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1.0 INTRODUCTION 32.0 DESIGN PROCESS 4 – 103.0 MATERIALS 11 – 124.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 135.0 ANALYSIS 14 – 166.0 SUMMARY 177.0 REFERENCES 188.0 APPENDIX 19 – 23

Mr. Mohamed Rizal

Chan Jia Xin 0319565Chia Cheng Wei 0322091Lee Xiang Loon 0322090Lee Hui Qin 0322991Ng Ee Shiung 0314228Ong Seng Peng 0319016

• Skeletal construction: Temporary bus shelter• Experiencing and understanding skeletal construction is important

as it is one of the most widely used structures for building support. As a designer we should know how skeletal structure works.

• The objectives of this project are as follows: 1. To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its

relevant structural components. 2. To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under

loading. 3. To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal

construction works. 4. To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an

oblique design problem.

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Initial Design

• At the start inspiration from tropical bus stops in South East Asia which mainly utilize wood as their main material of construction.

• Our design must resist natural disasters such as thunderstorms, strong winds, flooding, and earthquakes.

• Another consideration is that it must be easily assembled.

Failed Design

• Several ways were done on making the structure stand but failed before finding a solution. Some of the reasons for failure includes:

1. Using bolts and nuts on small planks of wood breaks the wood when drilling because the wood cannot without the stress.

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Rain Wind

Inspired from parachutes

The shapes of semicircle and

rectangle

Columns slanted to 25° angle

Hub connectors attach to concrete pad footing

Rain still reachableto seats

Roof is extended to get a better shelter

Sandwiched bracings

Column distance is extended to enhance stability

Bracing for roof is proposed to cope with wind force

Too conventional, experiment with new ideas

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• Initially, the design idea for the shape of the bus shelter was to have single columns as the main support for the roof to create an aesthetically pleasing design.

• In order to provide stability for the main columns, a bracing was added. The horizontal V-brace gives balance to the other columns that branched out from the main columns.

• The other two columns were separated from the main columns and grounded to improve the compression and tension forces of the bus shelter by directing the forces towards the ground.

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• New concept

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Flat surface of roof allows rainwater to fall off with ease

Angled allows weight to be directed towards the specific columns to improve weight distribution

Large surface area to provide more shade and shelter from

rain

Middle section directs forces from both sides to be transferred to the columns

Flat roof reduces wind drag and increases capacity for a bus shelter

• The roof of the bus shelter was flattened and angled to provide a bigger opening and is easier to build, which is the purpose of a temporary bus shelter.

• The roof was further developed to provide a flat horizontal segment behind the pitched roof. The purpose was to increase the boundary of the bus shelter for users. Another advantage is that the flat orientation reduces the wind drag during strong winds.

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Bracing + DesignIncorporates arch pattern with bracing to further improve force distribution and robust structure

• To further stabilize the structure, an arch design was used for the center that connects the main columns and roof. The arch transfers the forces down to the columns from the center.

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Design and Function of Columns

1. The longer column

– Supports the pitched roof

– Assists in weight distribution

2. The use of three columns

– Supports both the pitched roof and flat roof, and the middle that joins them together

– Even weight distribution for the weight of both roofs3. Pitched roof

– Allows rainwater to flow through

– Aids in convection of air flow to release hot air easily4. Flat roof

– Reduces air pressure, streamlines the air flow

– Lengthens the back-end of the bus shelter for additional space

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Horizontal V-Bracing

• 1 joint connects the short column while 2 joints connect the longer column to balance out the weight distribution of the structure.

• This is due to more weight from the pitched roof.

Foundation

• Utilizing strip foundation because the main load bearing structure is from the multiple columns that cover the boundary of the structure.

• Concrete is used as the main material for foundation stability because of its:

– Weight

– Rigidity

– Relatively cheap cost

– Resistance against compression weight

– Flexible installation• Flooring is timber because it is easy to assemble, resistance towards

vibration caused by earthquakes and aesthetically pleasing.

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Arch-shaped Pattern Structure

• As an aesthetically pleasing replacement from the traditional roof trusses for pitched roofs

• To allow even distribution of tension in the frames• To sustain various stresses: triangulation of cantilevered beams• This position creates arches and crosses which serves as braces for the

plans: lateral longitudinal and roofing, no cross bucks or bracing panels required because nothing to restrain it

Polycarbonate Roofing

• Lightweight • Cheap alternative to glass• Recyclable• Waterproof• Easy to assemble• High impact resistance• Heat resistance equal to glass (up to 147 °C)• Diffuses light to reduce heat

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Plywood

• Leftover timber materials retrieved from a local factory• Environmentally friendly and recyclable material • Dry construction, faster completion period• Resistant to shock and vibration

Plastic

• Recycled from a waste deposal of a local factory• Flexible material with versatile uses• Imperviousness to water.• Good alternative to glass as a transparent material

Concrete

• Has relatively high compression strength, good for using as base for foundation.

• As a type of mineral, the compounds of which it is composed are extremely stable.

• Concrete structures are built with an expected lifetime of approximately 100 years

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Bolts and Nuts

• Easy method of connecting members on the site • Portable and easy to transport• Relatively high strength for its size• Small size allows for precision joint works at tight areas of the structure• M5 x 30mm size

Nails

• Used as a fastener for construction• Easy to use and comes in many sizes• Cost efficient for the strength it provides

Bird’s Mouth Joint

• A right-angled notch cut on the underside of a roof rafter to fit over beams

• Simple, fast and efficient

Steel Corner Brackets

• Provide added stability in corners of columns and beams• Strengthens a certain angle of the structure

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• Preparing the concrete strip foundation for the main columns.

• Attaching the columns with timber flooring. Joining the columns on both sides together with the horizontal V-bracing with bolts and nuts.

• Assembling the arch structure independently from the main structure with blocks and nails.

• Assembling a bench on the timber flooring with steel brackets and screws.

• Layering the roof of the arch structure with polycarbonate panels. Joining the roof to their joists with nails.

Load Test

• The load test was conducted by testing the lateral forces. This was done by moving the structure sideways and putting objects of different weights on top of the roof for a period of 20 minutes to test the structure’s endurance.

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Compression and Tension Forces

• In the diagrams, the blue and orange arrows indicate compression and tension forces respectively.

• On the roof, compressive force is acted inwards while the tension force spreads outwards along the arch-like structure and thus, creating an equilibrium force.

• This arch-like structure forms a dense web to allow even distribution of the tensions in the frame.

• The two frontal columns are angled more to channel the compressive force from the pitched roof to the ground and also prevents the structure from being collapsed.

• The horizontal V-bracings are used to create tension forces towards the back columns to allow balanced compressive forces acting to the ground.

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Compressive force

Tension force

Load Distribution

• From the load test, objects of different weights were placed on top of the structure to prove the bracings of the arch-shaped structure will

• The bracing exerts a force on the roof to prevent it from collapsing.• The rafters and columns are aligned regularly and the twirling bracings are shifted progressively to sustain the various stresses.

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Compressive force

Tension force

Upon the completion of this Building Construction 2 Project 1, we are satisfied with the results of our progress as our design for the bus shelter has been a success. The things we learned are the building techniques and thought process when picking the right materials to create a proper structure.

In this module, we found that proper systematic rules to constructing a structure ensures a proper stable result as we created a bus shelter that withstood stringent load, weathering and different stability tests. The task of using recyclable materials forced us to rethink of logistics and construction towards the environment. The condition of being a temporary shelter pushed us to rethink the complexity and construction times of the structure. Overall, it was an eye opening experience and a glimpse of building construction in the real world.

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• American Institute of Steel Construction. (2015). Structure of the Everyday: Structural Steel Connections. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from Purdue University: https://engineering.purdue.edu/~jliu/courses/CE470/PPT_PDF/AISC_ConnectionsJL.pdf

• Asphalte, M. (2015, May 26). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Polycarbonate Roofing. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from Morgan AsphalteCo. Ltd: http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/

• Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building Construction Illustrated. New York: Wiley.• Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2010). Building Construction Handbook (8th ed.). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.• Lipford, D. (2016). Advantages of Plastic Roofing for Your Home | Today's Homeowner. Retrieved May 1, 2016, from Today's Homeowner with

Danny Lipford: http://www.todayshomeowner.com/video/advantages-of-plastic-roofing-for-your-home/• Merritt, F., & Ricketts, J. (2000). Building Design and Construction Handbook. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.• Neufert, E., Neufert, P., & Kister, J. (2012). Architects' Data. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

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Roof PlanScale 1:20

A

A

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PlanScale 1:20

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Front ElevationScale 1:20

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Back ElevationScale 1:20

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Section A-AScale 1:20

Left ElevationScale 1:20

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