indu(tria+ app+ication5

Te inention (ou+d po((e(( practica+ uti+it$ and can -e u(ed in an$ Indu(tria+ proce(( or

creating a u(efu+ product.

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3d5 te 2ere di(coer$ of a ne* for2 of a >no*n (u-(tance *ic doe( not re(u+t in

te enance2ent of te >no*n efficac$ of tat (u-(tance or te 2ere di(coer$ of

an$ ne* propert$ or 2ere ne* u(e for a >no*n (u-(tance or of te 2ere u(e of a

>no*n proce((, 2acine or apparatu( un+e(( (uc >no*n proce(( re(u+t( in a ne*

product or e2p+o$( at +ea(t one ne* reactantE

3e5 a (u-(tance o-tained -$ a 2ere ad2i?ture re(u+ting on+$ in te aggregation of tepropertie( of te co2ponent( tereof or a proce(( for producing (uc (u-(tanceE

3f5 te 2ere arrange2ent or re=arrange2ent or dup+ication of >no*n deice( eac

functioning independent+$ of one anoter in a >no*n *a$E

3g5 a 2etod of agricu+ture or orticu+tureE 3Jor e.g. te 2etod of terrace far2ing

cannot -e patented.5

35 an$ proce(( for te 2edicina+, (urgica+, curatie, prop$+actic, diagno(tic, terapeutic or

oter treat2ent of u2an -eing( or an$ proce(( for a (i2i+ar treat2ent of ani2a+( to render

te2 free of di(ea(e or to increa(e teir econo2ic a+ue or tat of teir product(E 3Jor e.g.

an$ ne* tecni@ue of and (urger$ i( not patenta-+e5.

3i5 p+ant( and ani2a+( in *o+e or an$ part tereof oter tan 2icro=organi(2( -ut inc+uding

(eed(, arietie( and (pecie( and e((entia++$ -io+ogica+ proce((e( for production or

propagation of p+ant( and ani2a+(.

395 a 2ate2atica+ or -u(ine(( 2etod or a co2puter progra22e per (e or a+gorit2(.

3>5 a +iterar$, dra2atic, 2u(ica+ or arti(tic *or> or an$ oter ae(tetic creation *at(oeer

inc+uding cine2atograpic *or>( and te+ei(ion production(.

3I5 a 2ere (ce2e or ru+e or 2etod of perfor2ing 2enta+ act or 2etod of p+a$ing ga2e.

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325 a pre(entation of infor2ation.3n5 topograp$ of integrated circuit(E

Pa'e#'ab+%+'y +%'er

Ti( +i(t proide( ierarc$ of (creening criteria for grant of patent.

SPrior pu-+ication/Prior

u(e/prior di(c+o(ure SIndu(tria+

app+ica-i+it$ SNoe+t$ S

Inentiene((

SNot patenta-+eGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

S 6ritten

de(cription/ena-+e

2ent S

App+ication/(pecifi

cation/c+ai2( S

Patent pro(ecutionS

aintenance/defen

(e after grant

Pa'e#' y*'e" I# I#d+a

Te Patent S$(te2 in India i( goerned -$ te Patent( Act, 147% a( a2ended -$ te Patent(

3A2end2ent5 Act, !%% and te Patent( Ru+e(, !%%&, a( a2ended -$ te Patent(

3A2end2ent5 Ru+e( !%%0 effectie fro2 %=%=!%%0E a( a2ended -$ te Patent(

3A2end2ent5 Ru+e( !%1&.

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Pa'e#' Ad"+#+*'ra'+(#

Patent ($(te2 in India i( ad2ini(tered under te (uperintendence of te #ontro++er ( and

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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J!r+*d+,'+(# () Pa'e#' ())+,e* +# I#d+a

An app+icant or fir(t 2entioned app+icant in ca(e of 9oint app+icant( can fi+e app+ication for

patent at te appropriate Patent ffice under *o(e 9uri(diction e nor2a++$ re(ide( or a(

i( do2ici+e or a( a p+ace of -u(ine(( or te p+ace fro2 *ere te inention actua++$

originated. Jor te app+icant, *o i( nonre(ident or a( no do2ici+e or a( no p+ace of

-u(ine(( in India, te addre(( for (erice in India or p+ace

of -u(ine(( of i( patent agent deter2ine( te appropriate patent office *ere

app+ication( for patent can -e fi+ed.

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Re)ere#,e*

M Inte++ectua+ Propert$ rigt(, De-ora Boucou?, India dtion, #engage

)earning !%%

M ipindia.nic.in

M 'and-oo> on inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( in India -$ Ra9>u2ar S.

Adu>ia, ttpH//ri(a-acade2$.co2.GP L ". PARIS CON#ENTION AND BERNE CON#ENTION

Par+* C(#e#'+(# )(r 'e Pr('e,'+(# () I#d!*'r+a% Pr(per'y

Te Pari( #onention for te Protection of Indu(tria+ Propert$, (igned in Pari(, Jrance, on

arc !%, 188&, *a( one of te fir(t inte++ectua+ propert$ treatie(. It e(ta-+i(ed a Union for

te protection of indu(tria+ propert$. Te #onention i( (ti++ in force.

After a dip+o2atic conference in Pari( in 188%, te #onention *a( (igned in 188& -$ 11

countrie(H Be+giu2, Brai+, Jrance, e(

itone of te 2o(t *ide+$ adopted treatie( *or+d*ide. Nota-+$, Tai*an and Ku*ait are not

partie( to te #onention.

Te Pari( #onention i( ad2ini(tered -$ te 6or+d Inte++ectua+ Propert$

rganiation 36IP5, -a(ed in (, indu(tria+ de(ign(, uti+it$

2ode+( 3a >ind of (2a++ patentQ proided for -$ te +a*( of (o2e

countrie(5, trade na2e( 3de(ignation( under *ic an indu(tria+ or co22ercia+ actiit$ i(

carried on5, geograpica+ indication( 3indication( of (ource and appe++ation( of origin5 and

te repre((ion of unfair co2petition.

http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://rishabhacademy.com/http://rishabhacademy.com/http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://rishabhacademy.com/

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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India( 2e2-er(ip into te conention ca2e into force on Dece2-er 7, 1448.

Ber#e C(#e#'+(#

Te Berne #onention for te Protection of )iterar$ and Arti(tic 6or>(, u(ua++$ >no*n a(

te Berne #onention, i( an internationa+ agree2ent goerning cop$rigt, *ic *a( fir(t

accepted in Bern, S*iter+and in 1880.

Te #onention re(t( on tree -a(ic princip+e( and contain( a (erie( of proi(ion(

deter2ining te 2ini2u2 protection to -e granted, a( *e++ a( (pecia+ proi(ion( aai+a-+e

to dee+oping countrie( *ic *ant to 2a>e u(e of te2.

Te tree -a(ic princip+e( are te fo++o*ingH

3a5 6or>( originating in one of te contracting State( 3tat i(, *or>( te autor of

*ic i( a nationa+ of (uc a State or *or>( *ic *ere fir(t pu-+i(ed in (uc a

State5 2u(t -e gien te (a2e protection in eac of te oter contracting State( a(

te +atter grant( to te *or>( of it( o*n nationa+( 3princip+e of nationa+ treat2entQ5.

3-5 Suc protection 2u(t not -e conditiona+ upon co2p+iance *it an$ for2a+it$

3princip+e of auto2aticQ protection5.

3c5 Suc protection i( independent of te e?i(tence of protection in te countr$ of

origin of te *or> 3princip+e of te independenceQ of protection5. If, o*eer, a

contracting State proide( for a +onger ter2 tan te 2ini2u2 pre(cri-ed -$ te

#onention and te *or> cea(e( to -e protected in te countr$ of origin, protection

2a$ -e denied once protection in te countr$ of origin cea(e(.GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

A( of arc !%1!, tere are 10 countrie( tat are partie( to te Berne #onention.

India( 2e2-er(ip into te conention ca2e into force on Apri+ 1, 14!8.

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Re)ere#,e*

M 'and-oo> on inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( in India -$ Ra9>u2ar S. Adu>ia,

ttpH//ri(a-acade2$.co2.GPL $. %ADRID AGREE%ENT 1'(1) AND RO%E CON#ENTION 1($1)

Madr+d A$ree"e#'

Te Agree2ent, conc+uded in 1841, *a( rei(ed at 6a(ington in 1411, at Te 'ague in

14!, at )ondon in 14&, at )i(-on in 148, and at Stoc>o+2 in 1407.Ti( agree2ent i(

concerned *it preention of te pro2otion/(a+e of good( -earing a fa+(e or deceptie

indication entering into 2ar>et in te 2e2-er countrie(.

,(pe a#d A"b+':

A++ good( -earing a fa+(e or deceptie indication i.e. trade2ar>O -$ *ic one of te

countrie( to *ic ti( Agree2ent app+ie(, or a p+ace (ituated terein, i( direct+$ or

indirect+$ indicated a( -eing te countr$ or p+ace of origin (a++ -e (eied on i2portation

into an$ of te (aid countrie(.

Seiure (a++ a+(o -e effected in te countr$ *ere te fa+(e or deceptie indication of

(ource a( -een app+ied, or into *ic te good( -earing te fa+(e or deceptie indication

ae -een i2ported.

If te +a*( of a countr$ do not per2it (eiure upon i2portation, (uc (eiure (a++ -e

rep+aced -$ proi-ition of i2portation.

If te +a*( of a countr$ per2it neiter (eiure upon i2portation nor proi-ition of

i2portation nor (eiure *itin te countr$, ten, unti+ (uc ti2e a( te +a*( are 2odified

according+$, to(e 2ea(ure( (a++ -e rep+aced -$ te action( and re2edie( aai+a-+e in

(uc ca(e( to nationa+( under te +a*( of (uc countr$. In te a-(ence of an$ (pecia+

http://rishabhacademy.com/http://rishabhacademy.com/

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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(anction( en(uring te repre((ion of fa+(e or deceptie indication( of (ource, te

(anction( proided -$ te corre(ponding proi(ion( of te +a*( re+ating to 2ar>( or trade

na2e( (a++ -e app+ica-+e.

App%+,a'+(# a#d Pr('e,'+(#:

Te app+icant 2u(t indicate te good( or (erice( in re(pect of *ic protection of te

2ar> i( c+ai2ed and a+(o, if po((i-+e, te corre(ponding c+a(( or c+a((e( according to te

c+a((ification e(ta-+i(ed -$ te Nice Agree2ent concerning te Internationa+

#+a((ification of (. If te

app+icant doe( not gie (uc indication, te Internationa+ Bureau (a++ c+a((if$ te good(

or (erice( in te appropriate c+a((e( of te (aid c+a((ification.

Te Internationa+ Bureau (a++ regi(ter i22ediate+$ te 2ar>( fi+ed in accordance *it

Artic+e 1. Te regi(tration (a++ -ear te date of te app+ication for internationa+

regi(tration in te countr$ of origin, proided tat te app+ication a( -een receied -$

te Internationa+ Bureau *itin a period of t*o 2ont( fro2 tat date.

Me"ber* & ad"+#+*'ra'+(#:

Te Agree2ent i( open to State( part$ to te Pari( conention.Te conention i(

goerned -$ 6IP. In(tru2ent( of ratification or acce((ion i( depo(ited *it te

Director

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,(pe & a"b+':

Te conention +ie( on & princip+e( and & artic+e( for defining ariou( t$pe( of cop$rigt

and te ru+e( for protecting te2.

G(er#a#,e:

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Te agree2ent i( defined troug 18 artic+e( *it a++ a2end2ent(. Artic+e 1 co2pri(e( te

funda2enta+( of te agree2ent and te re(t define ter2( and condition( for dea+ing *it

ariou( +ee+( of deiation( ari(e to te funda2enta+ ter2( and +ega+ proi(ion for tac>ing

(uc (ituation(.

Artic+e 1H

315 A++ good( -earing a fa+(e or deceptie indication -$ *ic one of te countrie( to*ic ti( Agree2ent app+ie(, or a p+ace (ituated terein, i( direct+$ or indirect+$

indicated a( -eing te countr$ or p+ace of origin (a++ -e (eied on i2portation into

an$ of te (aid countrie(.

3!5 Seiure (a++ a+(o -e effected in te countr$ *ere te fa+(e or deceptie indication

of (ource a( -een app+ied, or into *ic te good( -earing te fa+(e or deceptie

indication ae -een i2ported.

3&5 If te +a*( of a countr$ do not per2it (eiure upon i2portation, (uc (eiure (a++-e rep+aced -$ proi-ition of i2portation.

35 If te +a*( of a countr$ per2it neiter (eiure upon i2portation nor proi-ition ofi2portation nor (eiure *itin te countr$, ten, unti+ (uc ti2e a( te +a*( are

2odified according+$, to(e 2ea(ure( (a++ -e rep+aced -$ te action( and re2edie(

aai+a-+e in (uc ca(e( to nationa+( under te +a*( of (uc countr$.

35 In te a-(ence of an$ (pecia+ (anction( en(uring te repre((ion of fa+(e or deceptie

indication( of (ource, te (anction( proided -$ te corre(ponding proi(ion( of te

+a*( re+ating to 2ar>( or trade na2e( (a++ -e app+ica-+e.

R("e C(#e#'+(# ?1761@

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Ju++ na2e of te agree2ent i( Internationa+ #onention for te Protection of Perfor2er(,

Producer( of Ponogra2( and Broadca(ting rganiation(. Ti( a( -een for2u+ated and

e?ecuted at Ro2e on cto-er !0, 1401.

Protection granted under ti( #onention i( not interfering *it protection of cop$rigt in

+iterar$ and arti(tic *or>(. #on(e@uent+$, no proi(ion of ti( #onention 2a$ -e

interpreted a( pre9udicing (uc protection.Definition( of ter2( protected -$ Ro2e conentionH

(a) perfor2er(Q 2ean( actor(, (inger(, 2u(ician(, dancer(, and oter per(on( *o act,

(ing, de+ier, dec+ai2, p+a$ in, or oter*i(e perfor2 +iterar$ or arti(tic *or>(E

(b) ponogra2Q 2ean( an$ e?c+u(ie+$ aura+ fi?ation of (ound( of a perfor2ance or of oter(ound(E

(c) producer of ponogra2(Q 2ean( te per(on *o, or te +ega+ entit$ *ic, fir(t

fi?e( te (ound( of a perfor2ance or oter (ound(E

(d) pu-+icationQ 2ean( te offering of copie( of a ponogra2 to te pu-+ic in rea(ona-+e

@uantit$E

(e) reproductionQ 2ean( te 2a>ing of a cop$ or copie( of a fi?ationE

(f) -roadca(tingQ 2ean( te tran(2i((ion -$ *ire+e(( 2ean( for pu-+ic reception of(ound( or of i2age( and (ound(E

(g) re-roadca(tingQ 2ean( te (i2u+taneou( -roadca(ting -$ one -roadca(ting

organiation of te -roadca(t of anoter -roadca(ting organiation.

Re)ere#,e*

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M ttpH//***.*ipo.int/treatie(/en/ip/2adrid/(u22ar$G2adridG(ource.t2+

M ttpH//***.*ipo.int/treatie(/en/ip/ro2e/trtdoc(G*o%!.t2+

NoteH A+(o refer Ju++ te?t of ro2e #onention

M GPL *. THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY

Te Patent #ooperation Treat$ 3P#T5 i( an internationa+ treat$ ad2ini(tered -$ te 6or+d

Inte++ectua+ Propert$ rganiation 36IP5. Te treat$ *a( done at 6a(ington on :une 14,

147%. Te P#T 2a>e( it po((i-+e to (ee> patent protection for an inention (i2u+taneou(+$

in a +arge nu2-er of countrie( -$ fi+ing a (ing+e internationa+ app+icationQ *it a (ing+e

patent office 3i.e. receiing ffice5. Te P#T ($(te2 (i2p+ifie( te proce(( of 2u+ti=

nationa+ patent fi+ing( -$ reducing te re@uire2ent to fi+e 2u+tip+e patent app+ication( for

2u+ti=nationa+ patent rigt(. Te P#T internationa+ app+ication( do not re(u+t in te i((uance

of internationa+ patent(Q and te Internationa+ Bureau 3IB5 doe( not grant patent(.

Te deci(ion on *eter to confer patent rigt( re2ain( in te and( of te nationa+ and/or

regiona+ patent office(, and te patent rigt( are +i2ited to te 9uri(diction of te patent

granting autorit$. Te P#T procedure con(i(t( of an internationa+ pa(e and a

nationa+/regiona+ pa(e. Te P#T internationa+ app+ication proce(( (tart( *it te

internationa+ pa(e and conc+ude( *it te nationa+/regiona+ pa(e.

Te tota+ nu2-er of P#T fi+ing( 3internationa+ patent app+ication( fi+edtroug te Patent #ooperation Treat$5 in !%1% *a( appro?i2ate+$ 10,&%%.

Te pr(,e** () a,!+r+#$ a pa'e#' 'r(!$ 'e PCT:

i. Internationa+ Pa(eE and

http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/madrid/summary_madrid_source.htmlhttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/trtdocs_wo024.htmlhttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/madrid/summary_madrid_source.htmlhttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/trtdocs_wo024.html

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ii. Nationa+ Pa(e.

er$ P#T app+ication a( to pa(( troug te internationa+ pa(e -efore entering

te nationa+ pa(e. Te Internationa+ Pa(e gie( te app+icant a (earc report,

e?a2ination report and an opinion on patenta-i+it$. After te Internationa+ Pa(e,

te app+icant a( to fi+e app+ication( in eac countr$ of intere(t in order to enter

te Nationa+ Pa(e. ac countr$( patent office *i++ e?a2ine te patent

app+ication during te Nationa+ Pa(e and *i++ grant a patent if te inention(ati(fie( te patenta-i+it$ re@uire2ent(.

Pa'e#' %a 'rea'y:

Te Patent )a* Treat$ 3P)T5 *a( adopted on :une 1, !%%% at a Dip+o2atic #onference in

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IPR Introduction Page No. & / 87

GPL '. TRIPS AGREE%ENT 1((4)+ WIPO PERFOR%ANCE AND PHONOGRA%S TREATYWPPT+ 1(($)

TRIP

Te Agree2ent on Trade Re+ated A(pect( of Inte++ectua+ Propert$ Rigt( 3TRIPS5 i( an internationa+

agree2ent ad2ini(tered -$ te 6or+d Trade rganiation 36T5 tat (et( do*n 2ini2u2 (tandard( for

2an$ for2( of inte++ectua+ propert$ 3IP5 regu+ation a( app+ied to nationa+( of oter 6T e2-er(. It *a(

negotiated at te end of te Urugua$ Round of te

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IPR Introduction Page No. & / 87

Pr('e,'+(# () !#d+*,%(*ed +#)(r"a'+(#

Artic+e &4 of Section 7 Part II of te TRIPS agree2ent e+a-orate( on te protection( of trade (ecret(. A Trade

Secret or undi(c+o(ed infor2ation i( an$ infor2ation tat a( -een intentiona++$ treated a( (ecret and i(

capa-+e of co22ercia+ app+ication *it an econo2ic intere(t. Tere i( no (pecific +egi(+ation regu+ating te

protection of trade (ecret(. India fo++o*( co22on +a* approac of protection -a(ed on contract +a*(.

.

Te "+**+(# () to 188& and 1880 *en te Pari( #onention for te Protection of

Indu(tria+ Propert$ and te Berne #onention for te Protection of )iterar$ and Arti(tic 6or>(,re(pectie+$, *ere conc+uded. Bot #onention( proided for te e(ta-+i(2ent of an internationa+

-ureau. Te t*o -ureau( *ere united in 184& and, in 147%, *ere rep+aced -$ te 6or+d Inte++ectua+

Propert$ rganiation, -$ irtue of te 6IP #onention.

Te 6IP #onention, te con(tituent in(tru2ent of te 6or+d Inte++ectua+ Propert$ rganiation

36IP5, *a( (igned at Stoc>o+2 on :u+$ 1, 1407, entered into force in 147% and *a( a2ended in

1474. 6IP i( an intergoern2enta+ organiation tat -eca2e in 147 one of te (pecia+ied

agencie( of te United Nation( ($(te2 of organiation(.

6IP current+$ a( 18 e2-er State(, and 08 intergoern2enta+ organiation( 3Ii++(

Gneeded to arne(( te potentia+ of IP for econo2ic dee+op2ent

G (ericing g+o-a+ regi(tration ($(te2( for trade2ar>(, indu(tria+ de(ign( and appe++ation( of origin

and a g+o-a+ fi+ing ($(te2 for patent(

de+iering ar-itration, 2ediation and oter di(pute re(o+ution (erice(

pro2oting re(pect for IP

proiding a foru2 for infor2ed de-ate and for te (aring of IP >no*+edge

identif$ing IP=-a(ed (o+ution( tat can e+p confront g+o-a+ ca++enge( and 2a?i2ie te -enefit( of

te IP ($(te2 for a++.

6or>ing of 6IPH

6IP( e2-er State( deter2ine te (trategic direction and actiitie( of te rganiation. Te$ 2eet in te

A((e2-+ie(, co22ittee( and *or>ing group(. Te 6IP Secretariat, or Internationa+ Bureau, i( -a(ed in

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progra2( de(igned to aciee 6IP( goa+(E and for proiding a repo(itor$ of IP e?perti(e to a((i(t it(

2e2-er(. It a( to pre(ent a progra2 and a -udget eer$ ! $ear( a-out perfor2ance 2ea(ure(, -udget

p+anning for a++ te eent( of te organiation *ic re@uire( 2e2-er (tate approa+.It i( a (e+f financing

organiation and it( fund( are 2a9or+$ u(ed for organiing eent(. 6IP Ar-itration and ediation #entre

*a( created in 144 for te (ett+e2ent of internationa+ co22ercia+ di(pute( ari(ing -et*een priate partie(

+ocated in

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(f) -roadca(tingQ 2ean( te tran(2i((ion -$ *ire+e(( 2ean( for pu-+ic reception of (ound( or of

i2age( and (ound( or of te repre(entation( tereofE (uc tran(2i((ion -$ (ate++ite i( a+(o

-roadca(tingQE tran(2i((ion of encr$pted (igna+( i( -roadca(tingQ *ere te 2ean( for

decr$pting are proided to te pu-+ic -$ te -roadca(ting organiation or *it it( con(entE

(g) co22unication to te pu-+icQ of a perfor2ance or a ponogra2 2ean( te tran(2i((ion to te

pu-+ic -$ an$ 2ediu2, oter*i(e tan -$ -roadca(ting, of (ound( of a perfor2ance or te (ound(or te repre(entation( of (ound( fi?ed in a ponogra2. Jor te purpo(e( of Artic+e 1,

co22unication to te pu-+icQ inc+ude( 2a>ing te (ound( or repre(entation( of (ound( fi?ed in a

ponogra2 audi-+e to te pu-+ic.

Re)ere#,e*

M 'and-oo> on inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( in India -$ Ra9>u2ar S. Adu>ia,

ttpH//ri(a-acade2$.co2.

M ttpH//***.*ipo.int/treatie(/en/ip/*ppt/trtdoc(G*o%&.t2+

M Inte++ectua+ Propert$ rigt(, De-ora Boucou?,Indiadtion, #engage )earning !%%.GPL (. PATENT PROCEDURE IN INDIA

Patent Procedure genera++$ refer( to ru+e( re+ated to te proce(( of fi+ing and pro(ecuting patent app+ication(

in a particu+ar 9uri(diction. A detai+ed under(tanding of te patent proce(( i( a( i2portant a( under(tanding

te nuance( of te patent +a* it(e+f.

'ep* +# Pa'e#'+#$

Te patent procedure in India can -e -road+$ diided into te fo++o*ing (tage(H

1. Ji+ing

!. Re@ue(t for ?a2ination

&. Pu-+ication

. ?a2ination

. ppo(ition= Pre a can -e fi+ed on+$ in te #ennai -ranc office.India recognie( t*o t$pe( of patent fi+ing(=

http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html%23P126_16257http://rishabhacademy.com/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.htmlhttp://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html%23P126_16257http://rishabhacademy.com/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.htmlhttp://www.ignou.ac.in/http://www.ignou.ac.in/

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3a5 Proi(iona+ app+ication= A proi(iona+ app+ication 2a$ -e fi+ed *en an app+icant fee+( tat te

inention a( -een conceptua+ied -ut at te (a2e ti2e it 2a$ not -e po((i-+e to define te

-oundarie( of te c+ai2( to -e 2entioned in te app+ication. In (uc a (cenario, te proi(iona+

app+ication not on+$ e+p( te app+icant to (ecure a priorit$ date -ut a+(o gie( te app+icant 1!

2ont( to fi+e te co2p+ete app+ication. It i( i2portant to de(cri-e te inention co2p+ete+$ in te

proi(iona+ app+ication a( te +a* doe( not per2it te app+icant to add ne* 2atter, out(ide te (cope

of te proi(iona+ app+ication, at te ti2e of fi+ing te co2p+ete app+ication.

3-5 #o2p+ete App+ication= A( te na2e it(e+f (ugge(t(, a co2p+ete app+ication i( an app+ication tat i(

co2p+ete in a++ re(pect( i.e. detai+ed de(cription ena-+ing a per(on to practice te inention, c+ai2(,

a++ e2-odi2ent(, -e(t 2ode etc. A co2p+ete app+ication 2a$ -e fi+ed *itin 1! 2ont( fro2 te date

of fi+ing of te proi(iona+ app+ication. ne 2a9or difference -et*een te proi(iona+ and te

co2p+ete app+ication i( tat te proi(iona+ app+ication 2a$ -e fi+ed *itout c+ai2( *i+e te

co2p+ete app+ication co2pu+(ori+$ need( to ae c+ai2(.

9. Re!e*' )(r Ea"+#a'+(# ?RE@

RJ i( a 2andator$ re@uire2ent at te Indian Patent office. An RJ i( fi+ed at te option of te app+icant*en te app+icant *ant( i( app+ication to -e e?a2ined -$ te Indian Patent office. Un+e(( a RJ i( fi+ed

te Indian patent office doe( not ta>e up te app+ication for e?a2ination. Te app+icant a( te option of

fi+ing te RJ at an$ ti2e *itin a non=e?tenda-+e period of 8 2ont( fro2 te priorit$ date of te

app+ication. In ca(e RJ i( not fi+ed *it ti( ti2e +i2it te app+ication i( con(idered a( dee2ed

*itdra*n. Jro2 a practica+ per(pectie it i( adi(a-+e to fi+e te RJ a( ear+$ a( po((i-+e -ecau(e te

ear+ier te RJ i( fi+ed te ear+ier te app+ication *i++ -e @ueued for e?a2ination.

. P!b%+,a'+(#

A patent app+ication get( pu-+i(ed upon e?pir$ of 18 2ont( fro2 te priorit$ date of te app+ication. If it i(

an app+ication for *ic (ecrec$ direction( are i((ued, pu-+ication ta>e( p+ace after ce((ation of te (ecrec$

direction( or after eigteen 2ont( *iceer i( +ater. If it i( a dii(iona+ app+ication, it i( done after eigteen2ont( fro2 priorit$ of parent app+ication or i22ediate+$ after fi+ing dii(iona+ app+ication *iceer i(

+ater. In ca(e of nationa+ pa(e of P#T app+ication, it *i++ -e pu-+i(ed i22ediate+$ after fi+ing. In ca(e te

app+ication i( not pu-+i(ed at te end of 18 2ont( it i( con(idered dee2ed to -e pu-+i(ed and *i++ ae

te (a2e effect a( pu-+ication. Te t*o 2a9or rea(on( tat 2a>e te pu-+ication date a rea++$ ita+ one are=

3a5 Rigt( of te patent app+icant co22ence fro2 te date of pu-+ication i.e. once te patent i( granted

and te patent o*ner (ue( (o2eone for infringe2ent ten e *i++ receie da2age(/account of profit(

fro2 te date of te pu-+ication.

3-5 Pre grant oppo(ition opportunit$ open( up for tird partie( to oppo(e te grant of te patent fro2 te

date of pu-+ication.

In ca(e an app+icant doe( not *i( to *ait for 18 2ont( for te pu-+ication to occur, tere i( an option fi+ing

a re@ue(t for ear+$ pu-+ication. Ti( re@ue(t once fi+ed en(ure( tat te app+ication *i++ -e pu-+i(ed *itin

one 2ont fro2 te date of fi+ing of (uc re@ue(t.

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IPR Introduction Page No. &4 / 87

e?a2iner. After receiing a re@ue(t for e?a2 ination, te #ontro++er *i++ refer te app+ication to an e?a2iner

genera++$ *itin one 315 2ont fro2 te date of pu-+ication or re@ue(t for e?a2ination, *iceer i(

ear+ier0. Te e?a2iner on receiing te app+ication *i++ reie* te app+ication and 2a>e a report in re(pect

of te fo++o*ingH

a. *eter te for2 of app+ication and (pecification are in accordance *it te re@uire2ent( of te

Patent Act and te Ru+e(E

-. *eter te inention tat for2( part of te patent app+ication (ati(fie( te patenta-i+it$

re@uire2ent( (uc a( (u-9ect 2atter, indu(tria+ app+ica-i+it$, noe+t$, inentie (tep and (pecificationE

and

c. *eter te app+ication confir2( to an$ oter re@uire2ent( (uc a( unit$ of inention and (o on

pre(cri-ed under te Act and Ru+e(.7

Te Jir(t ?a2ination Report 3JR5 *i++ -e (ent to te app+icant or i( autoried agent. In ca(e te re@ue(t

for e?a2ination i( fi+ed -$ an$ oter intere(ted per(on 3tird part$5, on+$ inti2ation of (uc e?a2ination *i++

-e (ent to (uc per(on and JR *i++ -e (ent to app+icant or i( autoried agent. P!''+#$ app%+,a'+(# +#(rder )(r $ra#'

nce te JR i( i((ued -$ te patent office te app+icant a( to co2p+$ *it a++ te re@uire2ent( 2entioned

in te JR and (u-(e@uent e?a2ination report( *itin 1! 2ont( fro2 te date of i((ue of te JR. Ti( i(

>no*n a( putting te app+ication in order for grant.8 If a++ te re@uire2ent( are not 2et *itin te(e 1!

2ont( te app+ication (a++ -e dee2ed to ae -een a-andoned. Anoter ita+ point to -e +earnt fro2 ti( i(

tat te re(pon(e to e?a2ination report (ou+d -e fi+ed a( (oon a( po((i-+e in order to co22unicate

effectie+$ *it te patent office and 2eet a++ re@uire2ent( of te (u-(e@uent e?a2ination report(. Jro2 a

practice per(pectie it i( a+*a$( adi(a-+e to re@ue(t earing in ca(e of ader(e deci(ion on te app+ication.

Ti( practice en(ure( tat te patent i( not re9ected *itout giing a earing to te app+icant.

5. Opp(*+'+(#- Pre Gra#' a#d P(*' Gra#'

Pre no*+edge, ora+ or oter*i(e aai+a-+e *itin an$ +oca+ or indigenou(

co22unit$ in India or e+(e*ere

M 6rongfu+ o-taining

M Prior pu-+ication

M Prior c+ai2ing

M Prior pu-+ic >no*+edge and u(e in India

M In(ufficienc$ of de(crption

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IPR Introduction Page No. % / 87

M Jai+ure to di(c+o(e te infor2ation regarding corre(ponding foreign app+ication or furni(ing fa+(e

infor2ation

M Jai+ure to fi+e conention app+ication *itin t*e+e 2ont( fro2 te date of fir(t app+ication 2ade

in te conention countr$.

Po(t e te

PatentRe@uire( a2end2ent in PatentRe9ect ppo(ition.Re$+*'ra'+(# a#d Re#ea% )ee pay"e#'

nce te app+ication i( pu-+i(ed and a++ te o-9ection( rai(ed in te e?a2ination report are 2et te

app+ication proceed( to*ard( regi(tration gien tere i( no pre grant repre(entation pending. In ca(e tere i( a

pre grant repre(entation again(t te app+ication te patent i( granted once te oppo(ition i( di(2i((ed.

Upon grant of te patent rene*a+ fee a( to -e paid for 2aintaining te patent for !% $ear(. At te ti2e of

grant one of te fo++o*ing t*o (ituation( 2a$ ari(e *it re(pect to te pa$2ent of rene*a+ feeH

a5 Te patent i( granted *itin t*o $ear( fro2 te date of fi+ing of te patent= In ti( ca(e te rene*a+

fee (ou+d -e paid -efore te e?pir$ of t*o $ear( fro2 te date of fi+ing.

-5 Te patent i( granted +ater tan t*o $ear( fro2 te date of fi+ing of te patent= In ti( ca(e te

rene*a+ fee (ou+d -e paid *itin & 2ont( fro2 te date of recordation of te patent.

Re)ere#,e*

M 'and-oo> on inte++ectua+ propert$ rigt( in India -$ Ra9>u2ar S. Adu>ia,

ttpH//ri(a-acade2$.co2.GP L 1,. CO%%ERCIAL POTENTIAL OF BT IN#ENTIONS

Biotecno+og$ a( dier(e a(pect( of interdi(cip+inar$ area( *it po((i-i+itie( for practica+ app+ication(.a9or factor( contri-uting for te co22ercia+ potentia+ of ti( fie+d inc+udeH

http://rishabhacademy.com/http://rishabhacademy.com/

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IPR Introduction Page No. 1 / 87

1. Po((i-i+it$ for dee+op2ent of ig+$ innoatie product( egH e te2 accepta-+e de(pite te +i2itation(.IPR L 13. CONCEPT OF NO#ELTY AND IN#ENTI#E STEP IN BT

Tere are (o2e i((ue( re+ating to patenta-i+it$ of -iotecno+ogica+ inention( *ic are of (eriou( concern to

te u(er( of Patent S$(te2 (uc a( noe+t$, o-iou(ne((, indu(tria+ app+ica-i+it$, e?tent of di(c+o(ure and

c+arit$ in c+ai2(. In addition, a fe* (pecia+ i((ue( ae a+(o eo+ed (uc a( to(e re+ating to 2ora+ and

etica+ concern(, eniron2enta+ (afet$, i((ue( re+ating to patenting of ST( 3?pre((ed Se@uence Tag(5 of

partia+ gene (e@uence(, c+oning of far2 ani2a+(, (te2 ce++(, gene diagno(tic(, etc. Tu(, te patenting of

inention( in te fie+d of -iotecno+og$ po(e( ca++enge( to te app+icant( for patent( a( *e++ a( to te Patent

ffice.

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IPR Introduction Page No. ! / 87

I. Noe+t$

According to te Patent( Act, 147%, an inention 2ean( a ne* product or proce(( ino+ing an inentie

(tep and capa-+e of indu(tria+ app+ication. An inention *i++ -e patenta-+e on+$ if it i( ne* in te +igt of

prior art, or i( not anticipated -$ prior art. Te prior art inc+ude( a++ infor2ation and >no*+edge re+ating to

te inention, *ic i( aai+a-+e in an$ pu-+ication -efore te date of priorit$ of te patent app+ication. Jor

te purpo(e of e?a2ination, an inention *i++ not -e ne* if it for2( part of te prior art or a( entered tepu-+ic do2ain. Jor anticipation, (uc pu-+ication 2u(t -e -efore te date of priorit$ of te patent

app+ication. A+(o, an$ app+ication for patent fi+ed in India, -ut pu-+i(ed after te date of fi+ing of a

(u-(e@uent app+ication for patent in India c+ai2ing te (a2e (u-9ect=2atter (a++ -e treated a( a prior art 3i.e.

prior c+ai2ing5 to te (aid (u-(e@uent app+ication proided tat te preiou( app+ication a( ear+ier priorit$

date.

1. Pr(d!,'-by-pr(,e** ,%a+"*-

A ,%a+" '( a pr(d!,' (b'a+#ed (r pr(d!,ed by a pr(,e** +* a#'+,+pa'ed by a#y pr+(r d+*,%(*!re () 'a'

par'+,!%ar pr(d!,'e/ 0e+re$ard%e** () +'* "e'(d () pr(d!,'+(#.

?a2p+e( of LProduct=-$=proce(( c+ai2(=

3a5 A po+$peptide/co2pound *ic i( te product of te 2etod according to c+ai2 .

3-5 A tran(genic 2icroorgani(2 o-tained -$ te 2etod ... .caracteried in tat Q

3c5 A p+a(2id o-tained -$ te 2etod of

S li50 /e 65i00i7le o8l! i9 e /o60 e50elve0 9l9ill e /e:i/e5e8 o9 e87ili! ove/

e /io/ /. Te ,%a+"ed pr(d!,'* ,a##(' be ,(#*+dered #(e% "ere%y d!e '( 'e #(e%'y +# 'e

pr(,e**e* by +, 'ey are pr(d!,ed2 b!' ra'er #(e%'y ,a# (#%y be e*'ab%+*ed2 +) 'e,#+,a%

e+de#,e* are pr(+ded *(+#$ 'a' 'e "(d+)+,a'+(#* +# 'e pr(,e**e* re*!%' +# ('er pr(d!,'*2 +,

are d+*'+#,' +' re$ard '( 'e+r pr(per'+e* (er 'e pr(d!,'* 3#(# +# 'e pr+(r ar'.

!. e!e#,e ,%a+"*

A ,%a+" '( a p(%y#!,%e('+de *e!e#,e 'a' a* aa+%ab%e2 e.$. a* par' () a %+brary be)(re 'e pr+(r+'y

da'e2 %a,3* #(e%'y2 ee# +) 'e *e!e#,e () 'e p(%y#!,%e('+de a* #(' bee# pre+(!*%y de'er"+#ed.

A c+ai2 to a (pecific frag2ent of po+$nuc+eotide 2a$ -e con(idered to -e noe+, -ut (u-9ect to fu+fi++2ent of

te inentie (tep and non=patenta-i+it$ under re+eant c+au(e( of Section & of te Act. 0

A prior di(c+o(ure of te (a2e (e@uence -ut *itout an$ indication of it( actiit$ *ou+d pri2a facie

con(titute anticipation to te noe+t$ of te c+ai2ed (e@uence. Te a((u2ption 2u(t -e tat te ear+ier

(e@uence inerent+$ po((e((e( te actiit$ of te c+ai2ed (e@uence.

I) a#y *e!e#,e () a p(%y#!,%e('+dep(%ypep'+de )r(" a pr+(r ar' d(e* #(' ea,'%y "a', +' 'e

,%a+"ed *e!e#,e () p(%y#!,%e('+dep(%ypep'+de2 'e# 'e *!bFe,'-"a''er () *!, ,%a+"* ,a##(' be *a+d'( be a#'+,+pa'ed by 'e pr+(r ar' *e!e#,e. Ho;eve/+ 0 0e:e8e o9 ol!8leoi6e

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IPR Introduction Page No. & / 87

Prior art di(c+o(e( a co2po(ition u(efu+ again(t te dipteria to?in co2pri(ing anti-odie( o-tained fro2

cic>en egg $o+>, p$(io+ogica++$ accepta-+e carrier and oter additie( " ad9uant(. Te prior art furter

di(c+o(e( a proce(( for preparing egg $o+> anti-odie( -$ e2p+o$ing te (a2e (tep( rigt fro2 an

i22uniation of a cic>en *it a dipteria antigen to anti-odie( purification a( c+ai2ed in te pre(ent

inention.

Ana+$(i(H Te c+ai2 +ac>( noe+t$, a( -eing anticipated -$ te (aid prior art *ic di(c+o(e( a++ te feature(of c+ai2ed co2po(ition u(efu+ again(t te dipteria to?in. Tu(, te c+ai2ed (u-9ect 2atter +ac>( noe+t$.

II. I#e#'+e 'ep:

Te anua+ of Patent ffice Practice " Procedure a( (et out te guide+ine( for a((e((2ent of Inentie

Step of inention( 3#apter 8, Para %8.%&.%&5 tat 2a$ -e referred to. An inention (ou+d po((e(( an

inentie (tep in order to -e e+igi-+e for patent protection. A( per te Patent( Act, an inention *i++ ae

inentie (tep if te inention ino+e( 3a5 tecnica++$ adanced a( co2pared to e?i(ting >no*+edge or

3-5 aing econo2ic (ignificance or 3c5 -ot, and tat 2a>e( te inention not=o-iou( to a per(on

(>i++ed in te art.

I44/TRATE EHAMP4E 1

#+ai2H An i(o+ated DNA (e@uence encoding a 2ature u2an I)=& protein aing a pro+ine re(idue at

po(ition 8 of te 2ature po+$peptide, (aid protein po((e((ing -one 2arro* pro+iferation=inducing actiit$ in

a u2an -one 2arro* pro+iferation a((a$.

Difference *it prior art i( tat te c+ai2ed co2pound at po(ition 8, tere *a( a pro+ine 2oiet$ *erea( in

te prior art co2pound in te (a2e po(ition tere *a( a (erine 2o+ecu+e.

Ana+$(i(H Pri2ate I)=& are part of fa2i+$ protein( *ic are (i2i+ar in teir a2ino acid (e@uence(, -ut are

2inor ariant( or point 2utation( of eac oter. A (ing+e ariation in te a2ino acid (e@uence doe( not

nor2a++$ cange te actiit$ and function of te protein un+e(( te (ing+e ariation i( in a critica+ region of

te protein. Te app+icant cou+d not proide an$ eidence tat te protein coded -$ te c+ai2ed DNA *a(

an$ different fro2 tat of te prior art in it( ce2ica+ propertie(. Tu(, te inentie (tep cannot -eac>no*+edged.

Te c+ai2ed (u-9ect=2atter *ou+d +ac> inentie (tep if it i( o-iou( to a per(on (>i++ed in te re+eant art in

ie* of a (ing+e prior art or a 2o(aic of te re+eant prior art docu2ent(.

I44/TRATIE EHAMP4E 9:

#+ai2H An i2proed proce(( for te production of ga+actoo+igo(accaride( 3

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IPR Introduction Page No. / 87

en$2e -$ g+uco(e, *ic +eading to ig $ie+d " purit$ of (

inentie (tep.

I44/TRATIE EHAMP4E :

#+ai2H A cu+ture independent 2etod of re2oa+ of p+a(2id( fro2 +ie and 2u+tip+$ing p+a(2id containing

-acteria co2pri(ing te fo++o*ing (tep(H 3a5 preparing an a@ueou( fir(t (u(pen(ion of (u-= 2icronic (i+erpartic+e(E 3-5 e(ti2ating I# 32ini2u2 ini-itor$ concentration5 of te (i+er partic+e( for te -acteria to

deter2ine te ini-itor$ concentration of te partic+e( (u(pen(ion for te -acteriaE 3c5 adding in a reaction

e((e+, te fir(t (u(pen(ion and gro*t 2ediu2 of te -acteria to o-tain a (econd (u(pen(ion containing (u-=

I# concentration of (i+er partic+e(E 3d5 introducing te -acteria in te reaction e((e+ under condition(

faouring te 2u+tip+ication of te -acteria, for 1! to 8 r(. , to o-tain (u-(e@uent generation( of te

-acteria and 3e5 te(ting te -acteria+ generation( for a-(ence of p+a(2id( to o-tain a generation of p+a(2id

free -acteria.

Prior art di(c+o(e( a 2etod in *ic an anti2icro-ia+ actiit$ of (i+er nano=partic+e( again(t E. coli *a(

ine(tigated a( a 2ode+ for ing of

intrace++u+ar (u-(tance( 3tat i( ad2itted -$ te app+icant on page 10, &rd paragrap in te (pecification of

te pre(ent inention5. Te T 2icrograp a+(o (o*( coagu+ation of nano=(ied partic+e( at te -acteria+

(urface.

Ana+$(i(H Prior art di(c+o(e( eac and eer$ a(pect of c+ai2ed inention rigt fro2 te (e+ection of . co+i

(train, preparation of (i+er nanopartic+e(, cu+turing of te -acteria+ (train *it different concentration of

(i+er nanopartic+e(, condition( for -acteria+ gro*t and a((e((2ent of effect of (i+er nanopartic+e( on gra2

negatie -acteria. Prior art doe( not e?p+icit+$ teac re2oa+ of p+a(2id fro2 -acteriaE o*eer, it teace(

tat te (i+er nanopartic+e( *ere re(pon(i-+e for (ignificant+$ increa(ing te per2ea-i+it$ of -acteria+ ce++

2e2-rane tat +ead( to +ea>ing of intrace++u+ar (u-(tance( 3*ic 2a$ inc+ude p+a(2id(5 fro2 . co+i. Tu(,

te teacing of cited art *ou+d 2otiate a per(on aing ordinar$ (>i++ in te art *it rea(ona-+e e?pectationof (ucce(( to proide an a+ternatie 2etod for re2oa+ of p+a(2id( fro2 p+a(2id containing -acteria in

order to (o+e te pro-+e2 faced *it p+a(2id containing -acteria u(ing aried concentration of (i+er

nanopartic+e(, a( te(e partic+e( effectie+$ increa(e -acteria+ ce++ 2e2-rane per2ea-i+it$ +eading to re2oa+

of intrace++u+ar (u-(tance(, *ic 2a$ inc+ude p+a(2id(. Tu(, te c+ai2ed (u-9ect=2atter +ac>( inentie

(tep in ie* of prior art.

I) 'e ,%a+"ed +#e#'+(# re%a'e* '( a p(%y#!,%e('+dep(%ypep'+de a+#$ "!'a'+(#?*@ +# a 3#(#

*e!e#,e () p(%y#!,%e('+dep(%ypep'+de2 +, d(e* #(' re*!%' +# a# !#epe,'ed pr(per'y

a'*(eer2 'e# 'e ,%a+"ed *!bFe,'-"a''er %a,3* +#e#'+e *'ep. I44/TRATIE EHAMP4E 1:

#+ai2H Pro=in(u+in aing a #=peptide enco2pa((ing on+$ t*o a2ino acid( (e+ected fro2 Arg=)$(, )$(= )$(and )$(=ArgW.

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3W'u2an Pro=in(u+in i( co2pri(ed of tree cain(, A, B and #, in te in(u+in te t*o cain( are

co2-ined e+i2inating te tird cain, i.e. te #=cain con(i(ting of tirt$ a2ino acid(5.

Prior art di(c+o(e( natura+ Pro=in(u+in aing &% a2ino acid( #=peptide, Pro=in(u+in *it #=peptide a( (ort

a( t*o a2ino acid( 3Arg=Arg5.

Ana+$(i(H Te c+ai2 *a( e+d to -e pri2a facie o-iou(. Te app+icant argued tat te $ie+d of c+ai2ed Pro=in(u+in aing a #=peptide e?pre((ed in $ea(t i( 1.0 to !.% 22o+/+ *erea( te $ie+d of te prior art Pro=

in(u+in *it a #=cain of Arg=Arg i( on+$ 1.% 22o+/+. Suc a difference in cange did not con(titute

Lune?pected propert$ and ence, te (u-9ect=2atter i( e+d to -e o-iou(.

I44/TRATIE EHAMP4E 9:

#+ai2H A reco2-inant DNA (e@uence of S ID NH encoding u2an interferon a! po+$peptide.

Prior art di(c+o(e( a nuc+eic acid (e@uence of S ID NH 1 encoding u2an interferon a1 po+$peptide.

Ana+$(i(H Te c+ai2ed u2an interferon a! i( (tructura++$ c+o(e to te prior art( u2an interferon a+.

'o*eer, te a++eged inention can -e e+d non=o-iou(, -ecau(e of te fact tat te c+ai2ed u2aninterferon i( tirt$ ti2e( 2ore potent in it( antiira+ actiit$ tan it( prior art ana+ogue.. IND/TRIA4 APP4ICATION

A( per te Patent( Act, 147%, te e?pre((ion capa-+e of indu(tria+ app+icationQ, in re+ation to an inention,

2ean( tat te invention is capable of being made or used in an industry.Jurter, Section 0 315 3g5 of

te Act proide( tat a patent i( +ia-+e to -e reo>ed if te inention i( not u(efu+.

To -e patenta-+e an inention 2u(t -e u(efu+ and capa-+e of indu(tria+ app+ication. Te (pecification

(ou+d di(c+o(e te u(efu+ne(( and indu(tria+ app+ica-i+it$ of an inention in a di(tinct and credi-+e 2anner

un+e(( te u(efu+ne(( and indu(tria+ app+ica-i+it$ of te inention i( a+read$ e(ta-+i(ed, eiter in e?p+icit

or in i2p+icit 2anner.

I# 'e ,(#'e' () 'e $e#e *e!e#,e*2 +' "ay be *a+d 'a' a'eer +#$e#!+'y +* +#(%ed +#d+*,(er+#$ a $e#e *e!e#,e2 (#e ,a##(' ae a pa'e#' )(r +' (r a pr('e+# e#,(ded by +' !#%e** +' +*

d+*,%(*ed ( +' ,a# be !*ed. I' +* 'ere)(re #e,e**ary '( ,(#*+der e'er 'e +#e#'+(# ,%a+"ed a*

a !*e)!% p!rp(*e2 a#d e'er 'e *pe,+)+,a'+(# +de#'+)+e* a#y pra,'+,a% ay () !*+#$ +'.

I44/TRATIE EHAMP4E 1:

#+ai2H A po+$peptide in (u-(tantia++$ i(o+ated for2 co2pri(ing a contiguou( (e@uence of at +ea(t 1% a2ino

acid( encoded -$ te geno2e of epatiti( # iru( 3'#;5 and co2pri(ing an antigenic deter2inant,

*erein '#; i( caracteried -$H 3i5 a po(itie (tranded RNA geno2eE 3ii5 (aid geno2e co2pri(ing an

open reading fra2e 3RJ5 encoding a po+$proteinE and 3iii5 (aid po+$protein co2pri(ing an a2ino acid

(e@uence aing at +ea(t %F o2o+og$ to te 84 a2ino acid (e@uence .

Upon e?a2ination it *a( found tat te a-oe c+ai2 *a( (ufficient+$ ena-+ed and it( u(e *a( proper+$

e(ta-+i(ed in te (pecification. Terefore, c+ai2 1 *a( a++o*a-+e.

Anoter c+ai2 of te (pecification read a( A po+$peptide in (u-(tantia++$ i(o+ated for2 *o(e (e@uence i(

(o*n in an$ one of S ID( 1, & to &!, &0, 0 and 7, or *o(e (e@uence i( encoded in a po+$nuc+eotide

(e+ectie+$ $-ridi(a-+e *it te po+$nuc+eotide a( (o*n in an$ one of S ID( 1, &=&!, &0,0 or 7.

Upon e?a2ination, it *a( (een tat te (aid c+ai2 coered an a+2o(t a(t nu2-er of po+$peptide( for

*ic no u(e *a( e(ta-+i(ed and te (aid c+ai2 terefore, *a( not a++o*a-+e on te ground tat it

+ac>ed indu(tria+ app+ica-i+it$.

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Te !*e () ,%a+"ed *!bFe,'-"a''er ?e.$. a $e#e (r a pr('e+#@ d+*,%(*ed +# 'e *pe,+)+,a'+(# *(!%d

#(' be "ere%y *pe,!%a'+e2 ra'er 'e *a+d !*e *(!%d be *pe,+)+,2 *!b*'a#'+a% a#d ,red+b%e )(r

e*'ab%+*+#$ +#d!*'r+a% app%+,ab+%+'y () 'e ,%a+"ed *!bFe,'-"a''er.

I44/TRATIE EHAMP4E 9:

#+ai2 1H A ;!8 protein 3;!85 aing a function a( a receptor 3of a >ind >no*n a( 7T5.#+ai2 !H A 2etod of erif$ing te function of a ;!8 protein a( c+ai2ed in c+ai2 1. 11Ana+$(i(H Te function of ;!8 protein a( a receptor *a( -a(ed on prediction upon ariou( (tructura+

e+e2ent( in te deduced a2ino acid (e@uence and o2o+og$ to >no*n 7T receptor( -ut te (pecification

di(c+o(ed no +igand. Te u(e of te inention i( di(c+o(ed in te (pecification, *ic i( o*eer -a(ed on a

propo(ed function of te ;!8 protein a( a receptor tat i( not (ufficient+$ di(c+o(ed in te (pecification.

Tu(, te u(e di(c+o(ed in te app+ication i( (pecu+atie, i.e. i( not (pecific, (u-(tantia+ and credi-+e and a(

(uc i( not con(idered indu(tria++$ app+ica-+e.

. RAGMENTET*

Jrag2ent(/ST( 3?pre((ion Se@uence Tag5 are a++o*a-+e if te$ in addition to oter condition( (ati(f$

te @ue(tion of u(efu+ne(( and indu(tria+ app+ication. An ST *o(e u(e i( di(c+o(ed (i2p+$ a( a Lgenepro-e or Lcro2o(o2e 2ar>er *ou+d not -e con(idered to ae an indu(tria+ app+ication. A cre di-+e,

(pecific and (u-(tantia+ u(e of te ST (ou+d -e di(c+o(ed, for e?a2p+e u(e a( a pro-e to diagno(e a

(pecific di(ea(e.

Re)ere#,e*

) o9 e A ?ECTION ?J@: P4ANT & ANIMA4 IN ing te cu+ture( of te 2icroorgani(2( aai+a-+e to te practitioner of

te art. Ti( i2p+ie( tat te 2icroorgani(2( 2u(t -e pre(ered -$ (tate of te art tecni@ue(, (o tat te$

re2ain ia-+e *it +ea(t cange( in teir propertie( and 2a$ -e (upp+ied to partie( in accordance *it

http://www.ipindia.ac.in/http://www.ipindia.ac.in/

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IPR Introduction Page No. 7 / 87

nationa+ and internationa+ +a*(. Patent office( of 2an$ countrie( in(i(t or reco22end depo(it of (uc

cu+ture( in cu+ture co++ection( recognied -$ te2. Rea(on( for re@uiring (uc a depo(it in a recognied

cu+ture co++ection are 3a5 per2anent nature of te faci+it$ 3-5 (ufficient infra(tructure for 2aintenance and

pre(eration and 3c5 e?perti(e in re+eant area(.

An inentor (ee>ing patent protection in 2an$ countrie( for an inention ino+ing 2icroorgani(2( a( to

depo(it te re+eant 2icroorgani(2( in cu+ture co++ection( recognied -$ te patent office in te countrie(*ere (uc protection i( (ougt. A( a re(u+t, 2u+tip+e depo(it( are nece((ar$ and an inentor a( to pa$ for

depo(it in eer$ countr$. oreoer, patent +a*( and procedure( are different *it different countrie(.

I#'er#a'+(#a% Dep(*+'(ry A!'(r+'y ?IDA@

In order to o-iate co2p+ication( in (ee>ing patent protection for inention( ino+ing 2icro-e( in 2ore tan

one countr$ and to ae a unifor2 ($(te2 and guide+ine(, te Briti(

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Te T## *a( recognied -$ te 6or+d Inte++ectua+ Propert$ rganiation 36IP5,

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IPR Introduction Page No. 4 / 87

+++@ Dep(*+'(r ,e,3* a#d re#ea% () *'(,3*

Te T## 2a$ prepare, a( and *en it find( nece((ar$, ne* -atce( of +$opi+ied and froen cu+ture(

3in +i@uid nitrogen5 -$ (u-cu+turing 2ateria+( (upp+ied -$ te depo(itor. Sa2p+e( of te ne* -atc *i++ -e

(ent to te depo(itor to cec> autenticit$ of (uc 2icroorgani(2(.

+@ N(#-+ab+%+'y () ,!%'!re*

#u+ture( depo(ited *it te T## are pre(ered -$ 2etod( *ic are >no*n to >eep te cu+ture( ia-+efor a +ong ti2e. 'o*eer, if a cu+ture depo(ited under te Budape(t Treat$ -eco2e( non=ia-+e or i(

de(tro$ed during (torage, in order to 2aintain patent protection, te depo(itor need( to rep+ace it -$ a

ia-+e cu+ture 3ref. artic+e of te Budape(t Treat$5.

Ad"+#+*'ra'+e re!+re"e#'* a#d pr(,ed!re* +@ Ge#era%

4a#$!a$e: Te +anguage of co22unication *it te T## and patent for2( are in ng+i(,

#o22unication in 'indi i( a+(o accepta-+e. 'o*eer, in ca(e of an$ di(pute, ng+i( er(ion *i++ preai+.

I5o/ 86< o/ /8i8e Re=lio80

#u+ture( of 2icroorgani(2( fro2 out(ide India 2a$ re@uire i2port c+earance and/ or (u-9ected to@uarantine regu+ation(. Te depo(itor fro2 out(ide India (ou+d co22unicate *it te T## regarding

(uc depo(it( -efore di(patcing cu+ture(.

Ma3+#$ 'e (r+$+#a% dep(*+'Do5e80 /e:i/e6 9/o5 e 6eo0io/

A depo(itor *i++ -e re@uired to (end a co2p+eted BP/1 Jor2 *ic i( te acce((ion for2 for depo(it under

Budape(t Treat$. Jor a2end2ent of (cientific de(cription or ta?ono2ic de(ignation, a depo(itor i(

re@uired to (end a co2p+eted BP/7 Jor2.

O99iil 8oi9iio8 o e 6eo0io/

Te receipt and ia-i+it$ (tate2ent *i++ -e i((ued in ng+i( on 2andator$ internationa+ for2Q BP/ and

BP/4 re(pectie+$. Atte(tation of receipt of a2end2ent of (cientific de(cription or ta?ono2ic de(ignation

*i++ -e i((ued on BP/8 Jor2. Notification of furni(ing a (a2p+e to tird partie( *i++ -e i((ued on BP/1

Jor2.

U8o99iil 8oi9iio8 o e 6eo0io/

If re@ue(ted, te T## 2a$ co22unicate te date of depo(it and acce((ion nu2-er (ince te officia+

receipt i( i((ued on+$ after te ia-i+it$ te(t i( co2p+eted and a po(itie re(u+t o-tained.

Sl! o9 i89o/5io8 o e8 =e8

If re@ue(ted -$ te depo(itor, te T## *i++ (end copie( of te receipt and ia-i+it$ (tate2ent to -ot te

depo(itor and i(/er Patent Agent.

C(#er'+#$ a pre+(!* dep(*+'

In ca(e of depo(it( 2ade *it te T## ear+ier out(ide te proi(ion( of te Budape(t Treat$, te origina+

depo(itor 2a$ conert te (a2e to te Budape(t Treat$ depo(it. If te origina+ depo(it i( in te genera+

categor$ and i( +i(ted in T## cata+ogue 3printed or e+ectronic5 and *a( aing no re(triction

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SKB, Dept. of BT AIT

for di(tri-ution -$ T##, te depo(itor *i++ -e re@ue(ted to autorie T## not to re(trict di(tri-ution of

(uc a depo(it and *aie i(/er rigt to notification of re+ea(e of te (a2p+e. If ti( condition i( not

accepta-+e, a fre( depo(it of te 2ateria+ under Budape(t Treat$ *i++ -e re@uired. Depo(it( preiou(+$ 2ade

*it te T## for patent procedure or for (afe>eeping a+(o can -e conerted to depo(it under Budape(t

Treat$. Te ad2ini(tratie re@uire2ent( and fee( for (uc coner(ion( *i++ -e te (a2e a( are for te

origina+ depo(it under te Budape(t Treat$.

+@ Ma3+#$ a #e dep(*+'

Jor 2a>ing a ne* depo(it, co2p+eted BP/! Jor2 *i++ -e re@uired a+ong *it re+eant docu2ent( a(

re@uired -$ under Ru+e 0.!. Receipt and ia-i+it$ (tate2ent for (uc a depo(it *i++ -e i((ued on BP/ and

BP/4 Jor2( re(pectie+$.

9. /RNIING O AMP4E

a@ Re!e*' )(r *a"p%e*

Te T## *i++ fo++o* procedure(, a( proided under te proi(ion of te Budape(t Treat$, for furni(ing

(a2p+e( to tird partie(. Jor proof of entit+e2ent BP/1! Jor2 and for re@ue(t BP/1& *i++ -e u(ed in

furni(ing (a2p+e(. Jor aardou( 2icroorgani(2(, te re@ue(ting part$ a( to proide eidence tat properfaci+it$ i( aai+a-+e and e/(e a( te re@ui(ite per2i((ion to *or> on (uc organi(2(. Re@ue(ting part$

fro2 out(ide India a+(o a( to proide an i2port per2it for te procure2ent, if re@uired Te T## *i++

furni( (a2p+e( prepared -$ it fro2 te depo(ited (a2p+e(.

b@ N('+)+,a'+(# '( 'e dep(*+'(r

A depo(itor *i++ -e notified on BP/1 Jor2 *en (a2p+e( of teir depo(it ae -een furni(ed to tird

partie(.

,@ Ca'a%($!+#$ () B!dape*' Trea'y Dep(*+'*

#u+ture( depo(ited under te Budape(t Treat$ *i++ not -e pu-+i(ed in

te T## cata+ogue 3printed or e+ectronic5 or di(p+a$ed on internet.

EE TR/CT/RE

Ba,'er+a2 )!#$+2 yea*'*2 ba,'er+(pa$e* a#d

p%a*"+d*

I#d+a# r!pee*

a5 Storage under Ru+e 1!.13a53I5 1,%%%

-5 #oner(ion of a depo(it 1,%%%

c5 ?ten(ion of duration (torage -e$ond tat

proided -$ Ru+e 4 3per$ear5

!,%%%

d5 I((ue of ia-i+it$ (tate2ent on te -a(i( of te(t &,%%%e5 I((ue of ia-i+it$ (tate2ent on te -a(i( of +a(t

ia-i+it$ te(t1,%%%

f5 Jurni(ing of (a2p+e( &,%%%

g5 #o22unication of infor2ation under Ru+e 7.0 1,%%%

5 Atte(tation referred to in Ru+e 8.! 1,%%%'ep* +#(%ed +# 'e dep(*+' pr(,e**

1. Pro(pectie depo(itor contact( te T##.

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(uffering *itout an$ (u-(tantia+ 2edica+ -enefit to 2an or ani2a+, and a+(o ani2a+( re(u+ting fro2 (uc

proce((E 3d5 a proce(( for preparing (eed( or oter genetic 2ateria+( co2pri(ing e+e2ent( *ic 2igt cau(e

ader(e eniron2enta+ i2pact, +i>e ter2inator gene tecno+og$E 3e5 u(e( of u2an e2-r$o( for co22ercia+

e?p+oitation.

I%%!*'ra'+e Ea"p%e:

C%a+": An in vitro2etod of deter2ining te e2-r$oto?icit$ of a co2pound co2pri(ing contacting u2an

fore(>in fi-ro-+a(t(, u2an e2-r$onic (te2 ce++(, and u2an e2-r$oid -odie( *it (aid co2pound andco2paring te effect of te co2pound on one or 2ore caracteri(tic of te u2an fore(>in fi-ro-+a(t(, u2an

e2-r$onic (te2 ce++(, and u2an e2-r$oid -odie( to te one or 2ore caracteri(tic of contro+ u2an fore(>in

fi-ro-+a(t(, u2an e2-r$onic (te2 ce++( and u2an e2-r$oid -odie( tat are not contacted *it te co2pound,

*erein a difference in te effect of te co2pound on one or 2ore caracteri(tic of te u2an fore(>in

fi-ro-+a(t(, u2an e2-r$onic (te2 ce++(, and u2an e2-r$oid -odie( co2pared to te one or 2ore

caracteri(tic of contro+ u2an fore(>in fi-ro-+a(t(, u2an e2-r$onic (te2 ce++( and u2an e2-r$oid -odie(

tat are not contacted *it te co2pound i( indicatie of an e2-r$oto?ic co2pound. 1!

A#a%y*+*: Te (u-9ect=2atter fa++( *itin te (cope of Section & 3-5 of te Act, a( -eing directed to a 2etod in

*ic u2an e2-r$onic (te2 ce++( are co22ercia++$ e?p+oited for deter2ining te e2-r$oto?icit$ of te

co2pound, *ic i( again(t 2ora+it$. 'ence, it i( not patenta-+e.

E'+,a% ,(#,er#*.

o(t countrie( ae e?c+uded 2edica+ 2etod( fro2 patenta-i+i$ -$ ta>ing into con(ideration, te etic(

inerent in te practice of 2edicine. Te A2erican edica+ A((ociation 3AA5 a( e+ucidated te etica+

i((ue( ino+ed in patenting 2edica+ 2etod( in an artic+e pu-+i(ed in te Jood and Drug )a* :ourna+?+i. Te

AA in tat artic+e adocate( e?c+u(ion of 2edica+ 2etod( -$ arguing tat a++o*ing teir patenta-i+it$ *ou+d

under2ine te traditiona+ o-+igation( of te 2edica+ profe((ion, 2a>e econo2ic( rater tan ea+t care te

pri2ar$ concern of doctor(, re(trict acce(( to te patented 2etod(, increa(e financia+ -urden and da2age

patient confidentia+it$ and priac$. Te 2edica+ profe((ion a( an o-+igation to (are infor2ation, >no*+edge

and re(earc. Teir pri2ar$ concern i( ea+t care of te patient. Patenting 2edica+ 2etod( *it it( e2pa(i(on indiidua+ re*ard(, (e+ectie (aring and o*ner(ip *ou+d pro2ote *ito+ding of infor2ation, >no*+edge

and re(earc for per(ona+ gain, tu( under2ining te (anctit$ of te profe((ion. Jurter2ore, 2edica+ 2etod

patent( *i++ e+eate econo2ic goa+( a-oe to(e of patient ea+t -$ 2a>ing te doctor o+ding te patent a

-u(ine(( 2an (e++ing 2etod( of treat2ent rater tan a profe((iona+ (aring and di(-ur(ing @ua+it$ ea+t care.

Patenting a 2edica+ 2etod re(trict( acce(( of tat 2etod to te patient -ecau(e te p$(ician condition(

app+ication of te 2etod upon ac@ui(ition of a +icen(e. Te patentee 2a$ re(trict te nu2-er of +icen(e( or 2a$

een den$ +icen(e( *en re@uired. A doctor( 2edica+ 9udg2ent a-out te appropriate 2etod *i++ -e

inf+uenced, a( te doctor 2igt prefer to adopt an inferior 2etod rater tan +icen(ing te patented 2etod or

referring te patient to a +icen(ed doctor. oreoer, a doctor( freedo2 to u(e adanced 2edica+ 2etod( *i++

-e (eriou(+$ affected due to fear of +ia-i+it$ for un+a*fu+ infringe2ent of a patented 2etod. Ti( re(trict(

acce(( to adanced 2etod( and preent( ea+uation of ne* 2etod(. Patenting a 2etod re(trict( peer reie*of te 2etod re(u+ting in a decrea(e in @ua+it$ and (afet$ of ne* 2etod(. Student( and re(earcer( *i++ nXot

-e a-+e to get acce(( to te 2etod a( u(e of a patented inention for acade2ic and re(earc purpo(e( i( not

a++o*ed in (o2e countrie( +i>e USA. Patenting a 2edica+ 2etod 2igt +ead to an increa(e in financia+ -urden

oer te patient( a( te +icen(ing fee and +itigation po((i-i+itie( *i++ add up to te fee paid -$ te patient. After a

patent i( granted, it i( not ea($ to 2onitor te u(e of te patented 2etod -$ te p$(ician. Deter2ining *eter

a doctor a( u(ed a patented 2etod *ou+d re(u+t in io+ation of priac$ rigt( of te patient a( it *ou+d ino+e

(earcing and e?a2ining patient record(. Jor te afore2entioned rea(on(, te AA conc+ude( tat it i( it i(

unetica+ for p$(ician( to (ecure and enforce patent( on 2edica+ 2etod(.

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Re)ere#,e*

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Pa'e#' C(#e#'+(# 3P#5. 'i(torica++$, eac uropean countr$ *a( goerned -$ teir o*n nationa+ patent

+a*(, o*eer te introduction of D+re,'+e 78EC 3effectie in a++ uropean Union e2-er State( &%t

:u+$ !%%%5 ai2( to ar2onie protection for -iotecno+ogica+ inention( 3inc+uding p+ant protection5 a2ong(t

te uropean Union 2e2-er(. Tu(, eac 2e2-er countr$ i( re@uired to -ring teir nationa+ +a*( in +ine *it

te Directie, a+toug (o2e 2a$ not $et -e fu++$ in co2p+iance.

++@ Type* () a%%(ab%e ,%a+"*

Uti+it$ and (tandard patent( 2a$ -e u(ed to c+ai2 e?c+u(ionar$ rigt( in

ne* arietie( of p+ant( 3U.S. on+$5,

tran(genic p+ant(,

p+ant group(,

indiidua+ p+ant( and teir de(cendant(,

particu+ar p+ant trait(,

p+ant part(,

p+ant co2ponent( 3e.g. (pecific gene( or cro2o(o2e(5,

p+ant product( 3e.g. fruit, oi+(, par2aceutica+(5,

p+ant 2ateria+ u(ed in indu(tria+ proce((e( 3e.g. ce++ +ine( u(ed in cu+tiation 2etod(5,

reproductie 2ateria+ 3e.g. (eed( or cutting(5,

p+ant cu+ture ce++(,

p+ant -reeding 2etodo+ogie(, and

ector( and proce((e( ino+ed in te production of tran(genic p+ant(.

Note tat ti( +i(t proide( e?a2p+e( and i( not e?au(tie.

+++@ I#,%!*+(#* a#d E,%!*+(#*

Natura+ (ource 2ateria+ (ou+d #('-e coera-+e -$ patent( a( e?c+u(ionar$ rigt( in an$ countr$ in te *or+d,

-ecau(e natura+ (ource 2ateria+ i( not noe+ 3(ee -e+o*5.

In te U.S. and Au(tra+ia indiidua+ p+ant arietie( are patenta-+e. In urope, indiidua+ p+ant arietie( per se

are #(' patenta-+e, o*eer, a p+ant *ic i( caracteried -$ a particu+ar gene 3a( oppo(ed to it( *o+e

geno2e5 i( not inc+uded in te definition of a p+ant ariet$ and +* terefore patenta-+e.

In urope, tran(genic p+ant( are patenta-+e if te$ are not re(tricted to a (pecific p+ant ariet$, -ut repre(ent a

-roader p+ant grouping. Te uropean Directie con(ider( p+ant ce++( to -e 2icro-io+ogica+ product( and a( a

re(u+t are patenta-+e.

EHAMP4E

6i+e -u(*a+>ing, A2$ di(coer( a p+ant *ic no-od$ a( eer preiou(+$ (een or docu2ented. #an A2$

o-tain a patent for te p+ant

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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IPR Introduction Page No. / 87

SKB, Dept. of BT AIT

No. A2$ can not patent te p+ant a( it i( natura+ (ource 2ateria+ and i( not noe+.+@ 'a#dard* () pa'e#'ab+%+'y a#d 'e r+$'* $ra#'ed

Te +ega+ criteria for patenta-i+it$ are (u-(tantia++$ (i2i+ar acro(( a++ 9uri(diction(. In order to (o* tat te

p+ant, p+ant tecno+og$ or p+ant product of intere(t i( an inention, te patent app+ication 2u(t (o*H

15 noe+t$

!5 non=o-iou(ne((, or an inentie (tep

&5 u(efu+ne(( 3United State(5 or indu(tria+ app+ica-i+it$ 3urope, Au(tra+ia5

5 ena-+e2ent

5 c+ai2 c+arit$

05 *ritten de(cription

75 -e(t 2ode 3United State( on+$5

Jro2 te date tat a patent i( granted, te patent o+der a( te e?c+u(ie rigt to e?p+oit te inention or

autorie anoter per(on to do (o unti+ te patent e?pire(. Patent rigt( are con(idered per(ona+ propert$ and2a$ -e a((igned to oter partie(.

A uti+it$ patent grant( te o*ner te rigt to e?c+ude oter( fro2H

15 2a>ing,

!5 u(ing,

&5 (e++ing or offering for (a+e or

5 i2porting

te protected inention for a !% $ear period fro2 te ear+ie(t fi+e date.

EHAMP4E

:on i( te (o+e o*ner of a patent for er-icide re(i(tant corn p+ant(. 'e -eco2e( a*are tat i( for2er co=

*or>er :u+ie i( 2a>ing and (e++ing te (a2e patented corn p+ant. 6at can :on do

:on, a( te patent o*ner a( te e?c+u(ionar$ rigt to (top oter( fro2 2a>ing and (e++ing i( inention.

:u+ie i( terefore infringing :onC( patent, and :on can -ring a +a*(uit for infringe2ent or a(> tat :u+ie ta>e

out a +icen(e.

@ Ee"p'+(#*

?e2ption( to patent infringe2ent tat are re+eant to patenting of p+ant( are proided in (o2e 9uri(diction(.

In /#+'ed 'a'e* ca(e +a*, an eper+"e#'a% !*e e,ep'+(# to patent infringe2ent *a( tougt to e?i(t*ic a++o*ed re(earcer( free acce(( to te inention in order to u(e it for e?peri2enta+ purpo(e(. 'o*eer,

-a(ed on te deci(ion( in recent ca(e( te doctrine certain+$ no +onger e?i(t( and it i( ig+$ dou-tfu+

*eter te doctrine eer actua++$ e?i(ted.

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IPR Introduction Page No. 0 / 87

SKB, Dept. of BT AIT

In A!*'ra%+a, +i2ited e?e2ption( are defined *itin te +egi(+ation. Te pr+(r !*e ee"p'+(# a++o*(

(o2eone *o *a( uti+iing te patented product or proce(( -efore te priorit$ date of a c+ai2 to continue

u(ing te patented product *itout infringe2ent. Te u(e of a patented product on -oard a foreign e((e+

tat accidenta++$ co2e( into te patent area i( a+(o e?e2pted fro2 infringe2ent.

Te E/ Directie 48//# proide( a )ar"er* pr++%e$e. Under te Directie, far2er( are a++o*ed to u(e

patent protected (eed( free+$ for teir o*n u(e and te re(u+ting p+ant 2ateria+ i( free fro2 protection. Jar2er(

are not per2itted o*eer, to re=(e++ te patented (eed. e2-er State( are a-+e to define teir o*n

e?e2ption( to patent infringe2ent 3(ee, for e?a2p+e, Patent( Act 1477 3UK5, (0% 355

A+toug not an e?e2ptionper se,in te United State( -ut not in Au(tra+ia or urope, an inentor a( a $ra,e

per+(d a++o*ing for retro(pectie app+ication for a patent. Patent rigt( are not auto2atica++$ foregone -$

pu-+ic di(c+o(ure, (uc a( pu-+ication or co22ercia+i(ation, proided tat a patent i( app+ied for *itin 1!

2ont( of te di(c+o(ure. Note tat oter countrie( 3e.g., :apan5 ae a +i2ited grace period, and oter

countrie( are con(idering in(tituting one.

EHAMP4E

To2, a U.S. re(ident, *a( te fir(t per(on to e?tract oi+ fro2 (unf+o*er p+ant(. 'e pre(ent( i( finding( at a

-iotecno+og$ conference. It i( not unti+ after i( pre(entation e rea+i(e( tat i( (unf+o*er oi+ 2a$ -e ofco22ercia+ (ignificance. I( it too +ate for i2 to patent i( inention

To2 can (ti++ o-tain a patent in te United State( proided e app+ie( *itin t*e+e 2ont( of te

conference and te oi+ or it( 2etod of e?traction 2eet( te re@uire2ent( for patenta-i+it$.

B@ P%a#' Pa'e#'*

Specific p+ant patent( are on+$ aai+a-+e in er$ fe* countrie(.

Te P+ant Patent Act *a( enacted -$ US congre(( in 14&%. It *a( introduced pri2ari+$ to -enefit te

orticu+ture indu(tr$ -$ encouraging p+ant -reeding and increa(ing p+ant genetic dier(it$.

+@ 4+"+'ed 'ype* () p%a#'* are e%+$+b%e )(r pr('e,'+(#

Te P+ant Patent Act 14&% 3& U.S.#. 1015 proide( forH

patent protection of a++ a(e?ua++$ reproduced p+ant(

EHCEPTH

15 tu-er=propagated p+ant( and

!5 p+ant( found in an uncu+tiated (tate.

P+ant patent( enco2pa(( ne*+$ found p+ant arietie( a( *e++ a( cu+tiated (pore(, 2utant(, $-rid( and ne*+$found (eed+ing( on te proi(o tat te$ reproduce a(e?ua++$. A(e?ua+ reproduction i( defined a( an$

reproductie proce(( tat doe( not ino+e te union of indiidua+( or ger2 ce++(. It i( te

pr(pa$a'+(# () a p%a#' '( "!%'+p%y 'e p%a#' +'(!' 'e !*e () $e#e'+, *eed*. M(de* ()

a*e!a% repr(d!,'+(# +# p%a#'* +#,%!de $ra)'+#$2 b!%b*2 ap("+,'+, *eed*2 r+("e* a#d '+**!e

,!%'!re.

pe,+)+,a%%y e,%!ded )r(" pr('e,'+(# !#der 'e P%a#' Pa'e#' A,' are '!ber-pr(pa$a'ed p%a#'* a#d

p%a#'* )(!#d +# a# !#,!%'+a'ed *'a'e.

7/26/2019 BT-NOTES

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IPR Introduction Page No. 7 / 87

SKB, Dept. of BT AIT

++@ Pa'e#'ab+%+'y re!+re"e#'* are %e** *'r+#$e#' )(r p%a#' pa'e#'*

Te re!+re"e#'* 'a' "!*' be )!%)+%%ed +# (rder '( (b'a+# a P%a#' Pa'e#' are 'e *a"e a* '(*e )(r

!'+%+'y pa'e#'* ?*ee Pa'e#'* ?+@ ab(e@. (eer2 'e IMP4EMENTATION () 'e*e re!+re"e#'* +*

4E TRINGENT.

(r ea"p%e2 'e P%a#' Pa'e#' A,' pr(+de* 'a' p%a#' pa'e#'* +%% #(' be reFe,'ed (r +#a%+da'ed +) 'e

p%a#' +* #(' )!%%y de*,r+bed (r e#ab%ed. I' d(e* (eer2 re!+re 'a' 'e #e ar+e'y +* de*,r+bed a*,("p%e'e a* rea*(#ab%y p(**+b%e.

I' +* a%*( #(' #e,e**ary '( dep(*+' 'e ,%a+"ed p%a#' a' a# ())+,+a% dep(*+'ary.

Te (rd+#ary 'e*' () #(#-(b+(!*#e** +* #(' app%+ed '( p%a#' pa'e#'*. T+* +* pr+"ar+%y d!e '( 'e )a,'

'a' +' +* e're"e%y ,a%%e#$+#$ '( dee%(p a #e p%a#' ar+e'y 'a' +* *'ab%e a#d ,a# be pre*ered by

a*e!a% repr(d!,'+(#.

+++@ P%a#' pa'e#'* ,(#)er a# e,%!*+(#ary r+$'

A p%a#' pa'e#' $+e* 'e pa'e#' (%der 'e r+$' '(:

e,%!de ('er* )r(" a*e!a%%y repr(d!,+#$2 !*+#$2 *e%%+#$2 ())er+#$ )(r *a%e (r +"p(r'+#$ +#'( 'e

/#+'ed 'a'e* 'e pa'e#'ed p%a#' ?(r a#y () +'* par'*@1)(r a per+(d () 90 year*.

I# ,(#'ra*' '( !'+%+'y pa'e#'*2 p%a#' pa'e#'* (#%y pr('e,' a *+#$%e p%a#' (r $e#("e a#d 'e pr('e,'+(#

,(#)erred +* !+'e %+"+'ed. I' d(e* #(' pr('e,' 'e p%a#' ,ara,'er+*'+,*2 "!'a#'* () 'e pa'e#'ed p%a#'

#(r 'e,#(%($+e* a**(,+a'ed +' +'* ,!%'+a'+(#. Be,a!*e p%a#' pa'e#'* are $ra#'ed (# 'e e#'+re p%a#'2

+' )(%%(* 'a' (#%y (#e ,%a+" per p%a#' pa'e#' +* per"+''ed.

/.. ,(!r'* ae e%d 'a' a 'e%e "(#' $ra,e per+(d a%*( app%+e* '( p%a#' pa'e#'* ?5 /..C109?b@@

ereby a d+*,%(*!re () a #e p%a#' ar+e'y (r a $ra#'ed pa'e#' () 'e #e ar+e'y +# a )(re+$#

F!r+*d+,'+(# d(e* #(' de*'r(y pa'e#'ab+%+'y pr(+ded 'a' 'e d+*,%(*!re (r )(re+$# pa'e#' (,,!rred %e**

'a# 19 "(#'* pr+(r '( 'e p%a#' pa'e#' app%+,a'+(# be+#$ %(d$ed +# 'e /.. I) p!b%+,a'+(# a*

(,,!rred +# a#y ('er ,(!#'ry pr+(r '( 'e 19 "(#' $ra,e per+(d2 'e p%a#' pa'e#' app%+,a'+(# +%% bere)!*ed ?E /e To50o8+ 95 /P 9d 1618 ?BPAI 1779@@. T+* +#'erpre'a'+(# () 'e %a a* "e'

+' pr(p(*a%* '( +#,rea*e 'e $ra,e per+(d '( 10 year* (# 'e ba*+* 'a' ()'e# '+"e* p%a#'* )r("

)(re+$# F!r+*d+,'+(#* are e%d +# !ara#'+#e by 'e /DA )(r a per+(d () "(re 'a# 19 "(#'*2 'ereby

#!%%+)y+#$ pa'e#'ab+%+'y. T( da'e '+* +dea re"a+#* a pr(p(*a%.

It i( po((i-+e to o-tain protection for te (a2e p+ant under -ot a uti+it$ patent and a p+ant patent in te United

State( at te (a2e ti2e, proided tat te re@uire2ent( for patenta-i+it$ for -ot t$pe( of patent( are fu+fi++ed.

EHAMP4E

arc and #r$(ta+ *ant to o-tain protection in te U.S. for teir ne* ariet$ of a(e?ua++$ reproducing p+ant.

Te$ a+(o *i( to protect a (pecia+ a+u2inu2 deice tat contain( (pecific a2ount( of or2one( and oter