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Energy-Efficient Parallel Storage Systems with Write-Buffer Disks
Xiaojun Ruan and Xiao Qin
Computer Science and Software EngineeringSamuel Ginn College of Engineering
Auburn University
My Research Group: 2011
Xiaojun Ruan
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Overview of the Project
Performance of Secure Disk Systems
[IEEE NAS09]
Energy Efficiency
Security Solid State Drives
Design, Model, Simulate, And Evaluate
Disk Systems with Buffer Disks
[ACM SAC09][ICPP09]
Energy-EfficientDistributed StorageSystems [IPCCC10]
Enhancing Internal Parallelism of SSDs[To Be Submitted11]
BUD
Message Passing Interface with
Enhanced Security[IPCCC 2010]
Energy-Efficient Dynamic Voltage Scaling[ICCCN07]
04/10/2023 4
Annual Data Center Electricity Usage and Electricity Price increase Every year
Electricity Usage in Data Centers
04/10/2023 5
• The average power consumption of TOP10 supercomputing systems is 1.32 Mwatt.
Storage
37%
Server
40%
Network 23%
Dell’s Texas Data Center
Energy Efficiency of Supercomputers
Electrical Cost of Data Centers
Using 2010 Trends Scenario◦ Server and Data Centers Consume 110 Billion kWh
per year◦ Assume average commercial end user is charged 9.46
kWh◦ Disk systems can account for 27% of the energy cost
of data centers
04/10/2023 6
Server and data centers may have an electrical cost of 10.4 billion dollars.
04/10/2023 7
Energy Consumption of Disks
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Active State: high energy consumption
Power States of Disks
Active
StandbyState transition penalty
Standby State: low energy consumption
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A10000RPM Hard Drive may take 10.9 seconds to wake up!
A Hard Disk Drive
Parallel Disks
Performance
Energy Efficiency
Challanges
Performance Oriented:
• Best Performance
• Huge Electricity Bills
Energy Efficiency Oriented:
• Worst Performance?
• Small Electricity Bills
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Basic Idea of BUD
• Keep Disks in Standby mode as long as possible
• Reduce Status Transitions as many as possible
IBM Ultrastar 36Z15
04/10/2023 13
Transfer Rate 55 MB/s Spin Down Time: TD 1.5 s
Active Power: PA 13.5 W Spin Up Time: TU 10.9 s
Idle Power: PI 10.2 W Spin Down Energy: ED 13 J
Standby Power: PA 2.5 W Spin Up Energy: EU 135 J
Break-Even Time: TBE 15.2 S
A Parallel Disk System with a Write Buffer Disk
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The BUD Architecture
Data Disks can serve requests without buffer disks when workload is high
Auburn University 16
Sum of Requests in Buffer (SRB)
• SRB is Number of the buffered requests targeting at the same data disk.
• SRB is set by administrators• Once SRB is satisfied, spin up the targeted
data disk, dump all those data, then spin the disk down.
Scheduling Strategy
DynAmic Request Allocatio
n algorithm for Writes
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Put the Request in the Buffer Disk Queue
Yes
Data Disk Availabe?
No
Write the Request into a Buffer Disk
Is theTargeted Data Disk Availabe?
No
Write the Request into Data Disk
Yes
Yes
New Request?
No
To buffer enough requests targeting at the same data disk
Example
Buffer Disk
Requests Queue
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Auburn University Xiaojun Ruan 19
From Design to Simulation
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Simulation Environment
System Parameter. IBM 36Z15 UltraStar IBM 40GNX Travel Star
Rotations Per Minute 10000 RPM 5400 RPM
Working Power 13.5 W 3 W
Standby Power 2.5 W 0.25 W
Spin up Energy 135 Joule 8.7 Joule
Spin down Energy 13 Joule 0.4 Joule
Spin up Time 10.9 sec 3.5 sec
Spin Down Time 1.5 sec 0.5 sec
Transfer Rate 52.8 MB/s 25 MB/s
Auburn University 21
Workloads
Impact of SRB—Low Workload, UltraStar
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Auburn University Xiaojun Ruan 23
Non-Buffer Experiments
Auburn University 24
BUD with IBM 40GNX TravalStar
Buffer Disk Number and Workload-- UltraStar
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Auburn University 26
Energy Consumption
E = Active Energy Consumption + Standby Energy Consumption + Transition Penalty
Auburn University Xiaojun Ruan 27
From Simulation to Real Implementation
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An Energy-Efficient Cluster Storage System
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Implementation (no buffer disks)
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Implementation (with buffer-disks)
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Experimental Design
• Disk Category I/O Node 1
• Data Disk 1: WesternDigital 400, 20GB• Data Disk 2: WesternDigital 400, 20GB
• Disk Category I/O Node 2
• Data Disk 1: WesternDigital 400, 20GB• Data Disk 2: Maxtor D740X-6L, 20GB
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Experimental Design
• Disk Category I/O Node 1• Buffer Disk: Maxtor DiamondMax Plus 9• Data Disk 1: WesternDigital 400, 20GB• Data Disk 2: WesternDigital 400, 20GB
• Disk Category I/O Node 2• Buffer Disk: Seagate Barracuda 7200• Data Disk 1: WesternDigital 400, 20GB• Data Disk 2: Maxtor D740X-6L, 20GB
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34idle time gap is 200sidle time gap is 100s
04/10/2023 35
GreenFS[ACM EuroSys 2008]
Massive Arrays of Idle Disks[SC 2002]
Popular Data Concentration[ACM ICS 2004]
Previous Research
Download the presentation slideshttp://www.slideshare.net/xqin74
Google: slideshare Xiao Qin
‹#›
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~xqin
My webpagehttp://www.eng.auburn.edu/~xqin
Download Slides at slideshare
http://www.slideshare.net/xqin74
Auburn University 40
Questions?