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220 km3 in 2005 SURFACE TEMPERATURE, DEC. 1992

Climate- Global influences

Macroclimate- Regional factors

Mesoclimate- Local features

Microclimate- Site arrangement

Building - Building orientation

form and materials

Continental

Northern European Coastal

Southern and Mediterranian

Mid EuropeanCoastal

Temperate Climate Zone

NORTHERN EUROPEAN COASTAL

MID EUROPEAN COASTAL

CONTINENTAL

SOUTHERN AND MEDITERRANEAN

Cold winters with low solar radiation and short days, mild summers

Cool winters with low solar radiation, mild summers

Cold winters with high radiation and longer days, hot summers

Mild winters with high radiation and long days, hot summers

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Tropical Climatic Zones

WARM HUMID CLIMATE

HOT DRY DESERT CLIMATE

COMPOSITE CLIMATE

Very little variation throughout the year, high humidity, high diffuse radiatioand very narrow diurnal temperature ranges

Two seasons, hot and somewhat cooler.

And very hot with a large diurnal range up to 22C, D irect and strong radiatio

Two seasons, hot and dry.

Warm and humid. Large variations both in radiation and diurnal range

Climate variables

Solar radiation

Air temperature

Humidity

Precipitation

Wind

Direct and Diffuse

diurnal range, maximum and minimums

Relative humidity, changes during day and night

Effect on thermal design

much influenced by seasons and mesoclimate

0 6 12 18 24

Max. Temp.

Min. Temp.

Diurnal Temp.

-10C

0

10C

20C

Macroclimate- Regional factors

Mesoclimate- Local features

Microclimate- Site arrangement

Building - Building orientation

form and materials

N

S

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NG

i

i

AG

AN

Zenith

Ground

N

S

N

S

N

S

N

S

Earths angle of Tilt

T il t = 23 .4

Ecliptic plane

NN

s ide v iew

p l an v i ew

Plan and section of Earths orbit

NN

Winter Solstice Summer Solstice

Zenith

Zenith

Equator

Equa

tor

inoon

inoon

Polar Winds

Westerlies

Westerlies

Polar Winds

North East

Trade Winds

South East

Trade Winds

N

S

High

Front

High

Front

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http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/dry.html

Milich, L., 1997. Why are deserts dry? http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/dry.html.

Climate- Global influences

Mesoclimate- Local features

Microclimate- Site arrangement

Building - Building orientation

form and materialsCopyright NASA

http://zfacts.com/p/190.html

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Winds in Europe Annual frequency of wind direction

JULY Daily global radiation in kWh/m2 Mean monthly means 1966-75 SOUTH ANNUAL Daily global radiation in kWh/m2

Distribution of Wind resources

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Climate- Global influences

Macroclimate- Regional factors

Microclimate- Site arrangement

Building - Building orientation

form and materials

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Descending Air

Warm

Moist Air

Warm air rises up the hill on a sunny day

Warm moist air may form clouds

Slope radiating to cold sky cools air that flows downhill

Early afternoon

Late evening

Sea

Sea

Land

Land

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Climate- Global influences

Macroclimate- Regional factors

Mesoclimate- Local features

Building - Building orientation

form and materials

Pool of Cool air

Cold air flow

Cold air flow

Climate variables

Solar radiation

Air temperature

Humidity

Precipitation

Wind

Direct and Diffuse

diurnal range, maximum and minimums

Relative humidity, changes during day and night

Effect on thermal design

much influenced by seasons and mesoclimate MOMBASA

PHOENIX

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Month

Hours of

Sunshine

Radiationper dayMJ/m2day

Temperature

in deg. C

% Relative

HumidityRainfall in mm

100

0

10

0

40

0

40

0 0

500

Phoenix , Arizona

Hot dry desert climate

Month

Hours of

Sunshine

Radiationper dayMJ/m2day

Temperature

in deg. C

% Relative

HumidityRainfall in mm

100

0

10

0

40

0

40

0 0

5006am

3pm

NEW DELHI

Monsoon Climate

Month

Hours ofSunshine

Radiation

per day

MJ/m2day

Temperature

in deg. C

% Relative

HumidityRainfall in mm

100

0

10

0

40

0

40

0 0

500

Mombasa Kenya

Warm humid climate

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Use of local materials

Design improved over generations

Use to learn principles of climate moderation in unfamiliar climate

First use of precedent studies

Courtyard provides shade from sunand dusty winds

Pool provides evaporative cooling

Thick construction delays

transmission of heat

At night flat roof radiates to cold sky

Small windows reduce solar insolation,

But provide sufficient light to work

Hot desert climate

Floor

on a platform

Through ventilation

Sleeping

platform Lampplatform Entrance

Vent

Native architecture

Boiler

radiator

Electric light

Mechanical ventilation

Pump

Thermostat

Light switch