BUILDING CLIMATE CHANGE
RESILIENCE IN SEMARANG
2nd World Congress on Cities and AdaptationAsian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN)
SEMARANG CITY’S
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
SeaLow Land
& Coastal Hilly Top Hill/
Upstream
• Semarang City is
the capital city of
Central Java
Province.
• Semarang consist
in 16 districts and
177 sub-districts
• Located in 06°50’ –
07010’ S and
109035’ - 110°50’ E
• Semarang area is
373.7 km2
LOCATION AND
ADMINISTRATION
OF SEMARANG
• % of poverty: 26,4 % (2009)
• Life expectancy: 69 years (men), 73 years (women)
• Income per Capita : US $2,372 (2010)
% of GDP Semarang City
SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT
retired
transportatio
n
entrepreneu
r
fisherma
n
farmer
Army & civil
servant
trader
farm
worker
others
Industrial
labour
construction
worker
POPULATION & LAND USELand Use Area (Ha) %
Settlement 12,355.96 33.06
Dry Field (non-irrigated
agricultural land)
12,024.56 32.18
Rice Field 4,360.88 11.67
Plantation 873.48 2.34
Mining 137.31 0.37
Industry 1,023.03 2.74
Transportation 483.14 1.29
Forest 1,377.21 3.69
Public Space 413.80 1.11
Fish Pond 1,775.00 4.75
Others 2,545.63 6.81
Total 37,370.00 100.00
Population
number is 1.5
million
(2010) with
population
growth 1.5%
per year
0.9 % natural
growth, 0,6 %
migration
POPULATION
AND ACTIVITIES
DISTRIBUTION
Low density
Medium density
High density
Very high density
population density
CBD
AIRPORT
TRAIN STATION
INDUSTRY
BUS STATION
PORT
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
History of Semarang Shoreline
Sedimentation and the formation of alluvial plains
below Semarang started in 10th century
HISTORY OF
SEMARANG’S
SHORE LINE
cm/year
LAND
SUBSIDENCE
ELEVATION COMPARISON 2003 - 20082003 2008
WATER SCARCITY
SUPPLY-DEMAND
Good PDAM service
Low PDAM service
Medium PDAM service
Pipe system which is
managed by a state-
owned company
(PDAM) get water
resources from:
• River
• Spring
• Groundwater
Non-pipe system
which is managed by
community get
water resources:
• Groundwater
• Spring
Industries, hotels,
port and others
commercial building
get water resources
from :
• PDAM service
• Groundwater
WATER SERVICES
MAIN ISSUES RELATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
DROUGHT
LAND SLIDES
COASTAL EROTION
FLOOD AND TIDAL INUNDATION
CLIMATETRENDS AND PROJECTIONS
TEMPERATURE TREND AND PROJECTION
2000 2025 2050 2100
SRESA2 (oC) 0.2 0.7 1.2 2.9
Range (oC) 0.15-0.25 0.5-0.9 0.8-1.6 2.0-4.1
SRESB1 (oC) 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.9
Range (oC) 0.15-0.25 0.3-0.7 0.7-1.6 1.2-2.27
Trends of seasonal mean temperature in Semarang city
(110.25E-110.51E, 7.12S-6.95S) extracted from CRU TS2.0
dataset
Legend:
SRESA2 Scenario A2 – ‘Business as usual’
SRESB1 Scenario B1 – Reduced use of resources and
clean technology
(Dec, Jan, Feb) (Mar, Apr, May)
(Sep, Oct, Nov)(Jun, Jul, Aug)
• Rainfall increased in its intensity on the wet season
(Sept, Oct, Nov and Dec, Jan, Feb) and decrease in dry
season (Mar, Apr, May)
• In wet season, the frequency of rainfall day will shorter
but the intensity will higher.
Trends of seasonal rainfall in Semarang city (110.25E-
110.51E, 7.12S-6.95S) extracted from CRU TS2.0 dataset
(Dec, Jan, Feb) (Mar, Apr, May)
(Sep, Oct, Nov)(Jun, Jul, Aug)
RAINFALL TREND & PROJECTION
2000 2025 2050 2100
SRESA2 (cm) 2 10 21 60
Range (cm) 0 – 4 4 – 20 9 – 41 15 – 112
SRESB1 (cm) 2 10 21 48
Range (cm) 0 – 4 4 – 22 9 – 42 18 – 86
2.9 km 3.2 km
1.7 km
Covered Area of Flooding and tidal Inundation :
± 86 km2 (23%),
The number of household in flood prone area is
60.000
SEA LEVEL RISE TREND & PROJECTION
CLIMATE CHANGE
VULNERABILITIES
Baseline
Baseline
Scenario A2 2025 Scenario A2 2050
Scenario B1 2025 Scenario B1 2050
Low
Medium to Low
Medium
Medium to High
High
Very HighVery Low
CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-DISTRICT BASED ON LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE RISK
ACTIVITY IMPACT
Fishpond 2,889 ha
Farming 902 ha
Settlement 10,425 houses
Infrastructure 2,27 km
Impact of flood and SLR
ACTIVITY IMPACT
Mangrove US $ 81,000
Fishpond US $ 12,500
Farming US $ 3,2 million
Settlement US $ 23 million
Infrastructure US $ 0,5 million
Economic Loss (IDR)/year
FLOODING AND TIDAL INUNDATION HAZARDS
ACTIVITIES AND INFRASTUCTURE AFFECTED BY FLOOD AND TIDAL INUNDATION
Railway
TRANSPORTATION
Airport Bus Station Port
Rice Field
ECONOMIC
Fish Pond Fisheries Industry
Road
INFRASTRUCTURE
Settlement Water
DROUGHT HAZARDS
EROSION
HAZARDS
SEMARANG DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
• Kali Banger Polder (River Banger Pond Retention)
– will reduce the pressure of floods in the Northern and Eastern Region of
Semarang, supported by Dutch government. (Will be operational in 2014)
• Jatibarang Reservoir and Dam
– will control the flood in western region of Semarang and to increase the
supply of water, supported by JICA. (Will be operational in 2014)
• Sea Embankment
– to prevent flooding and seawater inundation a dike is proposed for the
northern part of city. (This project is still under discussion)
IMPORTANT PLANNING INITIATIVES
Jatibarang Reservoir and
Dam
(JBIC Project Loan 2010 -
2014) River Bangar Pond Retention
(Propose to Central Government
- DED by Witteveen+Bos-
Netherland)
IMPORTANT PLANNING INITIATIVES
CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION
PLANNING
(ACCCRN Method’s)
Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network
(ACCCRN)
• Semarang was selected as one of two Indonesian cities to participate in the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) funded by the Rockefeller Foundation
The objectives of ACCCRN are to– To experiment, test and
demonstrate a range of actions to build resilience to climate change impacts in cities
– To build a base of climate change resilience lessons learned, failures, and successes that can be replicated
– To build capacity of cities to plan, finance, coordinate, and implement climate change resilience strategies
ACCCRN Phases & Methodology
Sha
red
Le
arn
ing
Dia
log
ue
sSh
are
d L
ea
rnin
g D
ialo
gu
es
Engagement
Shared Learning
Multiple stakeholders
Engagement
Shared Learning
Multiple stakeholders
Vu
lne
rab
ility
Ass
ess
me
nt
Vu
lne
rab
ility
Ass
ess
me
nt
Climate context and impact
Vulnerable groups and sectors
Climate context and impact
Vulnerable groups and sectors
Sect
or
Stu
die
s /
Pilo
t P
roje
cts
Sect
or
Stu
die
s /
Pilo
t P
roje
cts
Detailed study of major issues
Experience with small scale activities
Detailed study of major issues
Experience with small scale activities
Cit
y R
esi
lien
ce P
lan
nin
gC
ity
Re
silie
nce
Pla
nn
ing
Develop strategy for action
Select priorities
Assemble complementary activities
Develop strategy for action
Select priorities
Assemble complementary activities
SEQUENCE OF KEY CLIMATE RESILIENCE PLANNING ACTIVITIES
SHARED LEARNING DIALOGUE
Pre
sen
tati
on
s Topic: Overview of climate change and implications for Semarang
Topic: Learning from Semarang’s experience with disasters
Qu
est
ion
s a
nd
an
swe
rs Buzz sessions
Brief questions of clarification
Pri
ori
tize
ha
zard
s Groups develop Hazard Matrix:
•Identify hazards:
•For each hazard identify:
•Most vulnerable districts
•Most vulnerable sectors
•Other problems
•Issues which may worsen impacts
•Prioritize hazards
Gro
up
dis
cuss
ion How are people
currently adapting to climate impacts?
Improvements needed for future?
Ple
na
ry Summary of outcomes
Participants included: Relevant city government agencies, provincial government agencies, local universities and NGOs, private sector, Chambers of Commerce and professional associations
Presenters included:•Ministry of Environment (National government)
•Climate change expert (CCROM)
•City Environmental Board/ Development Planning Board
•Local city planner
•Local NGO activist
local platforms for shared learning among stakeholders fromdifferent groups within cities (government, university, NGOs, private sector, other civil society groups) and external resource people (national and international).
Key to success:
Good facilitation
Shared Learning Dialog in Semarang
• Vulnerability Mapping
• Climate Analysis (current
and future climate
variability)
• Impact of extreme climate
events and initial assessment
of climate vulnerability
• Governance and
institutional analysis
• Stakeholder Analysis
• Assessment Program
• Most vulnerable
neighbourhoods
• Participatory mapping
• Adaptive capacity
identification
Climate Wide
Analysis Governance Community Based
Vulnerability
Assessment
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Pilot Project
1. Adaptation to Drought and Landslide in Sukorejo Sub
District � landslide and drought
2. Community Based Micro Finance Program for Sanitation
in Kemijen sub Distrct� flood and tidal flood
3. Coastal Community adaptation in Tugurejo sub District --)
Coastal erosion
4. Adaptation to landslide and windstorm in Tandang sub
District � landslide and windstorm
Sector StudiesEvaluation of Drainage Master Plan To Respond Climate Change in Semarang
• sector studies are in-depth studies of city-level climate resilience issues identified through prior SLDs and Vulnerability Assessments. They are intended to improve understanding of urban systems interactions (cf. Urban Systems) in order to better inform Resilience Planning decisions (cf. Resilience Strategies).
Covered area by drainse system
ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP OF CLIMATE
RESILIENCE PLANNING ACTIVITIES
• A City Team consisting of city government agencies, local NGOs and local academia and established by a Mayoral decree
• Champions from the Development Planning Board and Environmental Agency providing leadership
• A City Resilience Strategy (CRS) Working Group (a sub-unit of the City Team)responsible for developing the CRS
Pre
pa
rati
on
Pre
pa
rati
on Bridging
perception gapbetween the CityWorking Groupand City Team on CRS
Coordination with the Mid-term City Development Plan (RPJM)
Bridging perception gapbetween the CityWorking Groupand City Team on CRS
Coordination with the Mid-term City Development Plan (RPJM)
Bra
inst
orm
ing
Bra
inst
orm
ing Development of
climate and city development scenarios
Formulation of adaptation strategies and actions
Development of climate and city development scenarios
Formulation of adaptation strategies and actions
Pri
ori
tiza
tio
nP
rio
riti
zati
on Workshop with
the target group and experts
Prioritization
Workshop with the target group and experts
Prioritization
Fin
aliz
ati
on
Fin
aliz
ati
on Writing the
document
Preparation of the draft proposal
Writing the document
Preparation of the draft proposal
CITY RESILIENCE STRATEGY (CRS)
A roadmap to prepare the city for dealing with the worse scenario which may arise from climate change.
SECTOR STUDIES
Vulnerable
Assessment
Climate Scenario
Risk Analysis
Low capacity,
High vulnerability
Vulnerable
Sub-Districts
Drought Flood Inundation Abrasion
Review of City
Drainage System
Master Plan
Valuation of
Flood Impact
Impact of community
Livelihoods in Coastal
Tugurejo
Land Slide
in Tandang
Drought in
Sukorejo
Sanitation
Micro-finance
in Kemijen
Urban
Scenario
Abrasion
in Tugurejo
Coping CC impact
CC impact Studies
City Master Plan
Coastal Master Plan
Drainage Master Plan
Land slide
Disasters exacerbated by climate change
PILOT PROJECT
Long & Middle Term
Development Plan
CITY PLAN DOCUMENT
CIT
Y R
ES
ILIE
NC
E S
TR
AT
EG
Y
KEY ELEMENTS OF CRS
RELATIONSHIP OF CRS WITH OTHER PLANNING
DOCUMENTS
City Resilience
Strategy
Mid Term Plan
2010 - 2015
Spatial Planning 2011 - 2030
Long Term Development Plan
2005-2025
Mitigation Scenarios
Vulnerability Assessment (ACCCRN)
Sector Studies (ACCCRN)
Shared Learning Dialogues (ACCCRN)
1. Climate impact &
vulenerability
2. Proposed resilience
action
3. Priority activities
4. Funding strategy
A. Context:
• Access to clean water is limited and
worsens during flood
• Large part of population not served by
Government water supply (PDAM)
• Situation will get worse with increasing
population and climate change
• Additional benefits of reducing run-off and
flood
CRS – FIRST INTERVENTION:
RAINWATER HARVESTING
B. Progress:
• Data collection and gap analysis complete
• Pilot areas identified
• Rainwater harvest system options being
assessed
• Detailed design underway
• Key issues:
• identification and assessment of
benefits such as health
• need for purification for water
treatment to be determined
• design to meet community needs
• monitoring and evaluation
CRS – FIRST INTERVENTION:
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Challanges
• Limited resources
• Climate change issues are
new � develop
understanding among city
stakeholders
• Tendency of considering
physical infrastructure actions
as priorities
• Mechanism of funding for
climate change adaptation
from the national level is still
unclear
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Opportunities
• Integrating CRS with existing
planning documents and
process
• Introducing SLD into the
existing participatory planning
mechanism
• Attracting international
investments
• Gathering knowledge from demonstration
projects
• Identification, assessment and
communication of benefits
• Building additional capacity in cities and
communities
• Ongoing sources of funding including
opportunities for revenue generation and
private sector involvement
• Strengthen networks to learn from other
cities
OPPORTUNITIES REPLICATION
THANK YOU
Contact Details:
Anna L. Brown
The Rockefeller Foundation
Asia Regional Office
21st Floor, UBC 2 Building
591 Sukhumvit 33, Wattana
Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Tel: +66(0)2.262.0091-5 x22
Email: [email protected]