1. 1. [ARC 2513] BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 PROJECT 2: UNDERSTANDING FORCES IN SOLID STRUCTURE &SURFACE STRUCTURE CHUNG WEI JIN 0313789 LEE CHAER SHEAN 0313675 LIM YEE QUN 0319121 LOW YONG GING 0313679 ONG HUEY FEN 0314263 PEH KER NENG 0314619 TUTOR: PN NORITA
2. 2. TABLE OF CONTENT: Introduction Architects Biography Design Concept Orthographic Drawings Construction Method Structural System: i. Skeletal Structure ii. surface Structure Load Distribution Model Making References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 15
3. 3. ALLIANZ ARENA, GERMANY Allianz Arena is built purely as a football stadium in Munich, Germany to replace the citys old Olympic stadium and set as the new home for the football club Bayern Munich. It was designed by the famous Swiss architecture film, Herzog & de Meuron and has been nicknamed as Schaluchboot, which means inflatable boat due to the iconic shape of the stadium. The construction started in 2003 and ended in 2005. It is widely known for the first stadium in the world with a full colour-changing facade. This impressive stadium contains 75, 024 seats that are distributed along the three tiers. 1
4. 4. Principles: Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron Based in Basel, Switzerland Founded in 1978 Style: Combines the artistry of European tradition with the fresh approach of a new centurys technical capabilities in extraordinarily inventive architectural solutions to their clients needs. Award: Pritzker Aechitecture Prize 2001 HERZOG & DE MEURON ARCHITEKTEN 2
5. 5. Allianz Arena in Munich sets a new architectural milestone in stadium design. The architecture of Allianz Arena was modified from the Olympic Stadium in Munich, which is one of the most well known post-war architecture in Germany. The white oval building symbolizes an abstract sculpture in the landscape. The most striking part of the arena is the unique diamond-shape pattern facade that resembles blown glass at far which is actually covered by plastic cushions that can be seen through. The facade is made of ethylene tetrafluoroehylene (ETFE) foil, which can be illiminated in the colours of whichever home team is playing. It is the first football stadium in the world coming out with this exciting and effective idea that made the stadium became identifiable. The enclosure design was evolved from a basket-like arrangement of woven ribbon elements. All these elements reflect in similar fashion to the Bavarian flag. DESIGN CONCEPT 3
6. 6. MASTIC ASPHALT CONCRETE FILIGREE BEAM FLOOR REINFORCED-CONCRETE FLOOR BEAM REINFORCED-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMN PRECAST SPUN CONCRETE COLUMN LIGHTING UNIT FACADE BRACKET ETFE SHEETING POST-AND-RAIL FACADE WITH DOUBLE GLAZING FIBRE-CEMENT SHEETING WITH SMOOTH RENDER FINISH SECONDARY CONSTRUCTION The covering area of the building is split up in the roof consisting of two-layered white and transparent foil cushions as well as the facade with foil cushions whose outside is printed. This printed foil cushions are needed as the stadium will be illuminated by the individual club colours during soccer matches. This can be achieve by installing spotlights at the inner side of the facades. The stadium offers rain-protected seats for approximately 67, 000 spectators. For this purpose, Europes biggest underground car park is built with approximately 11, 000 parking spaces. Light transmission into the arena is of 95% which is helped by the transparent building covering made of air- supported, two-layered ETFE foil suchions. There are 2816 individual rhomboid cushions which are connected to a permanent sealing of the sealing joints of these cushions. The sub structure consists of concrete in which 96 radial, 50 m cantilevering steel framework trusses stiffened by ring purlins and trusses are planned beneath the roofing. On this structure, the steel transoms are fixed to whcih the rhomboid cushions will be water tight connected. CONSTRUCTION METHOD 5
7. 7. STEEL LATTICE STRUCTURE The roof of the arena consists of 50 m cantilevering steel framework trusses that are made in lattice manner which was supported by the pillars. Structural frames, which are made up of latticed units that have standardized rods as web members, are used for large span bays. The loads will be transmitted from the roof to the cross beams that are located beneath the framework. It will then transfer to the base. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: SKELETAL STRUCTURE ADVANTAGES: Great strength, high quality, lightweight,uniformity, durable, high ductility and elasticity. DISADVANTAGES: High maintenance cost, irresistant to corrosion, thermal transmission 6
8. 8. Air inflated structure is a type of structure that is permanently inflated by air pressure. The structure covers facilities that are not used for human occupancy such as water storage facilities and sewage treatment plants. The inflation of air has to be amended to withstand the main loads, which are the internal air pressure, wind force, and the load of snow build-up. High quality structures will increase the endurable forces, weight and wind force. To push the structure up from the ground, the air pressure on the envelope must be equivalent to the air pressure exerted on the inside ground. Therefore, the structure must be anchored to the ground securely by using a high weight ground anchor. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: SURFACE STRUCTURE AIR INFLATED STRUCTURE SNOW LOAD TENSION FORCE WIND LOAD INTERNAL PRESSURE TENSION FORCE 7
9. 9. The membrane structure is made of Ethylene Tetrafluoro Ethylene (ETFE) foil, which is a fluorine based plastic. ETFE are highly tear resistance and lightweight with high translucency. Due to its ability on preventing deterioration from moisture and ultraviolet radiation, it has a long life span. ETFE has been used as a replacement for glazing because of its high light transmission properties. ADVANTAGES: Light weight, the possibility of covering large spans without internal supports, completely prefabricated, rapid assembly, portability, transparency to light and radio waves, and low cost. DISADVANTAGES: Regular maintenance of excess pressure in the Senvelope, the relatively short service life, and poor fire resistance and acoustic insulation. MATERIAL USED 8
10. 10. The pneumatic structure of the ETFE cushions uses the principle of pressure difference to support its thin membrane. The internal pressure is always higher than the atmospheric pressure which stresses the membrane to the point where it cannot be indented by asymmetrical loading. The external wind load or snow load then transmits from the ETFE cushions to the steel rectangular hollow sections. The load are then transmitted to the steel lattice structure which then conducts the load to the reinforced concrete composite column. The load from the column is then distributed to the beams and then dispersed to the columns on every level of the arena which is then eventually transferred to the foundation underground. SECTION LOAD DISTRIBUTION DYNAMIC LOAD STATIC LOAD 9
11. 11. Ethylene Tetrafluoro Ethylene (ETFE) foil cushions were used as the faade for Allianz Arena. It was divided up into lozenge shape and was made up of polycarbonate. The ETFE were light in weight due to the thin membrane which is 0.2mm. Furthermore, ETFE have high insulating properties and are visually attractive. The thin membrane was supported by pressure differences. The pre-stressing of the foil caused by the internal pressure of 300 Pa in cushions serves primarily to stabilize the cushions against wind. It was designed in a way to prevent excessive wind forces acting on the foil, reducing deformation. Other than that, it was designed to cut down water load acts on the cushions. Also, the ETFE were joined together with the expansion joint which was known as the second construction innovation. It was due solely to the innovation that areas for the steel substructure for the cushion envelope and in the Allianz Arena could be made continuously. Without that, the opening and closing of the expansion joint could possibly destroy the thin foil cushions due to the variation of temperature in long term. Moreover, that innovation consists of spring steel plate at each expansion joint in the obtuse corners of the diamond. To prevent the thin foil from damaging, it translates the change in the width of the joint into a change in the span of the cushions. In conclusion, the thickness of foils results in the unloaded weight of the covering and substructure are directed together with external loads from wind or snow pressure to the foundation, the cross-sections and unloaded weights of the entire load-bearing construction are reduced. LOAD DISTRIBUTION AIR INFLATED STRUCTURE SNOW LOAD TENSION FORCE WIND LOAD INTERNAL PRESSURE TENSION FORCE TENSION FORCE 10
12. 12. Allianz Arena has a filigreed roof supporting structure that cantilevers freely 65 m above the seats, producing protection for 66,000 spectators. The roof construction consists of 9,000 tons of steel. It is a combination of both primary and secondary construction. For the primary construction, the shoulder area and the 65m long and 10m high lattice trusses of box section design were used in the lattice construction. The filigreed secondary construction surrounds the stadium core with a network of Bavarian diamonds that serves as the supporting structure for the ETFE. The roof lattice trusses were supported by the floor slabs and columns of the body. The entire load from the roof was transferred to the foundation of the building. The wind or snow load that acts on EFTE were transferred to the expansion joint and it was transmitted vertically to the roof trusses. Then, all the loads on the roof trusses were then vertically transferred to all the columns that can be found in the body of the building. Lastly, all the loads were then transferred to the foundation. LOAD DISTRIBUTION ROOF TRUSS STRUCTURE DYNAMIC LOAD SECTION 11
13. 13. MODEL MAKING PROCESS The floor slabs of the arena is built first by using modelling cards and attaching them to each other to form the levels of the arena. The details of the structure which are the columns and beams are added. The staircases are added to their respective positions. The structure of the rood is set up using ABS circular tube. The tubes are initially attached to each other using UHU glue but it was a failed attempt. After a few experiments, our attempt to attach the tubes together with Super Glue succeeded. 12
14. 14. MODEL MAKING PROCESS The final completed lattice roof structure. White PVC foam boards are cut into strips and the strips are carved into the form and shapes of chairs. The carved staircase are stuck to the platform prepared. Final completed seating platform is prepared. Supporting walls behind the lower seatings are attached to the base of the floor. Seatings on the upper levels are attached to their positions. 13
15. 15. The making of the detailed model requires multiple testing with different materials. The initial material used is bronze tubes but the attempt failed as it cannot be welded. After a few experiments, aluminum sheets were used as the material to make the detailed model. The aluminum sheets were attached using hot glue gun. The final completed detailed model made of modelling board and aluminum sheets. MODEL MAKING PROCESS 14
16. 16. REFERENCES 1. Metz, T. (n.d.). Herzog & de Meurons cushiony chameleon glows with rival teams colors. Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/shawg/articles/arena/stadia.pdf 2. I, L. (2012, June 22). Allianz Arena - Bayern Munich Football Stadium - e-architect. Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://www.e-architect.co.uk/munich/allianz-arena-munich 3. Angelo, S. (n.d.). World Stadiums - Stadium Design :: Allianz Arena in Mnchen. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/architecture/stadium_design/munchen_allianz.shtml 4. Football Mutant Bubble. (2005, July 19). Retrieved June 22, 2015, from http://www.domusweb.it/en/architec- ture/2005/07/19/football-mutant-bubble.html 5. Nuts and bolts. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2015, from https://www.allianz-arena.de/en/fakten/detaillierte-zahlen/ 6. Argawal, A. (n.d.). Pneumatic structure technology. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from http://www.academ- ia.edu/2393736/pneumatic_structure_technology 7. Wood, D. (2012, September 1). Marlins' Retractable Roof Braces Itself for Storms. Retrieved June 14, 2015, from http://southeast.construction.com/southeast_construction_projects/2012/0109-miami-marlins-ballpark8217s.asp 15
17. 17. SECTION ORTHOGRAPHIC 4 PLAN