Building Democracy in Georgia - United...

Building Democracy in GeorgiaElectoral Processes in GeorgiaDiscussion Paper 4May 2003

Building Democracy in GeorgiaElectoral Processes in GeorgiaDiscussion Paper 4May 2003

David UsupashviliGhia Nodia

©International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) 2003.All rights reserved

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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6FOREWORD 7ELECTORAL PROCESSES IN GEORGIA 8

1. Georgia’s Electoral Experience: General Trends 82. Election Legislation 103. Major Challenges and Violations 114. Prospects and Recommendations 14

ABOUT THE AUTHORS 16ANNEX: LIST OF THE SERIES OF 12 DISCUSSION PAPERS 17

ELECTORAL PROCESSES IN GEORGIA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

International IDEA would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the valuable cooperation andcontribution of the Georgian authorities; national, regional and international partner organizations;and International IDEA’s member states and associate members, as well as all the individuals andinstitutions that have provided advice, assistance, cooperation and support during the whole democ-racy assessment and dialogue process of International IDEA’s programme in Georgia and the SouthCaucasus since September 2001.

In this regard we would like to give special thanks to: the Swiss Agency for Development andCooperation for their close cooperation and financial contribution; International IDEA’s memberstates’ and associate members’ embassies and consulates in Tbilisi: the Swiss Agency for Developmentand Cooperation in the South Caucasus, in particular Markus Duerst; H. E. Harry Molenaar, Ambas-sador of the Netherlands in Georgia and Armenia; Dr Ulrike Liebert, Advisor and member of theBoard of IDEA; the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Georgia; and the lateGunter Beuchel of the European Union Delegation in Tbilisi (assassinated in Tbilisi in December2001).

We would like to give special thanks to the Georgian experts and practitioners: Prof. Ghia Nodia,expert, lead writer of the publication and co-author of the Agenda for Debate; Jaba Devdariani, expertand co-author of the Agenda for Debate; Anna Akhvlediani; Levan Berdzenishvili; Dr Tamara Berekashvili;Dr David Darchiashvili; Ghia Getsadze; Tinatin Khidasheli; Lela Khomeriki; Dr David Losaberidze; Prof.David Melua; Dr Marina Muskhelishvili; Dr Levan Ramishvili; Arnold Stepanian; Prof. Nana Sumbadze;Prof. Gigi Tevzadze; Dr Alexander G. Tvalchrelidze; David Usupashvili; and David Zurabishvili. TheArmenian and Azeri experts who participated in this process were Rahman Badalov; Mais Gulaliyev;Ruslan Sadirkhanov; Agasi Tadevosyan; David Toumanyan; and Mkrtich Zardaryan. We wish also tothank all the participants at the regional and national meetings from civil society and the government sector,and especially the Georgian NGOs: the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development(CIPDD), Tbilisi; the United Nations Association of Georgia (UNAG); the Georgian Young Lawyers’Association (GYLA); the Liberty Institute, Tbilisi; and the Multi-Ethnic Resource Center on Civic Educa-tion in Georgia, Tbilisi.

Finally, thanks go to all the translators, editors, rapporteurs and consultants in the South Caucasus andEurope, especially Eve Johansson for the English editing of the Agenda for Debate and the wholepublication of the democracy assessment in Georgia; the printers, Printinfo in Yerevan, who assistedIDEA in the consultation and publication processes; and, finally, the IDEA’s South Caucasus ProgrammeTeam and the thematic, information and administrative teams at Headquarters in Stockholm.



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FOREWORD

The present 12 Discussion Papers and Agenda for Debate on “Building Democracy in Georgia”reflect the substance of the first stage of dialogue process in Georgia, in which International IDEAhas provided the national actors with a platform for thinking, reflection, analysis and debate to helpthem assess their country’s political, social and cultural development over the past fifteen years and upto the present. The views and conclusions reflected in this publication are those of the authors andparticipants in the process which IDEA has facilitated.

Since it was established in 1995 by states from different parts of the world, International IDEA (theInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) has been working towards promoting andadvancing sustainable democracy worldwide. International IDEA is dedicated to supporting all aspects ofthe democratic process—before, after and between elections. Democracy is a long-term process ofbuilding trust from within, that needs to be nurtured and strengthened, rather than a ‘quick-fix’ solution thatcan be imposed from outside.

As a contribution to promoting sustainable democracy in Georgia and in the wider context in the SouthCaucasus region, International IDEA, in partnership with Georgian and regional actors, initiated a programmeof ‘democratic assessment through dialogue’ in Georgia, in autumn 2001. The overall objective ofthe programme is to advance democracy by facilitating political dialogue and articulating a demo-cratic reform agenda. It has also laid the foundations for a broader South Caucasus regional programmesince May 2002. The emphasis of the programme is on dialogue which at this stage has resulted in thisseries of 12 Discussion Papers (in Georgian and English) and Agenda for Debate (being published inGeorgian, English and Russian). They will serve local and national actors together with International IDEA’ssupport to widen the discussion and debate on the issues and recommendations.

During next months, from July 2003 to April 2004, International IDEA, together with its national andregional partners, will further expand the circle of debate and discussion on the issues and recommenda-tions expressed in the present Discussion Papers and Agenda for Debate on “Building Democracy inGeorgia” to a wider and more diverse group of the general public in Georgia and in the region. Thedebates and advocacy programe will focus mainly on the Election and Particiaption issues. The final outcomeof this process will be an improved and comprehensive document including democracy assessment andpolicy agenda for Georgia (2005) which is crucial for articulating solutions to the challenges to sustainabledemocracy. It will also help other providers of democracy assistance to develop programmes that areresponsive to real needs.

International IDEA will attempt to support efforts through an in-country and regional programme thatbuilds on the fundamental democratic values of dialogue and consensus building, underscored by theInstitute’s overall approach to democracy promotion and support. While Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijanall have their own unique circumstances, all three are also grappling with common issues that are inheritedfrom an authoritarian past or arise from their shared geo-strategic location. The democracy assessmentbeing initiated and facilitated by International IDEA aims to contribute both to a deeper understanding ofdemocratization at the country and regional levels in the South Caucasus, including the threats to democ-racy and these countries’ aspirations, and to act as a stimulus for a refocusing of efforts on building nationalagendas for sustainable democracy within a regional framework.

We hope to support the local partners who are engaged in the consultative and reform process, re-search and activism under this programme in reflecting upon the challenges to democracy and devisingcommon agendas for advocating change. To this end we would welcome comments and proposals onInternational IDEA’s programme in the South Caucasus. We would also welcome any suggestions onfurther cooperation.

Armineh ArakelianRepresentative in the South Caucasus and Head of Programme

International IDEAMay 2003


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David Usupashvili, Ghia Nodia

The institution of elections is often considered to be the principal indicator of democracy. The mostbasic manifestation of a lack of democracy in a country is a failure to hold elections for a lengthyperiod of time. The citizens of Georgia have gone to the polls in nationwide elections nine times since1990.1 However, the quality of the electoral process has shown a general tendency to decline over theyears. As a result, mistrust in the fairness of the electoral processes is routinely expressed by all politicalplayers—more recently including even the government—as well as the general public. Nor have theelections held so far encouraged the formation of political parties on a firm ideological and socialbasis. In the past two years there has been an alarming trend for episodes of violence accompanyingthe electoral contest to increase.

This may, however, be a sign of more open political competition that followed the break-up ofthe Citizens Union of Georgia (CUG)—the presidential party—in 2001 and the creation of moreactive opposition parties. The forthcoming parliamentary (November 2003) and presidential (April2005) elections are expected to be landmarks in Georgia’s political development, as President EduardShevardnadze’s final term is coming to an end. Georgia has not experienced a change of powerthrough elections since 1990, and the way in which Shevardnadze exits from the political scene willprobably be an important test for the nascent Georgian democracy. If the forthcoming electionsachieve credibility in the eyes of the public and lead to the creation of a genuinely legitimate govern-ment, this will be an important step towards the consolidation of democracy in Georgia. Fears arealso being expressed, however, that they will be marked by chaos and violence, and that this may leadto a reduction in democratic freedoms under the pretext of avoiding chaos.

1. GEORGIA’S ELECTORAL EXPERIENCE: GENERAL TRENDS

Since 1990, Georgia has held four parliamentary elections (in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1999), four presiden-tial elections (in 1991, 1992,2 1995 and 2000), and three local elections (in 1991, 1998 and 2002). Thegovernment bodies formed as a result of the 1990 and 1991 elections were violently overthrown in the1991–1992 coup against President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, but, since the new constitution was adopted in1995, all presidential and parliamentary elections have been held in full accordance with the constitutionand conducted in a fairly orderly manner. Local elections have been less fortunate: the authorities afterGamsakhurdia took quite a long time to introduce local government legislation, local government wasleft without elected bodies between 1992 and 1998, and even the latest local elections, initially scheduledfor the autumn of 2001, were postponed to June 2002.

More Important Means Less Competitive

The first breakthrough elections of autumn 1990 were considered the Georgian version of the ‘velvetrevolution’—the trend of the time throughout the then communist world. The incumbent Commu-nist Party lost power after seven decades of rule, having received only 29.6 per cent of the votes. Inall subsequent parliamentary and presidential elections, the incumbent powers remained in office.However, there is a marked difference between parliamentary and presidential elections. The formerhave been much more widely contested and have not produced overwhelming victories for the rulingparty. In 1992, the most successful bloc—the Mshvidoba (Peace) bloc, which supported EduardShevardnadze—received only 20.8 per cent of votes cast, although Shevardnadze’s supporters even-tually created a loose majority in Parliament. In 1995, the CUG, chaired by Shevardnadze, won only23.7 per cent of votes, but gained a clear majority of seats since over 60 per cent of votes went toparties that failed to cross the electoral threshold—the minimum 5 per cent of votes required at thattime for a party to be represented in the Parliament. In the 1999 elections the CUG received 41.8 per


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cent of the vote and gained an even stronger majority in Parliament. (It has to be noted, however, thatin 1995 a number of other parties apart from the CUG took a pro-Shevardnadze position, while by1999 the CUG remained the only party associated with the President. The total share of the vote forpro-presidential parties thus did not change greatly from 1995 to 1999.)

The level of political competition is much lower in presidential elections. In 1991, the incumbent,Gamsakhurdia, won 87 per cent of the vote. The character of those elections, when the oppositionclearly had no opportunity to compete fairly, contributed a good deal to the image of a dictator thatGamsakhurdia had gained among the internal opposition as well as the international community—and which legitimized his violent removal from power later the same year. The autumn 1992 electionfor the position of Chairman of Parliament/Head of State was even less democratic: Shevardnadzeran uncontested and won 96 per cent of the vote. Almost no one cried ‘Dictator!’, except the sup-porters of the deposed Gamsakhurdia. It was generally accepted that, in the chaotic post-coupsituation Shevardnadze had a special role to play, and the political parties which feared a new autocracyunder Shevardnadze actually contributed to a strange last-minute compromise: they vehemently opposedShevardnadze leading any electoral bloc in the parliamentary elections (such a bloc would at the time beguaranteed overwhelming success), and accepted separate elections for the position of Chairman ofParliament as a compromise. In 1995 and 2000, Shevardnadze won 74.3 and 79.8 per cent, respectively, ofthe votes, the closest contender (in both cases Jumber Patiashvili) getting 19 and 16.7 per cent.

The presidential elections of 2000 were possibly the worst in Georgia’s electoral history. Bothdomestic and international observers confirmed that voter turnout was visibly very low, while stuff-ing of ballot boxes was carried out on a large scale (Organization for Security and Co-operation inEurope 2000). Some data from the 1995 elections suggest that fraud was greater in the presidentialelection than in the parliamentary election (International Society for Fair Elections).

In both the Gamsakhurdia and the Shevardnadze periods, local elections were the most genuinelycompetitive, and the opposition did much better. In both 1998 and 2002, elections led to localcouncils being dominated by coalitions of opposition parties. The government suffered an especiallycrushing defeat in 2002, when its party, the CUG, won less than 2 per cent of the vote nationwide.This can be explained by the universal trend for voters to use local elections often to express theirprotest against the incumbent government. Another explanation is that, since elected local councilshave very limited powers in any case, the government did not try hard enough to ensure victory forthe party in power and allowed more open competition.

We can therefore detect a clear trend: the higher the political stakes, that is, the more powerful theoffice being contested, the higher the level of violations of electoral procedure and law. While Par-liament is quite a powerful body according to the Georgian Constitution, the balance of power is stillskewed in favour of the President’s office, and, importantly, the tradition of personalization ofpower makes that office even more powerful.

Electoral ParticipationVoter turnout figures do not show dramatic differences for different elections. For instance, in thefour parliamentary elections, voter turnout was fairly steady at 69.9 per cent in 1990, 74.8 per cent in1992, 68.2 per cent in 1995 and 67.9 per cent in 1999. However, there are often doubts as to thereliability of the figures because of ballot-stuffing in many areas. For instance, in the 1999 parliamen-tary elections turnout was visibly quite high and long queues stood in front of the polling stations. Inthe April 2000 presidential elections the same polling stations were obviously much emptier—al-though the official turnout figure was 75.9 per cent, even higher than in 1999.

The poor credibility of the electoral processes gives rise to some apathy among some electors, butit would be an exaggeration to say that people do not believe in the electoral process in principle. The2002 local elections can be used as an example: because of extremely poor organization, many peoplecould not find their names on the electoral registers, but they spent hours fighting to exercise theirright and did vote in the end.


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2. ELECTION LEGISLATION

The worst problem of the election legislation in Georgia may be that it is rather unstable. It hasbecome an unfortunate tradition for significant changes to be introduced into it before each election.Members of the electoral administration complain that such last-minute changes disrupt the orderlyconduct of elections. Until 2001, presidential, parliamentary and local elections were regulated byseparate laws. In August 2001, Parliament enacted a new, comprehensive Electoral Code. However,as the final version of this paper was being edited, the Georgian politicians were speaking of the needto overhaul the electoral legislation once more.

In general, Georgia’s election legislation includes all the standard democratic provisions. There are norestrictions on the rights to run for office or to vote, save for certain restrictions for internally displacedpersons (for more on this see Discussion Paper 6 in this series, Human Rights in Georgia, Part II by TinatinKhidasheli) and a ban on the registration of regional parties (see Discussion Paper 7, Developing a Demo-cratic Commmunity in Georgia, Part I by Ghia Nodia). The most politically controversial issues related toelections are (a) the relative merits of proportional representation (PR) and a majoritarian system, (b) thecomposition of the election administration and (c) party funding.

First, before the breakthrough elections in 1990, pro-democracy activists assumed that the majoritarianprinciple played into the hands of the incumbent powers, which could rely on local crony networks,while PR favoured the new pro-democracy political elites consolidated in recently created politicalparties. As a result of a compromise between the government and the opposition, 150 seats in thoseelections were allotted to nationwide party lists, while 85 candidates were elected from single-man-date districts. This became a stable tradition and was fixed in the 1995 constitution. However, the issuemay crop up again in relation either to the possible reduction in the number of members of Parlia-ment (MPs) or to a switch to a bicameral parliament: Article 4 of the constitution stipulates that allmembers of the lower chamber, the Council of the Republic, will be elected by PR, while membersof the Senate, who represent territories, will presumably be elected from single-mandate districts.Many pro-democracy activists still assume that even today a majoritarian system, unlike PR, favoursthe incumbent power. On the other hand, the PR system is unpopular with most voters (for moredetail see Discussion Paper 7 in this series, Developing a Democratic Commmunity in Georgia, Part I by GhiaNodia).

The issue of voting systems is also related to the issue of ‘one voter, one vote’. Electoral districts inGeorgia differ greatly in size, so that majoritarian deputies may represent fewer than 10,000 or over100,000 people. Today this imbalance is compensated for by the predominance of MPs elected fromparty lists, but it may become more acute if the balance changes in favour of candidates elected underthe majoritarian system.

The increase in the threshold for party lists (4 per cent in 1990, 5 per cent in 1995, 7 per cent in1999) was supposed to prevent fragmentation of the political landscape and favour larger parties andblocs.

Local elections were also the subject of a fight between supporters of the PR and majoritariansystems. A 1997 compromise that lay behind the legislation of that year on the local government lawappeased the political parties by allowing all levels of local elections, except for the villages, to followa strictly PR system. In 2002 the system changed, so that only elections for Tbilisi City Council wereconducted according to the PR system (with a 4 per cent threshold), while in the rest of the countrythe first-past-the-post system was used. This may explain in part the startling differences in electionresults: the Laborist party and the National Movement gained a resounding victory in Tbilisi butscored poorly outside the capital, so that the New Right and the Industrialists came in as winnersnationwide.

The 1992 elections were the only exception, when electoral legislation was designed to favourweaker parties. This was after the 1991–1992 coup, when the new authorities wanted the Parliamentto be as inclusive as possible, so that as few political groups as possible were left to destabilizing ‘streetpolitics’.


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Second, the question how to create an unbiased electoral administration has been and continues tobe the hottest topic of the electoral legislation. Here again, the tradition was established before the1990 elections, when the composition of the Central Electoral Commission (CEC) was based onrepresentation from the political parties. At the time control of elections by the communist bureau-cracy was the only plausible option, but later on the shortcomings of the new system became moreobvious. Electoral commissions on all three levels—central, district and individual polling station—turned into an arena where back-room deals were made between the political players. Before the1999 elections, there was an attempt to introduce a greater element of non-partisan professionaladministration into the electoral commissions, although some party representatives were also in-cluded. In practice, though, this meant greater domination of supporters of the incumbent powers,while commission members continued to defend their partisan interests in an even more blatant way.

The 2001 Election Code proposed a radically new principle. An exclusive right to nominate 15candidates for membership of the CEC was given to non-governmental organizations (NGOs)specialized in election monitoring, human rights and democracy support chosen on the basis ofcertain criteria, while Parliament was to select seven CEC members from this pool by a two-thirdsmajority. However, many political groups were sceptical about the principle, and expressed suspi-cions that NGOs would still favour certain political groups. The new commission was never created,and the new principle is considered doomed, especially after the CUG faction in Parliament broke upand lost its majority. Shortly before the 2002 local elections, Parliament adopted at the first reading anamendment to the Code that provided for a return to the ‘pure’ party representation system: allparties that had won more than 4 per cent in the last parliamentary and local elections were qualifiedto participate in electoral commissions. The issue is still open.

Third, party and candidate funding is an important issue of election legislation. From the 1990 tothe 1995 elections, legislation provided for the funding of pre-election campaigns from the statebudget. In reality, however, the money granted was clearly insufficient and often not paid at allbecause of lack of public funds. Later legislation provided for private donations to fund ‘electoralsubjects’ (parties and candidates). There were limits to the overall amount of money they could spendduring election campaigns, but the ceilings were unrealistically low and pushed the parties and candi-dates to hide their incomes. The 2001 Election Code removed the ceilings. All information aboutdonations to electoral funds, which can only be set up during election campaigns, is open to thepublic. Anonymous donations to election funds, as well as donations from foreign and internationalsources, are banned. However, outside election campaigns, parties may receive anonymous donations(up to US$15,000 in total annually) as well as donations from foreign sources for certain specificneeds (publications, educational materials, equipment and so on). (For more on party funding issuessee Discussion Paper 7 in this series, Developing a Democratic Community in Georgia, Part I by Ghia Nodia).

The new electoral code further liberalized the procedures for election monitoring. Any organiza-tion whose mandate includes human rights protection or election monitoring, and was founded notlater than two years before the election, can be involved in monitoring elections upon registration withthe respective electoral commission.

A good deal of discussion over the Electoral Code centres on technicalities that are supposed toprevent fraud on election day. Here the latest innovations include the introduction of transparentballot boxes or ascribing different functions for electoral commissions in polling stations by lot. Amechanism to prevent multiple voting by small, mobile groups of voters—so-called carousel voting,which is one of the typical violations of electoral procedure—is a hotly debated issue.

3. MAJOR CHALLENGES AND VIOLATIONS

The quality of the electoral processes in Georgia enjoys little credibility with the Georgian public andis increasingly criticized by all political actors, different civic groups or individuals, and internationalactors. What are the most important challenges and violations?


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1. Insufficient financing and late allocation of funding for electoral commissions. Given the poor state of thepublic finances in general, it is not surprising that remuneration for members of electoral commis-sions is very low. However, it has become a sad tradition that actually issuing funds for the electoralcommissions becomes an issue before every election. As a result (and because of the frequent last-minute changes to electoral administration discussed above), the carrying out of most of the technicalfunctions related to elections is extremely hectic.

2. Poor performance by the election administration. This is the most widespread complaint. There areseveral aspects to it. First, members of the electoral commissions, especially on the polling station anddistrict levels, are usually incompetent, their knowledge of the electoral legislation is inadequate, andthey are easily susceptible to political pressures, especially from the incumbent powers (although notexclusively from that quarter). As a result, electoral commissions are often involved in direct fraud.The CEC is especially discredited; its members on some occasions have openly disregarded the lawwhile promoting their own parties’ agendas (or, as some commentators claim, being involved incorrupt deals).

The latest example of an especially blatant—one could say cynical—disregard of the law was theNovember 2002 by-elections to Parliament in the city of Rustavi. Activists of the International Soci-ety for Fair Elections and Democracy, a domestic monitoring body, and other observers demon-strated clearly that turnout in the election was in the vicinity of 10 per cent. The law requires a turnoutof at least one-third of the registered voters for an election to be valid. However, the polling stationand district electoral commissions disregarded this and falsified records so that turnout was higher,and a candidate who happened to be close friend of the city’s Mayor was declared the winner, whilethe CEC approved the results. The Supreme Court of Georgia recognized the validity of the com-plaints and obliged the CEC to review the results, but the latter confirmed the result.

3. The poor quality of the electoral registers. The quality of the electoral registers has deteriorated, espe-cially over recent years. In many elections, and especially in the last local elections in 2002, largenumbers of people could not find their names on the electoral register and had to fight for the rightto vote, and were included in what were called ‘additional lists’. This created an atmosphere of chaosand favourable conditions for electoral fraud, as mobile groups of supporters or parties or candi-dates could move between polling stations and include themselves on the lists (often with the assis-tance of corrupt members of electoral commissions).

4. The unlawful involvement of the local administration and police, especially in the regions outside Tbilisi. The term‘administrative resources’ has become a euphemism for additional electoral support that the localadministration secures for the desired party or candidate. This includes first of all pressure on elec-toral commissions, the majority of whose members are usually local civil servants. However, theremay be other methods, such as pressuring all employees of the state-funded bodies to vote forspecific candidates, creating obstacles for opposition candidates to campaign, an excessive policepresence at the polling stations which intimidates voters, and so on.

5. The trend towards election-related violence. While elections have led to brawls many times in the past,during the past two years the trend towards organized election-related violence has increased. Forinstance, after by-elections to Parliament in November 2001 in the district of Vake in Tbilisi (con-veniently won by Mikheil Saakashvili, who had recently moved over to the opposition), severalgroups of people tried to seize the ballot boxes shortly before polling stations were due to close. Insome cases they succeeded in destroying the ballot papers; in others the boxes were saved. Theviolence reached its peak before and during the June 2002 elections. In three districts, the electionswere postponed for two weeks or even almost two months because the violence was such that theycould not be held. In Rustavi, in particular, a minibus carrying blank ballot papers was robbed bygunmen on election morning. In January 2003, the headquarters of the New Rights party were raided.In no case were the perpetrators of violent acts punished, although in some cases they did not even tryto hide their involvement.

There is widespread anxiety among the political players, as well as the broader public, that thistrend towards electoral violence will continue to develop, as the stakes in the coming parliamentary


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and presidential elections will be considerably higher than in the local ones. In early 2003, politicalparties routinely accused each other of forming illegal armed groups in preparation for elections,while the media put out similar information. None of these allegations were verified, but the very factof such discussion contributed to public anxiety.

6. The fairness of media coverage. Most of Georgian media are independent (see also DiscussionPaper 7 in this series, Developing a Democratic Commmunity in Georgia, Part III by Marina Muskhelishvili).Independent media outlets are usually not timid about revealing their political preferences, althoughopen support for a specific party or candidate is relatively rare. More often, the independent mediadisplay a generally dismissive and sarcastic attitude to the political class, although they tend to beconsiderably tougher on the powers that be. Still, the major independent television companies, such asRustavi 2 or Channel 9, do attempt to be fair and, in the run-up to an election, invite all the majorcandidates to their discussion programmes (although what voters see in these discussions voters ismore personal attacks than substantive debate on policy issues). However, this is mainly accessibleonly to voters in Tbilisi. First TV continues to be the only channel that broadcasts nationwide, and ithas the greatest influence outside the capital.

Here, all political programming is clearly biased in favour of the government. Before 2001, legis-lation obliged the media to allot equal time to all registered parties and candidates but, since there wasan extremely large number of them, this requirement was rather unrealistic. The state-controlledChannel 1 allotted equal 15 or 20 minute time slots to all parties or candidates, but, especially inparliamentary elections, the number of ‘electoral subjects’ was very high—53 in the 1999 elections—so that what genuinely important actors had to say was lost in a mass of boring speeches that had nodecisive impact on the vote. It was the news programming that had a real impact, and this was clearlybiased in favour of the incumbents.

7. The legitimacy of the electoral process. In order to have a democratic political process, there is a needfor consensus on the terms of participation and the validity of the rules. The 1991–1992 coup and theensuing civic conflict undermined the legitimacy of the electoral process itself for a large section ofthe Georgian population who remained loyal to the deposed President Gamsakhurdia and Parlia-ment. Opponents called these people ‘Zviadists’, but they defined themselves as ‘supporters of thelegitimate government’, and referred to Shevardnadze’s government as a junta. They have thereforecalled for elections to be boycotted in Georgia since 1992. The point of the 1992 elections was not somuch the contest between the participants as isolating the boycotters. However, while the Zviadistscommanded the loyalty of a considerable part of the population (some 15 per cent, according tomost estimates), their political ‘clout’ was undermined by their failure to create a common leadership.Since 1993, the Zviadist factor has gradually receded in Georgian politics, and more and more Zviadistgroups have gradually joined one or other opposition party, thus recognizing the legitimacy of theexisting electoral process, although there are still some die-hard boycott groups, most notably one ledby the late President’s widow.

The legitimacy of Georgian elections is also not accepted on the territories of the self-proclaimedstates of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by their separatist governments. However, the constitutionprovides for elections on the whole territory of the country, including the breakaway regions. Thiscreates problems for precise compliance with the constitutional provision that requires 85 MPs to beelected from single-mandate constituencies—including those in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In orderto circumvent this problem, the mandate for those MPs who were elected from Abkhazia in 1992was extended in 1995 and 1999 for two more terms. The number of MPs from Abkhazia accordingto the 1992 legislation was significantly higher than it is supposed to be under the 1995 constitution. Asa result, the number of MPs in Georgia may at times exceed the 235 allowed by the constitution.

8. Sharp differences in the conduct of elections between regions. The incidence of electoral violation and frauddiffers considerably from one region to another. In central districts of Tbilisi, elections have tended tobe more fair and orderly, although that tradition has also been broken in the past two years becauseof the chaos in the electoral registers and the incidence of violence. In Ajara, on the other hand,‘elections’ are rather reminiscent of a Soviet-era ritual, as is illustrated by the official results: the turnout


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figure is usually close to 98–99 per cent, with 95–98 per cent voting for the Union of DemocraticRevival of Georgia (UDRG), Aslan Abashidze’s party (on Ajara, see also Discussion Paper 10 in thisseries, The Capital and the Regions of Georgia, Case Study on Ajara by David Darchiashvili). No domesticorganizations are allowed to monitor elections and sometimes international observers are deniedmonitoring rights as well. Unofficial observers testify that actual turnout at these elections tends to beextremely low.

The quality of the electoral process in other regions is somewhere between those two extremes—better in some places, worse others. Ethnic minority regions such as Kvemo Kartli (with its Azeripopulation) and Javakheti (mainly Armenian-populated) stand out. Many people there do not under-stand Georgian, have only a very vague understanding of the different forces in Georgian politics,and consider it the safest strategy to follow the calls of the local administration and vote for thegovernment candidates. The low level of political competition also leads to more frequent violations.This is especially true of Kvemo Kartli, where the population often sees elections as a pretext forendorsing the friendship between the presidents of Georgia and Azerbaijan, Eduard Shevardnadzeand Heidar Aliev.

All violations damage popular trust in the electoral process and lead to widespread electoral fraud.Most disturbingly, even in cases when the real outcome of electoral competition is fairly obvious,outvoted parties and candidates rarely concede defeat: they usually prefer to blame everything onfraud.

4. PROSPECTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

What can be done to improve the situation? Georgia today is a different country from what it was inthe 1980s, when it was possible to rally the masses in support of national independence and democ-racy: the mass enthusiasm of those days will be difficult to recover. Today, it is essential to focus onthe more mundane task of developing effective institutions. This, however, means singling out andbuilding upon those hopeful signs that express themselves in the life of the society:

1. Meetings organized by International IDEA in the Georgian regions, within the framework ofthis project, support the view that, despite numerous disappointing elections and increased disenchant-ment on the part of a considerable section of the society, groups of people do exist who share a highlevel of civic responsibility, although many of them are not politically active. If a way can be found toopen up avenues for them, so that they accomplish their healthy ambitions through the developmentof the institutions of self-government and civil society, Georgian society will get the critical mass ofactive citizens who can have a decisive impact on civil processes. That such people exist was demon-strated by many examples during the last local elections of voters standing up for their own politicalchoices, even under pressure and amid attempts to rig the ballot. Publicity for such cases might havea multiplier effect and encourage other people to make greater effort to defend their political rights.

2. The most dynamic sections of the NGOs and the media are taking a more aggressive stance inforcing the political elite to show greater dedication to democratic values, and they have an impact onpublic opinion at large. More coordinated action by such individuals might have a significant impacton the course of elections.

3. The political leaders of Georgia realize that in the post-Shevardnadze era the governmental–political structure may no longer exist as a single pyramid and that no one will have guaranteedsupport from the administration, the police, financial groups or illegal armed formations. Georgianpoliticians are beginning to understand that, with the current rules of the political game, it will bedifficult for anyone to achieve success (especially through elections). There is therefore a need forgreater dialogue between civic actors and the government in order to identify the existing threats inthe electoral process and find ways to overcome them.

4. Although many political actors are highly critical of the judicial system, they are increasinglyresorting to the courts to resolve issues which were formerly decided by back-room deals. This gives


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room for hope that, provided the level of professionalism and the impartiality of the judges im-prove, the number of cases of political disputes being resolved by violent and corrupt methods willbe reduced.

There are a number of specific tasks that should take priority in reforming the electoral system.

1. Determined and consistent decisions should be taken to reform the electoral administrationsystem. For instance, a system may be designed whereby decision-making entities (professional publicservants) and the bodies which consider appeals on their decisions (for example, ‘jury voters’ electedby the parties on the same principles as ordinary juries) are separated in the electoral administration.

2. Problems with the electoral registers will persist if a proper census is not carried out or withoutinvestment in modern technology. The measures planned and available foreign assistance must becoordinated to set up a system which will provide updated electoral registers and serve other func-tions as well.

3. Against the background of measures to fight corruption and increase government transparency,radical changes in the system of financing political parties become possible. In this respect one modelto be considered is one whereby the CEC would open dedicated accounts of election funds for eachparty; transactions from this account would be administered by the officer-in-charge of the party, andthat officer would be subject to prosecution under criminal law if the party accepts illegal contribu-tions, hides income or misuses funds. Information on party expenditures could be publicly accessibleand disseminated pursuant to the General Administrative Code.

It will be difficult to root the tradition of changing the government through fair elections in asociety which has extremely restricted experience of democratic statehood and was suddenly made amember of the European family. The major hope for making the political process healthier is per-haps asking the ‘senior’ members of this family to provide more targeted assistance to the forcesstirring in the country.

Endnotes1 This includes two occasions when elections to Parliament and the head of the executive were held on the same day. Bearingthat in mind, the number of nationwide elections can be increased to 11.2 In 1992, in addition to the Parliament, the citizens elected by direct vote the Chairman of Parliament, who was bound tobecome also the head of state: the arrangement that avoided the legal term ‘president’ but de facto introduced presidentialpowers. See also Discussion Paper 2 in this series, ‘The Constitutional System in Georgia’. This election has therefore beencounted here as a presidential election.

References and Further ReadingInternational Society for Fair Elections. Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Georgia, November 1995.Report from Election Monitoring Program. Tbilisi: Meridian Publishers, 1996Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutionsand Human Rights (ODIHR). Republic of Georgia Presidential Elections 9 April 2000: Final Report. Warsaw,June 2000


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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Ghia Nodia is the Chairman of the Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development(CIPDD), an independent think tank in Tbilisi, Georgia, and Professor of Political Science inChavchavadze State University in Tbilisi. He has held international fellowships, including at the WoodrowWilson Center in Washington, DC, the University of California in Berkeley, USA, and theWissenshaftskolleg zu Berlin, Germany. During the past 15 years he has written mainly on two sets oftopics: regional security, state-building and democratization in the Caucasus; and theories of national-ism and democratic transition in the post-cold-war context.

David Usupashvili is a senior legal and policy adviser at IRIS (Institutional Reform and the InformalSector) Georgia, which is implementing the United States Agency for International Development(USAID) Rule of Law programme in Georgia. He has a law degree from Tbilisi State University(1992) and an MA in International Development Policy from Duke University, USA (1999). He wasExecutive Secretary of the National Anti-Corruption Working Group set up by the President ofGeorgia (2000–2001), and before that chairman of the Young Lawyers’ Association of Georgia(1994–1997), a member of the State Constitutional Commission of Georgia (1993–1995), ChiefLegal Adviser to the President of Georgia (1992–1994), member and Chairman of the Legal De-partment of the Central Election Commission of Georgia (1990–1993), and a Reader in Law atTbilisi State University (1992–1995). He has served as a board member in different NGOs andfoundations, including the Open Society–Georgia Foundation (1995–1997 and 1999–2001). He haspublished numerous articles in local and international newspapers and legal journals on human rights,constitutional law, elections and development of civil society.

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ANNEXE

Building Democracy in GeorgiaSeries of 12 Discussion Papers

Discussion Paper 1

Attempts to Establish Democracy in GeorgiaPart I. Two Attempts to Establish Democracy in Georgia: Summarizing a 15 Year-Long JourneyGhia NodiaPart II. Key Civil and Public Institutions and Values of Modern GeorgiaGigi Tevzadze

Discussion Paper 2

The Constitutional System in GeorgiaGhia Getsadze, Ghia Nodia

Discussion Paper 3

Regionalism and Local Self-Government in GeorgiaDavid Losaberidze

Discussion Paper 4

Electoral Processes in GeorgiaDavid Usupashvili, Ghia Nodia

Discussion Paper 5

Power Structures, Weak State Syndrome and Corruption in GeorgiaPart I. Power StructuresDavid DarchiashviliPart II. The Weak State Syndrome and CorruptionDavid Darchiashvili, Ghia Nodia

Discussion Paper 6

Human Rights in GeorgiaPart I. Civil Rights: How the Georgian State Observes Human RightsTinatin KhidasheliPart II. Civil and Political RightsTinatin KhidasheliPart III. The Status of Minorities and Inter-Ethnic Relations in GeorgiaArnold StepanianPart IV. Freedom of Confession and Religious Minorities in GeorgiaDavid ZurabishviliPart V. Gender Equality in Post-Soviet GeorgiaLela Khomeriki

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Discussion Paper 7

Developing a Democratic Community in GeorgiaPart I. Political Parties in GeorgiaGhia NodiaPart II. Civil Society OrganizationsGigi TevzadzePart III. The Mass MediaMarina MuskhelishviliPart IV. Civic Participation in Public and Political LifeNana Sumbadze

Discussion Paper 8

Democratization in Georgia: Economic Transformation and Social SecurityPart I. Democratization Against the Background of Economic TransformationMarina Muskhelishvili, Anna AkhvledianiPart II. The Social Security System in Georgia and Possible Trends in its DevelopmentAlexander Tvalchrelidze

Discussion Paper 9

Ethnic Conflicts and Breakaway Regions in GeorgiaDavid Darchiashvili, Gigi Tevzadze

Discussion Paper 10

The Capital and the Regions of Georgia

The Capital and the RegionsTamara Berekashvili

Case Studies:1. AjaraDavid Darchiashvili2. ImeretiDavid Losaberidze3. SamegreloDavid Melua4. Samtskhe-JavakhetiGhia Nodia5. KakhetiDavid MeluaAnnexe: Social and Economic Indicators

Discussion Paper 11

The Impact of International Assistance on GeorgiaJaba Devdariani

Discussion Paper 12

Georgia in the South Caucasus Regional ContextDavid Darchiashvili

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ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA ÓÀÒÂÄÁËÏÁÓ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÉÈ ÃÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅ-ÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÛÉ 2001 ßËÉÓ ÓÄØÔÄÌÁÒÉÃÀÍ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÄÂÉ-ÃÉÈ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÖËÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÛÄ×ÀÓÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÉÀËÏÂÉÓ ÌÓÅËÄËÏÁÀÛÉÛÄÔÀÍÉËÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉ ßÅËÉËÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÌÀÃËÏÁÀÓ ÖáÃÉÓÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÓ; ÀÓÄÅÄ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï, ÒÄÂÉÏÍÖË ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÐÀÒÔÍÉÏÒ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÓ, ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ßÄÅÒ ÃÀ ßÄÅÒÏÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔØÅÄÚÍÄÁÓ, ÚÅÄËÀ ÐÉÒÓ ÃÀ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÓ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÌÀÝ ÌÏÂÅÀßÏÃÄÓ ÒÜÄÅÀ, ÃÀáÌÀÒÄÁÀ,ÛÄÌÏÂÅÈÀÅÀÆÄÓ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÀ ÀÌ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ.

ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÖËÉ ÌÀÃËÏÁÀ ÂÅÓÖÒÓ ÂÀÃÀÅÖáÀÃÏÈ: ÛÅÄÃÄÈÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓ ÓÀÀÂÄÍÔÏÓ ÌàÉÃÒÏ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ×ÉÍÀÍÓÖÒÉ ÃÀáÌÀ-ÒÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ, ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ßÄÅÒÉ ÃÀ ßÄÅÒÏÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉ ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÉÓ ÈÁÉ-ËÉÓÛÉ ÂÀÍÈÀÅÓÄÁÖË ÓÀÄËÜÏÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÊÏÍÓÖËÏÄÁÓ, ÛÅÄÃÄÈÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓ ÓÀÀÂÄÍÔÏÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÏÁÀÓ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÀÛÉ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈ-ÒÄÁÉÈ ÌÀÒÊÖÓ ÃÖÄÒÓÔÓ, ÌÉÓ ÀÙÌÀÔÄÁÖËÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÏÌáÄÈÛÉ ÍÉÃÄÒ-ËÀÍÃÄÁÉÓ ÄËÜÓ äÀÒÉ ÌÏËÄÍÀÀÒÓ, ÃÏØÔÏÒ ÖËÒÉÊÄ ËÉÁÄÒÔÓ - IDEA-Ó ÌÒÜÄÅÄËÓÀÃÀ ÀÙÌÀÓÒÖËÄÁÄËÉ ÓÀÁàÏÓ ßÄÅÒÓ, ÂÀÄÒÏÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÀÓ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄ-ËÏÛÉ ÃÀ ÀßÂÀÒÃÀÝÅËÉË (2001 ßËÉÓ ÃÄÊÄÌÁÄÒÓ ÈÁÉËÉÓÛÉ ÌÏÊËÖË) ÂÖÍÔÄÒ ÁÏÉ-áÄËÓ ÄÅÒÏÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÏÁÉÃÀÍ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ.

ÌÀÃËÏÁÀÓ ÅÖáÃÉÈ ØÀÒÈÅÄË ÄØÓÐÄÒÔÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÐÄÝÉÀËÉÓÔÄÁÓ: ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒ ÂÉÀÍÏÃÉÀÓ, ÀÍÂÀÒÉÛÉÓ ßÀÌÚÅÀÍ ÀÅÔÏÒÓÀ ÃÀ ÛÄÌÀãÀÌÄÁÄËÉ ÍÀÒÊÅÄÅÉÓ ÈÀÍÀÀÅÔÏÒÓ; ãÀ-ÁÀ ÃÄÅÃÀÒÉÀÍÓ, ÄØÓÐÄÒÔÓÀ ÃÀ ÛÄÌÀãÀÌÄÁÄËÉ ÍÀÒÊÅÄÅÉÓ ÈÀÍÀÀÅÔÏÒÓ; ÀÍÀ ÀáÅËÄÃÉ-ÀÍÓ; ËÄÅÀÍ ÁÄÒÞÄÍÉÛÅÉËÓ; ÃÏØÔÏÒ ÈÀÌÀÒ ÁÄÒÄÊÀÛÅÉËÓ; ÃÏØÔÏÒ ÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛ-ÅÉËÓ; ÂÉÀ ÂÄßÀÞÄÓ, ÈÉÍÀ áÉÃÀÛÄËÓ; ËÄËÀ áÏÌÄÒÉÊÓ; ÃÏØÔÏÒ ÃÀÅÉÈ ËÏÓÀÁÄÒÉÞÄÓ;ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒ ÃÀÅÉÈ ÌÄËÖÀÓ; ÃÏØÔÏÒ ÌÀÒÉÍÀ ÌÖÓáÄËÉÛÅÉËÓ; ÃÏØÔÏÒ ËÄÅÀÍ ÒÀÌÉÛ-ÅÉËÓ; ÀÒÍÏËÃ ÓÔÄÐÀÍÉÀÍÓ; ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒ ÍÀÍÀ ÓÖÌÁÀÞÄÓ; ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒ ÂÉÂÉ ÈÄÅÆÀÞÄÓ,ÃÏØÔÏÒ ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÈÅÀËàÒÄËÉÞÄÓ; ÃÀÅÉÈ ÖÓÖ×ÀÛÅÉËÓ ÃÀ ÃÀÅÉÈ ÆÖÒÀÁÉÛÅÉËÓ;ÌÀÃËÏÁÀÓ ÅÖáÃÉÈ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄ ÓÏÌÄá ÃÀ ÀÆÄÒÁÀÉãÀÍÄË ÄØÐÄÒÔÄÁÓ: ÒÀä-ÌÀÍ ÁÀÃÀËÏÅÓ, ÌÀÉÓ ÂÖËÀËÉÄÅÓ, ÒÖÓËÀÍ ÓÀÃÉÒáÀÍÏÅÓ, ÀÂÀÓÉ ÈÀÃÄÅÏÓÉÀÍÓ, ÃÀÅÉÈÈÖÌÀÍÉÀÍÓ ÃÀ ÌÊÒÔÉÜ ÆÀÒÃÀÒÉÀÍÓ; ÒÄÂÉÏÍÖË ÃÀ ÄÒÏÅÍÖË ÃÏÍÄÄÁÆÄ ÂÀÌÀÒÈÖ-ËÉ ÛÄáÅÄÃÒÄÁÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÓ ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÃÀ ÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÉ-ÃÀÍ, ØÀÒÈÖË ÀÒÀÓÀÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÓ, ÊÄÒÞÏÃ, ÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÉÓ, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉ-ÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÖÒ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÓ, ÂÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÖËÉ ÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÀÓ,ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÀÓ, ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÓ, ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÂÀ-ÍÀÈËÄÁÉÓ ÌÒÀÅÀËÄÒÏÅÀÍÉ ÒÄÓÖÒÓÄÁÉÓ ÝÄÍÔÒÓ.

ÃÉÃ ÌÀÃËÏÁÀÓ ÌÏÅÀáÓÄÍÄÁÈ ÚÅÄËÀ ÌÈÀÒÂÌÍÄËÓ, ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÓ, ÌÏÌáÓÄÍÄÁÄËÓÀÃÀ ÊÏÍÓÖËÔÀÍÔÓ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÀÓÀ ÃÀ ÄÅÒÏÐÀÛÉ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÉÅ ÉÏäÀÍÓÏÍÓ,ÒÏÌÄËÌÀÝ ÖÆÒÖÍÅÄËÚÏ ÛÄÌÀãÀÌÄÁÄËÉ ÍÀÒÊÅÄÅÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀ-ÔÉÉÓ ÛÄ×ÀÓÄÁÉÓ ÀÍÂÀÒÉÛÉÓ ÉÍÂËÉÓÖÒÉ ÅÀÒÉÀÍÔÉÓ ÒÄÃÀØÔÉÒÄÁÀ; ÓÀÂÀÌÏÌÝÄÌËÏ ×ÉÒ-ÌÄÁÓ, “ÐÒÉÍÔÉÍ×ÏÓ” ÄÒÄÅÀÍÛÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÃÀÄáÌÀÒÀ IDEA-Ó ÊÏÍÓÖËÔÀÝÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀ-ÌÏÝÄÌÉÓ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ; IDEA-Ó ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ãÂÖ×Ó, ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÖË,ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÖË ÃÀ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÖË ãÂÖ×ÄÁÓ ÓÔÏÊäÏËÌÉÓ ÓÀÈÀÅÏ Ï×ÉÓÛÉ.


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ßÉÍÀÌÃÄÁÀÒÄ 12 ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ ÃÀ ÌÀÈÉ ÛÄÌÀãÀÌÄÁÄËÉ ÍÀÒÊÅÄÅÉ “ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉ-ÉÓ ÌÛÄÍÄÁËÏÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ” ÂÈÀÅÀÆÏÁÈ ÃÙÉÓ ßÄÓÒÉÂÓ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÃÉÓÊÖ-ÓÉÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ. ÉÓÉÍÉ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÛÄÃÄÂÉÀ ÃÉÀËÏÂÉÓ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÄÔÀÐÉÓÀ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ÃÒÏ-ÓÀÝ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÀÌ “ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA” áÄËÉ ÛÄÖßÚÏ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀØÔÏÒÄÁÓ,ÒÀÈÀ ÌÀÈ ×ÉØÒÉÓ, ÌÓãÄËÏÁÉÓ, ÀÍÀËÉÆÉÓ, ÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÉÓ ÓÀÂÍÀÃ ÂÀÄáÀÃÀÈ ÃÀ ÛÄÄ×ÀÓÄ-ÁÉÍÀÈ ÌÀÈÉ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ, ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀ ÊÖËÔÖÒÖËÉ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÁÏ-ËÏ ÈáÖÈÌÄÔÉ ßËÉÓ ÌÀÍÞÉËÆÄ ÃÙÄÅÀÍÃÄË ÃÙÄÌÃÄ. ÀÌ ÃÏÊÖÌÄÍÔÛÉ ÀÓÀáÖËÉ ÛÄáÄ-ÃÖËÄÁÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÃÀÓÊÅÍÄÁÉ ÄÊÖÈÅÍÉÓ ÀÅÔÏÒÄÁÓ ÃÀ IDEA-Ó ÌÉÄÒ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÉËÉ ÐÒÏ-ÝÄÓÉÓ ÓáÅÀ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÄÁÓ.

ÌÀÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ, ÒÀÝ 1995 ßÄËÓ ÌÓÏ×ËÉÏÓ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÍÀßÉËÛÉ ÌÚÏ×É ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÉÓãÂÖ×ÌÀ ÃÀÀÀÒÓÀ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA (ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏÃÀáÌÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÉ), ÉÓ ÌÖÛÀÏÁÓ ÌÈÄË ÌÓÏ×ËÉÏÛÉ ÌÃÂÒÀÃÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌáÀÒ-ÃÀàÄÒÉÓÀ ÃÀ ßÉÍÓÅËÉÓÈÅÉÓ. ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ÚÅÄ-ËÀ ÀÓÐÄØÔÛÉ ÓÈÀÅÀÆÏÁÓ ÃÀáÌÀÒÄÁÀÓ - ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÄÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓßÉÍÀ, ÌÉÓÉ ÛÄÌÃÂÏÌÉ ÈÖÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÓÛÏÒÉÓÉ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÉ. ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÀ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÛÉÂÍÉÈ ÍÃÏÁÉÓ ÌÛÄÍÄÁËÏÁÉÓ áÀÍ-ÂÒÞËÉÅÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ ÌÖÃÌÉÅÉ ÌÆÒÖÍÅÄËÏÁÀ ÃÀ áÄËÛÄßÚÏÁÀ ÓàÉÒÃÄÁÀ.ÄÓ ÀÒ ÀÒÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉÓ ÄÒÈãÄÒÀÃÉ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÅÉÍÌÄÓ ÂÀÒÄÃÀÍÌÏÀáÅÉÏ ÈÀÅÓ.

2001 ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÃÂÏÌÀÆÄ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÉÃÄÀÌ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ßÀÌÏÉßÚÏ ÃÉÀ-ËÏÂÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÛÄ×ÀÓÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÀ. ÀÌ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÈ IDEA-Ó ÓÖÒÃÀ,áÄËÉ ÛÄÄßÚÏ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, áÏËÏ Ö×ÒÏ ×ÀÒÈÏ ÀÆÒÉÈ - ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÒÄ-ÂÉÏÍÛÉ ÌÃÂÒÀÃÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÃÀ ÄÓ ÂÀÄÊÄÈÄÁÉÍÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄ-ËÏÓÀ ÃÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÉÓ ÐÀÒÔÍÉÏÒÄÁÈÀÍ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÈ. ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÆÏÂÀÃÉ ÌÉÆÀ-ÍÉÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÉÀËÏÂÉÓ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊ-ÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÒÄ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÖËÄÁÀÈÀ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×ÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ. ÌÀÍ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄ-ËÉ ÜÀÖÚÀÒÀ Ö×ÒÏ ×ÀÒÈÏ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÀÓ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÌÀÓÛÔÀÁÉÈ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝÃÀÉßÚÏ 2002 ßËÉÓ ÌÀÉÓÛÉ. ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÊÏÌÐÏÍÄÍÔÉ ÉÚÏ ÃÉÀËÏÂÉÓ ÐÒÏ-ÝÄÓÉ, ÒÉÓÉ ÛÄÃÄÂÉÝÀÀ 12 ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ (ÉÍÂËÉÓÖÒ ÃÀ ØÀÒÈÖË ÄÍÄÁÆÄ) ÃÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÉÓ ÃÙÉÓ ßÄÓÒÉÂÉ (ÉÍÂËÉÓÖÒ, ØÀÒÈÖË ÃÀ ÒÖÓÖË ÄÍÄÁÆÄ). ÄÓ ÃÏÊÖÌÄÍÔÄÁÉáÄËÓ ÛÄÖßÚÏÁÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÏÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÀØÔÏÒÄÁÉÓ, ÀÓÄÅÄ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏ-ÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ÌÝÃÄËÏÁÀÓ, Ö×ÒÏ ×ÀÒÈÏÃ ÂÀÛÀËÏÍ ÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÀ ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄ-ÌÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÒÄÊÏÌÄÍÃÀÝÉÄÁÉÓ ÉÒÂÅËÉÅ.

ÌÏÌÀÅÀËÉ ÈÅÄÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÀÅËÏÁÀÛÉ, 2003 ßËÉÓ ÉÅËÉÓÉÃÀÍ 2004 ßËÉÓ ÀÐÒÉËÀÌÃÄÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÃÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÖË ÐÀÒÔÍÉÏÒÄÁÈÀÍ ÄÒÈÀÃ ÂÀÀ×ÀÒ-ÈÏÄÁÓ ÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÉÓ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÈÀ ßÒÄÓ ÉÌ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ÒÄÊÏÌÄÍÃÀÝÉÄÁÆÄ, ÒÀÝÂÀÌÏáÀÔÖËÉÀ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ÛÄÌÀãÀÌÄÁÄË ÍÀÒÊÅÄÅÛÉ “ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌÛÄ-ÍÄÁËÏÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ,” ÒÀÈÀ ÌÏÉÝÅÀÓ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÈÄËÉ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÉÓ ÌÏ-ÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓ Ö×ÒÏ ×ÀÒÈÏ ×ÄÍÄÁÉ. ÃÄÁÀÔÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÉÓ ÐÒÏÂ-ÒÀÌÀ ÖÌÄÔÄÓßÉËÀÃ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÆÄ ÂÀÀÌÀáÅÉËÄÁÓ ÚÖ-ÒÀÃÙÄÁÀÓ. ÀÌ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ 2005 ßËÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÛÄÉØÌÍÄÁÀ ÂÀÖÌãÏÁÄÓÄÁÖËÉ ÃÀÖ×ÒÏ ÚÏÅËÉÓÌÏÌÝÅÄËÉ ÃÏÊÖÌÄÍÔÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÛÉÝ ÛÄÅÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉ-ÉÓ ÌÃÂÏÌÀÒÄÏÁÉÓ ÛÄ×ÀÓÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÒÄ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÖËÄ-ÁÄÁÉ, ÒÀÝ ÀÖÝÉËÄÁÄËÉÀ ÌÃÂÒÀÃÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÉÓ ÂÆÀÆÄ ÛÄØÌÍÉËÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄ-ÌÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÓÀÞËÄÅÀÃ. ÂÀÒÃÀ ÀÌÉÓÀ, ÉÂÉ ÃÀÄáÌÀÒÄÁÀ ÃÏÍÏÒÄÁÓ, ÒÄÀËÖÒÀÃ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÓÀàÉÒÏÄÁÄÁÆÄ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÏÍ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÄÁÉ.

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ÅÉÌÄÃÏÅÍÄÁÈ, ÃÀÅÄáÌÀÒÄÁÉÈ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÐÀÒÔÍÉÏÒÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÀÌ ÐÒÏÂ-ÒÀÌÉÓ ×ÀÒÂËÄÁÛÉ ÀßÀÒÌÏÄÁÄÍ ÊÏÍÓÖËÔÀÝÉÄÁÓ, ÌÖÛÀÏÁÄÍ ÒÄ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÂÄÂÌÄÁÆÄ,ÜÀÁÌÖËÍÉ ÀÒÉÀÍ ÊÅËÄÅÀÓÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÖË ÓÀØÌÉÀÍÏÁÀÛÉ, ÒÀÈÀ ÖÊÄÈ ÂÀÉÀÆÒÏÍ ÃÄ-ÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ßÉÍÀÛÄ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÛÄÉÌÖÛÀÏÍ ÄÒÈÉÀÍÉ ÂÄÂÌÀ ÂÀÒÃÀØÌ-ÍÄÁÉÓ ÌáÀÒÃÀÌàÄÒÀÃ. ÜÅÄÍ ÓÉÀÌÏÅÍÄÁÉÈ ÌÉÅÉÙÄÁÈ ÛÄÍÉÛÅÍÄÁÓÀ ÃÀ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÄÁÓÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÉÒÂÅËÉÅ, ÀÓÄÅÄ ÈØÅÄÍÓ ÛÄ-ÌÏÈÀÅÀÆÄÁÄÁÓ ÛÄÌÃÂÏÌÉ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÏÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ.

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ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÓ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÖÌÈÀÅÒÄÓ ÓÀÆÏÌÀÃ ÈÅËÉÀÍ. ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉ-ÓÀÃ, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÃÄ×ÉÝÉÔÉÓ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÍÉÛÀÍÉÀ ÉÓÀÀ, ÒÏÌ ÀÌÀ ÈÖ ÉÌ ØÅÄÚÀÍÀÛÉ ÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÄÁÉ ÃÉÃÉ áÍÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÀÅËÏÁÀÛÉ ÀÒ ÔÀÒÃÄÁÀ. ÀÌ ÌáÒÉÅ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÈÉÈØÏÓ ÚÅÄËÀ-×ÄÒÉ ÒÉÂÆÄÀ: 1990 ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÌÀÓÛÔÀÁÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ 9-ãÄÒ ÜÀÔÀÒÃÀ,1

ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ áÀÒÉÓáÉ ßËÄÁÉÓ ÌÀÍÞÉËÆÄ ÃÀÙÌÀÅÀË ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀÓ ÀÌÑ-ÙÀÅÍÄÁÓ. ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ, ÖÍÃÏÁËÏÁÀÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÏÁÉÓ ÌÉÌÀÒÈ ÒÄ-ÂÖËÀÒÖËÀÃ ÀÝáÀÃÄÁÓ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÚÅÄËÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÀØÔÏÒÉ (ÁÏËÏ áÀÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÀÈÒÉÝáÅÓ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÝ ÛÄÖÄÒÈÃÀ), ÉÓÄ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÄÁÉ. ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁ-ÌÀ ÅÄÒÝ ÌÚÀÒ ÉÃÄÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÃÀ ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄËÆÄ ÌÃÂÀÒÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉ-ÄÁÉÓ ÜÀÌÏÚÀËÉÁÄÁÀÓ ÛÄÖßÚÏ áÄËÉ. ÂÀÒÃÀ ÀÌÉÓÀ, ÁÏËÏ ÏÒÉ ßËÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÀÅËÏÁÀÛÉ ÛÄÉÌ-ÜÍÄÅÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÛÄãÉÁÒÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÉÓ ÆÒÃÉÓ ÛÄÌÀÛ×ÏÈÄÁÄËÉ ÔÄÍ-ÃÄÍÝÉÀ.

ÈÖÌÝÀ, ÄÓ ÖÊÀÍÀÓÊÍÄËÉ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÉÌÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÉÝ ÉÚÏÓ, ÒÏÌ 2001 ßÄËÓ ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÉÐÀÒÔÉÉÓ, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÈÀ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉÓ, ÃÀÛËÀÌ ÃÀ Ö×ÒÏ ÀØÔÉÖÒÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉ-ÊÖÒÉ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÀÌ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÛÄãÉÁÒÉÓ ÓÉÅÒÝÉÓ ÂÀáÓÍÀÓ ÛÄÖßÚÏ áÄËÉ. ÌÏ-ÌÀÅÀËÉ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ (2003 ß. ÍÏÄÌÁÄÒÉ) ÃÀ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ (2005 ß. ÀÐÒÉËÉ) ÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÄÁÉ, ÒÉÈÀÝ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔ ÄÃÖÀÒÃ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÉÓ ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ÖÊÀÍÀÓÊÍÄËÉ ÅÀÃÀ ÃÀÓ-ÒÖËÃÄÁÀ (ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ ÀÒ ÀÞËÄÅÓ ÌÀÓ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÊÅËÀÅ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄ-ÏÁÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÓ), ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÍÉÛÀÍÓÅÄÔÀÃ ÉØÝÄÓ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄ-ÁÀÛÉ. 1990 ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ØÅÄÚÀÍÀÓ ÀÒ äØÏÍÉÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ ÛÄÝ-ÅËÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÝÃÉËÄÁÀ, ÀÌÉÔÏÌ ÉÓ, ÈÖ ÒÏÂÏÒ ßÀÅÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÓÝÄÍÉÃÀÍ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄ,ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉ ÂÀÌÏÝÃÀ ÉØÍÄÁÀ “ÃÀÖÙÅÉÍÄÁÄËÉ” ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓÈÅÉÓ. ÈÖ ÓÀ-ÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÍÃÏÁÀÓ ÌÏÉÐÏÅÄÁÓ ÃÀ àÄÛÌÀÒÉÔÀÃ ËÄÂÉÔÉÌÖÒÉáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÜÀÌÏÚÀËÉÁÄÁÀÓ ÌÏÉÔÀÍÓ, ÄÓ ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÊÏÍ-ÓÏËÉÃÀÝÉÉÓÊÄÍ ÂÀÃÀÃÂÌÖËÉ ÖÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÄÓÉ ÍÀÁÉãÉ. áÛÉÒÀÃ ÂÀÌÏÉÈØÌÉÓ ÉÌÉÓ ÛÉ-ÛÉÝ, ÒÏÌ ÌÏÌÀÅÀËÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÍÉÛÀÍÉ ØÀÏÓÉ ÃÀ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÀ ÉØÍÄÁÀ - ÒÀÓÀÝÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÌÏäÚÅÄÓ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÌÏÍÀÐÏÅÒÉÓ ÛÄÊÅÄÝÀ ÀÒÄÖËÏÁÉÓ ÈÀÅÉÃÀÍ ÀÝÉ-ËÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÁÀÁÉÈ.

1. ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÝÃÉËÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ: ÆÏÂÀÃÉÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÄÁÉ

1990 ßËÉÃÀÍ ÌÏÚÏËÄÁÖËÉ, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÏÈáãÄÒ ÜÀÔÀÒÃÀ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÄÁÉ (1990, 1992, 1995 ÃÀ 1999 ßËÄÁÛÉ), ÏÈáãÄÒ - ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ (1991, 1992,2 1995,2000 ßËÄÁÛÉ) ÃÀ ÓÀÌãÄÒ - ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ (1991, 1998, 2002 ßËÄÁÛÉ). 1990 ÃÀ 1991 ßËÄ-ÁÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ ÀÒÜÄÖËÉ ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÏÄÁÉ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÉÈ ÉØÍÀ ÂÀ-ÃÀÚÄÍÄÁÖËÉ 1991-1992 ßËÄÁÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÂÀÃÀÔÒÉÀËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ, 1995 ßËÉÓ ÊÏÍ-ÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÚÅÄËÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒ ÅÀÃÄÁÛÉ ÃÀ ÛÄÃÀÒÄÁÉÈÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÄÁÖËÀÃ ÜÀÔÀÒÃÀ. ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÍÀÊËÄÁÉÙÁËÉÀÍÉ ÀÙÌÏÜÍÃÀ: ÂÀÌ-ÓÀáÖÒÃÉÀÓ ÃÀÌáÏÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÌÏÓÖËÌÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÌ ÌÄÔÀÃ ÃÉÃÉ ÃÒÏ ÌÏÀÍÃÏÌÀÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÀÓ, ÀÓÄ ÒÏÌ, 1992-1998ßËÄÁÛÉ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÀÒÜÄÖËÉ ÏÒÂÀÍÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÒÄÛÄ ×ÖÍØÝÉ-ÏÁÃÀ. 2001 ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÃÂÏÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÃÀÂÄÂÌÉËÉ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÝ 2002 ßËÉÓÉÅÍÉÓÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÉÔÀÍÄÓ.


26

ÒÀÝ Ö×ÒÏ ÃÉÃÉÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ×ÓÏÍÉ, ÌÉÈ ÍÀÊËÄÁÉÍÔÄÍÓÉÖÒÉÀ ÊÏÍÊÖÒÄÍÝÉÀ

1990 ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÃÂÏÌÀÆÄ ÂÀÌÀÒÈÖËÉ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ “ÂÀÒÃÀÌÔÄáÉ” ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ “áÀÅÄÒÃÏÅÀ-ÍÉ ÒÄÅÏËÖÝÉÉÓ” ØÀÒÈÖË ÅÄÒÓÉÀÃ ÜÀÉÈÅÀËÀ - ÀÌÉÈ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÌ ÉÌÃÒÏÉÍÃÄË ÊÏ-ÌÖÍÉÓÔÖÒ ÓÀÌÚÀÒÏÛÉ ÂÀÌÄ×ÄÁÖË ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀÓ ÀÖÁÀ ÌáÀÒÉ. ÛÅÉÃÉ ÀÈßËÄÖËÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÀÅ-ËÏÁÀÛÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÛÉ ÌÚÏ×ÌÀ ÊÏÌÖÍÉÓÔÖÒÌÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÌ áÌÄÁÉÓ ÌáÏËÏÃ 29.6 ÐÒÏ-ÝÄÍÔÉ ÌÏÉÐÏÅÀ ÃÀ ßÀÀÂÏ. ÚÅÄËÀ ÛÄÌÃÂÏÌ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁ-ÛÉ ÂÀÌÀÒãÅÄÁÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÓ ÃÀÒÜÀ. ÀÌ ÆÏÂÀÃÉ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÉÓ ×ÏÍÆÄ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏÃÀ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÌÀÉÍÝ ÓÀÊÌÀÏÃ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÃÄÁÀ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÉÓÂÀÍ: ÐÀÒËÀ-ÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÉÓÀÓ ÊÏÍÊÖÒÄÍÝÉÀ ÂÀÝÉËÄÁÉÈ ÌÞÀ×ÒÉÀ ÃÀ ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏ ÞÀËÄÁÉÓÂÀÌÀÒãÅÄÁÀ ÂÀÌÀÍÀÃÂÖÒÄÁÄË áÀÓÉÀÈÓ ÀÒ ÀÔÀÒÄÁÓ. 1992 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄßÀÒÌÀÔÄÁÖËÌÀ ÁËÏÊÌÀ “ÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÀÌ”, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÄÃÖÀÒÃ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄÓ ÖàÄÒÃÀ ÌáÀÒÓ,áÌÄÁÉÓ ÌáÏËÏÃ 20.8 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÌÏÂÅÉÀÍÄÁÉÈ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄÄÁ-ÌÀ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÛÉ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀ ÛÄØÌÍÄÓ. 1995 ßÄËÓ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÈÀ ÊÀÅ-ÛÉÒÌÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ ÄÃÖÀÒÃ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄ ÄÃÂÀ ÓÀÈÀÅÄÛÉ, áÌÄÁÉÓ ÌáÏËÏÃ 23.7 ÌÉÉÙÏ,ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÌÀÉÍÝ ÌÏÉÐÏÅÀ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÛÉ áÌÄÁÉÓ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀ, ÒÀÃÂÀÍ áÌÄÁÉÓ 60 ÐÒÏÝÄÍ-ÔÆÄ ÌÄÔÉ “ÂÀÉ×ËÀÍÂÀ” ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÆÄ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÌÀÝ ÅÄÒ ÛÄÞËÄÓ ÉÌ ÃÒÏÓ ÓÀÅÀËÃÄÁÖËÏ 5-ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÉÀÍÉ ÁÀÒÉÄÒÉÓ ÂÀÃÀËÀáÅÀ. 1999 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÓÌÊ-Ó ßÉËÌÀ ÖÊÅÄ áÌÄÁÉÓ41.8 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÉ ÛÄÀÃÂÉÍÀ ÃÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÌ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÛÉ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÃÀÌÀãÄÒÄÁÄËÉ ÖÌ-ÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀ ÛÄØÌÍÀ. ÀØÅÄ ÖÍÃÀ ÀÙÉÍÉÛÍÏÓ, ÒÏÌ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄÓ 1995 ßÄËÓ ÓáÅÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÄ-ÁÉÝ ÖÝáÀÃÄÁÃÍÄÍ ÈÀÍÀÃÂÏÌÀÓ, ÏÈáÉ ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÊÉ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÓÌÊ ÉÚÏ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔ-ÈÀÍ ÀÓÏÝÉÒÄÁÖËÉ. ÀÓÄ ÒÏÌ, ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÌÉÙÄÁÖËÉ áÌÄÁÉÓÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ 1995 ÃÀ 1999 ßËÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÈÉÈØÌÉÓ ÀÒ ÛÄÉÝÅÀËÀ.

ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÛÄãÉÁÒÄÁÉÈÏÁÉÓ ÃÏÍÄ ÂÀÝÉËÄÁÉÈ ÍÀÊËÄÁÉÀ. 1991 ßÄËÓÖÊÅÄ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÛÉ ÌÚÏ×ÌÀ ÂÀÌÓÀáÖÒÃÉÀÌ áÌÄÁÉÓ 87 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ. ÀÌ ÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÄÁÌÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÛÉÝ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÀ ÀÛÊÀÒÀÃ ÖÈÀÍÀÓßÏÒÏ ÐÉÒÏÁÄÁÛÉ ÉÌÚÏ×ÄÁÏÃÀ, ÃÉÃÀÃÛÄÖßÚÏ áÄËÉ ÂÀÌÓÀáÖÒÃÉÀÓÈÅÉÓ ÃÉØÔÀÔÏÒÉÓ ÉÌÉãÉÓ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÃÒÄÁÀÓ ÀÒÀ ÌáÏËÏÃÓÀÛÉÍÀÏ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÉÓ, ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÂÏÁÒÏÁÉÓ ÈÅÀËÛÉÝ. ÌÏÂÅÉÀÍÄÁÉÈ ÄÓÁÒÀËÃÄÁÀ ÌÉÓ ÃÀÓÀÌáÏÁÀÃ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÓ. 1992 ßËÉÓ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÉÓ - ÓÀ-áÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÌÄÈÀÖÒÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÍÀÊËÄÁÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÉÚÏ: ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀ-ÞÄÓ ÊÏÍÊÖÒÄÍÔÉ ÀÒ äÚÏËÉÀ ÃÀ áÌÄÁÉÓ 96% ÌÉÉÙÏ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÌÀÛÉÍ, ÂÀÌÓÀáÖÒÃÉÀÓ ÌÏÌá-ÒÄÈÀ ÂÀÒÃÀ, ÃÉØÔÀÔÏÒÏÁÀ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÈÉÈØÌÉÓ ÀÒÀÅÉÓ ÃÀÖÁÒÀËÄÁÉÀ. ÀÒÓÄ-ÁÏÁÃÀ ÊÏÍÓÄÍÓÖÓÉ, ÒÏÌ ÂÀÃÀÔÒÉÀËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÂÏÌÉ ØÀÏÓÉÓ ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀÛÉ ÄÃÖÀÒÃ ÛÄ-ÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÖË ÒÏËÓ ÈÀÌÀÛÏÁÃÀ, áÏËÏ ÉÌ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÌÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÌÀ, ÒÏ-ÌÄËÈÀÝ ÄÛÉÍÏÃÀÈ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÉÓ áÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÏÁÉÈ ÀáÀËÉ ÀÅÔÏÒÉÔÀÒÉÆÌÉÓ ÜÀÌÏÚÀ-ËÉÁÄÁÉÓÀ, ÈÀÅÀÃ ÛÄÖßÚÅÄÓ áÄËÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍ ÓÀáÄËÃÀáÄËÏ ÊÏÌÐÒÏÌÉÓÖËÉ ÂÀ-ÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÀÓ: ÉÓÉÍÉ ÊÀÔÄÂÏÒÉÖËÉ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂÍÉ ÉÚÅÍÄÍ, ÒÏÌ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄÒÏÌÄËÉÌÄ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÁËÏÊÓ ÜÀÓÃÂÏÌÏÃÀ ÓÀÈÀÅÄÛÉ (ÀÓÄÈ ÁËÏÊÓ ÉÌ ÐÉÒÏÁÄÁÛÉ ÊÏÍ-ÊÖÒÄÍÝÉÀÓ ÅÄÒÀÅÉÍ ÂÀÖßÄÅÃÀ) ÃÀ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÉÓ ÐÉÒÃÀÐÉÒÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄ-ÁÉÓ ÅÀÒÉÀÍÔÓ ÃÀÄÈÀÍáÌÍÄÍ. 1995 ÃÀ 2000 ßËÄÁÛÉ, ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓÀÃ, ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÄÌ áÌÄÁÉÓ74.3 ÃÀ 79.3 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ, áÏËÏ ÌÉÓÉ ÖÀáËÏÄÓÉ ÊÏÍÊÖÒÄÍÔÉ - ÏÒÉÅÄ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀ-ÛÉ ãÖÌÁÄÒ ÐÀÔÉÀÛÅÉËÉ - 19 ÃÀ 16.7 ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÓ ÃÀÓãÄÒÃÀ. 2000 ßËÉÓ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ, ÛÄÓÀÞËÏÀ, ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÖÀÒÄÓÉ ÉÚÏ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀÛÉ: ÒÏ-ÂÏÒÝ ÓÀÛÉÍÀÏ, ÉÓÄ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÒÅÄÁËÄÁÌÀ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÄÓ, ÒÏÌ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀÀØÔÉÖÒÏÁÉÓ ÃÏÍÄ ÈÅÀËÓÀÜÉÍÏÃ ÃÀÁÀËÉ ÉÚÏ, ÁÉÖËÄÔÄÍÄÁÉÓ ÖÊÀÍÏÍÏ ÜÀÚÒÀÌ ÊÉ ÌÀ-ÓÏÁÒÉÅÉ áÀÓÉÀÈÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ. 1995 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈÉ ÌÏÍÀÝÄÌÉ ÀÜÅÄÍÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌÀÌ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÀÈÀ ÃÉÃÉ ÍÀßÉËÉ Ö×ÒÏ ÌÄÔÀÃ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉ-ÓÀÈÅÉÓ áÌÉÓ ÌÉÝÄÌÀÓ ÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÃÄÁÏÃÀ, ÅÉÃÒÄ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ ßÄÅÒÏÁÉÓÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ.

ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÂÀÌÓÀáÖÒÃÉÀÓ, ÉÓÄ ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÉÓ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÄÁÛÉ ÊÏÍÊÖÒÄÍÝÉÀ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÞËÉ-ÄÒÉ ÉÚÏ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÆÄ ÃÀ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÀÌ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÌÄÔÓ ÓßÏÒÄÃ ÀØ ÌÉÀÙßÉÀ.


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1998 ÃÀ 2002 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÓÀÊÒÄÁÖËÏÄÁÉÓ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏ-ÁÀÓ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÊÏÀËÉÝÉÄÁÉ ÀÊÏÍÔÒÏËÄÁÃÍÄÍ. áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÌ ÂÀÍÓÀ-ÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÌßÀÒÄ ÌÀÒÝáÉ ÉßÅÍÉÀ 2002 ßÄËÓ, ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÌÉÓÌÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÌ - ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓÌÏØÀËÀØÄÈÀ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÌÀ, ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÌÀÓÛÔÀÁÉÈ áÌÄÁÉÓ ÏÒ ÐÒÏÝÄÍÔÆÄ ÍÀÊËÄÁÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ. ÄÓÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÍÀßÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÉÌÉÈÀÝ ÀÉáÓÍÀÓ, ÒÏÌ ÓáÅÀ ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÓÂÀÅÓÀÃ ÀÃ-ÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÆÄ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂ ÐÒÏÔÄÓÔÓ ÂÀÌÏáÀ-ÔÀÅÓ. ÄÓ ×ÀØÔÉ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÓáÅÀÂÅÀÒÀÃÀÝ ÀÅáÓÍÀÈ: ÒÀÊÉ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÓÀÊÒÄÁÖËÏÄÁÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÌÏÓÉËÄÁÀ ÌÄÔÀÃ ÛÄÆÙÖÃÖËÉÀ, áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀ ÍÀÊËÄÁ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀÓ ÀÍÉàÄÁÓÌÀÈÛÉ ÂÀÌÀÒãÅÄÁÀÓ ÃÀ ÄÂÖÄÁÀ Ö×ÒÏ ÌÀÙÀË ÊÏÍÊÖÒÄÍÝÉÀÓ.

ÀÌÒÉÂÀÃ, ÍÀÈËÀÃ ÉÊÅÄÈÄÁÀ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀ: ÒÀÝ Ö×ÒÏ ÌÀÙÀËÉÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ×ÓÏÍÉ,ÒÀÝ ÌÄÔÉ Ö×ËÄÁÀÌÏÓÉËÄÁÀ ÀØÅÓ ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÓ, ÌÉÈ Ö×ÒÏÌÀÙÀËÉÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÁÉÓ ÃÏÍÄ. ÈÖÌÝÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÈ ÐÀÒ-ËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÌÏÓÉËÄÁÀ ÓÀÊÌÀÏÃ ÌÀÙÀËÉÀ, ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏ ÓÀÓßÏÒÉ ÌÀÉÍÝ ÐÒÄ-ÆÉÃÄÍÔÉÓ ÓÀÓÀÒÂÄÁËÏÃ ÉáÒÄÁÀ. ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉÀ ÉÓÉÝ, ÒÏÌ ÞÀËÀÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÐÄÒÓÏÍÀ-ËÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÀ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÀÞËÉÄÒÄÁÓ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÓ.

ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÀ

ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÉÓ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁËÄÁÉ ßËÄÁÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ ÃÉÃÀÃ ÀÒ ÉÝÅËÄÁÀ. ÌÀÂÀ-ËÉÈÀÃ, 1990-1999 ßËÄÁÉÓ ÏÈá ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÀØÔÉÅÏ-ÁÉÓ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁÄËÉ, ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓÀÃ, 69.9%, 74.8%, 68.2%, 67.9%-Ó ÛÄÀÃÂÄÍÃÀ, ÒÀÝ ÓÀÊÌÀ-ÏÃ ÓÔÀÁÉËÖÒ ÓÖÒÀÈÓ ÂÅÀÞËÄÅÓ. ÓáÅÀ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉÀ, ÒÀÌÃÄÍÀÃ ÓÀÍÃÏÀ ÄÓ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁËÄÁÉ,ÒÀÃÂÀÍ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÖÌÄÔÄÓ ÍÀßÉËÛÉ ×ÀÒÈÏÃÀÀ ÂÀÅÒÝÄËÄÁÖËÉ ÁÉÖËÄÔÄÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÀÓÏÁ-ÒÉÅÉ ÜÀÚÒÉÓ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÀ. ÌÀÂÀËÉÈÀÃ, ÈÖ 1999 ßËÉÓ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÀÌÏÌÒ-ÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÀØÔÉÅÏÁÀ ÈÅÀËÓÀÜÉÍÏÃ ÌÀÙÀËÉ ÉÚÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÖÁÍÄÁÛÉ ÒÉÂÄÁÉ ÉÃÂÀ,2000 ßËÉÓ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÉÂÉÅÄ ÖÁÍÄÁÉ ÝÀÒÉÄËÉ ÉÚÏ - ÓÀÌÀÂÉÄÒÏÃ ÌÏÍÀ-ßÉËÄÏÁÉÓ Ï×ÉÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÌÏÍÀÝÄÌÉ – 74.9% 1999-ÉÓÀÆÄ ÌÀÙÀËÉ ÀÙÌÏÜÍÃÀ.

ÌÉÖáÄÃÀÅÀÃ ÉÌÉÓÀ, ÒÏÌ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÉÓ ÀÒÀÓÀÊÌÀÒÉÓÉ ÓÀÍÃÏÏÁÀ ÀÌÏÌÜÄ-ÅÄËÈÀ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÀÐÀÈÉÀÓ ÉßÅÄÅÓ, ÂÀÆÅÉÀÃÄÁÀ ÉØÍÄÁÏÃÀ ÉÌÉÓ ÈØÌÀ, ÒÏÌ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÀÓÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÖËÀÃ ÀÒ ÓãÄÒÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ. 2002 ßËÉÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÌÀÂÀËÉÈÀÃ ÂÀÌÏÅÉÚÄÍÏÈ: ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄ-ÁÉÈ ÃÀÁÀËÉ ÃÏÍÉÓ ×ÏÍÆÄ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÃÉÃÌÀ ÍÀßÉËÌÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÏÃ ÅÄÒ ÉÐÏÅÀ ÓÀÊÖ-ÈÀÒÉ ÈÀÅÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÛÉ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÁÄÅÒÌÀ ÌÀÈÂÀÍÌÀ ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÓÀÀÈÉ ÌÏÀÍÃÏÌÀÈÀÅÉÓÉ Ö×ËÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÁÒÞÏËÀÓ ÃÀ ÌÏÉÐÏÅÀ ÊÉÃÄÝ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÉÓ Ö×ËÄ-ÁÀ.

2. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÃÉÃÉ ÍÀÊËÉ, ÛÄÓÀÞËÏÀ, ÌÉÓÉÀÒÀÓÔÀÁÉËÖÒÏÁÀ ÉÚÏÓ. ÓÀÌßÖáÀÒÏ ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÀÃ ÉØÝÀ ÉÓ, ÒÏÌ ÚÏÅÄËÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÀÃ ÉÝÅËÄÁÀ. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÉÓ ßÄÅÒÄÁÉ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÜÉÅÉÀÍ,ÒÏÌ ÁÏËÏ ßÖÈÓ ÛÄÔÀÍÉËÉ ÀÓÄÈÉ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÉ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÀÒÈÖËÄÁÓ ÏÒÂÀÍÉ-ÆÄÁÖËÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÀÓ. 2001 ßËÀÌÃÄ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ, ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÃÀ ÀÃÂÉ-ËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÓ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÊÀÍÏÍÄÁÉ ÀÒÄÂÖËÉÒÄÁÃÀ. 2001 ßËÉÓ ÀÂÅÉÓÔÏÛÉ ÐÀÒ-ËÀÌÄÍÔÌÀ ÄÒÈÉÀÍÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÃÄØÓÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ. ÈÖÌÝÀ, ÓÀÍÀÌ ÌÀÓÀËÀ ÂÀÌÏÓÀÝÄÌÀÃÌÆÀÃÃÄÁÀ, ØÀÒÈÅÄËÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÏÓÄÁÉ ÊÅËÀÅ ÊÀÌÀÈÏÁÄÍ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ-ÛÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÉ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÀÖÝÉËÄÁËÏÁÀÆÄ.

ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÃ, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÚÅÄËÀ ÓÔÀÍÃÀÒÔÖË ÃÄ-ÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖË ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÓ ÀÊÌÀÚÏ×ÉËÄÁÓ. ÖÆÒÖÍÅÄËÚÏ×ÉËÉÀ ÌÏØÀËÀØÉÓ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÀÌÏÌ-ÒÜÄÅËÉÓ ÀÍ ÀÒÜÄÅÉÈ ÈÀÍÀÌÃÄÁÏÁÀÆÄ ÛÄÓÀÞËÏ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ, ÈÖ ÀÒ ÜÀÅÈÅ-ËÉÈ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÖË ÛÄÆÙÖÃÅÄÁÓ ÉÞÖËÄÁÉÈ ÂÀÃÀÀÃÂÉËÄÁÖËÉ ÐÉÒÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁ-ÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ (Éá. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N6, ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒ-


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ÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, ÍÀßÉËÉ II, ÈÉÍÀÈÉÍ áÉÃÀÛÄËÉ; ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N7, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÓÀ-ÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, ÍÀßÉËÉ I, ÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ) ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒ-ÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÉÓ ÀÊÒÞÀËÅÀÓ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉÈ.

ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÉÀ: (À) ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ (ÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÖËÉ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÏÁÀ ÈÖ ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÖËÉ), (Á) ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÀÃ-ÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÄÃÂÄÍÉÓ ßÄÓÉ ÃÀ (Â) ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÀ.

1990 ßËÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÌßÚÅÄÔÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄÈÀ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀÌÜÀÈÅÀËÀ, ÒÏÌ ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÉÚÏ ÌÏÌÂÄ-ÁÉÀÍÉ: ÄÓ ÖÊÀÍÀÓÊÍÄËÉ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÐÀÔÒÏÍÀÑÖË ãÂÖ×ÄÁÓ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÃÀ. ÐÒÏÐÏÒ-ÝÉÖËÉ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÏÁÀ ÊÉ áÄËÓ ÀÞËÄÅÃÀ ÀáÀË ÐÒÏÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖË ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÄËÉÔÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÀáËÀÃÛÄØÌÍÉË ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÛÉ ÉÚÅÍÄÍ ÊÏÍÓÏËÉÃÉÒÄ-ÁÖËÉ. áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÉÓ ÊÏÌÐÒÏÌÉÓÖËÉ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÉÓ ÈÀÍÀáÌÀÃ,150 ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÉÓ ÀÃÂÉËÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÏ-ÄÒÏÅÍÖË ÐÀÒÔÉÖË ÓÉÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÍÀßÉËÃÄÁÏÃÀ, 85ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÀ ÊÉ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÃÀÔÉÀÍÉ ÏËØÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÌÏáÃÄÁÏÃÀ. ÀÃÂÉËÄÁÉÓ ÀÓÄÈÉ ÂÀ-ÍÀßÉËÄÁÀ ÌÚÀÒ ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÀÃ ÉØÝÀ ÃÀ 1995 ßËÉÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀÛÉÝ ÀÉÓÀáÀ. ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÄÓÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÊÅËÀÅ ÀØÔÖÀËÖÒÉ ÂÀáÃÄÓ ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÈÀ ÒÉÝáÅÉÓ ÛÄÓÀÞËÏ ÛÄÌÝÉ-ÒÄÁÀÓÀ ÈÖ ÏÒÐÀËÀÔÉÀÍ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÆÄ ÂÀÃÀÓÅËÀÓÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈ. ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓÌÄ-4 ÌÖáËÉÓ ÈÀÍÀáÌÀÃ, ØÅÄÃÀ ÐÀËÀÔÉÓ - ÒÄÓÐÖÁËÉÊÉÓ ÓÀÁàÏÓ ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÄÁÓ ÐÒÏÐÏÒ-ÝÉÖËÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÈ ÀÉÒÜÄÅÄÍ, áÏËÏ ÓÄÍÀÔÉÓ ßÄÅÒÄÁÓ - ÔÄÒÉÔÏÒÉÖËÉ ÄÒÈÄÖËÄÁÉÓßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÄÁÓ - ËÏÂÉÊÖÒÀÃ - ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉÈ. ÁÄÅÒÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉÀØÔÉÅÉÓÔÉ ÃÙÄÓÀÝ ÈÅËÉÓ, ÒÏÌ ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ, ÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÖËÉÓÂÀÍ ÂÀÍÓá-ÅÀÅÄÁÉÈ, ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓÀÀ ÌÏÌÂÄÁÉÀÍÉ. ÓÀÌÀÂÉÄÒÏÃ, ÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÖËÉÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀÓ ÀÒ ÌÏÓßÏÍÓ (Éá. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏÌÀÓÀËÀ N7, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, ÍÀßÉËÉ I, ÂÉÀÍÏÃÉÀ).

ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÛÄãÉÁÒÓ ÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÃÄÁÀ “ÄÒÈÉ áÌÀ - ÄÒÈÉ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅ-ËÉÓ” ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀÝ. ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÏËØÄÁÉ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÉÓÈÅÀËÓÀÆÒÉÓÉÈ ÃÉÃÀÃ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÃÄÁÀ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÉÓÀÂÀÍ: ÌÀÈÉ ÒÉÝáÅÉ ÆÏÂÀÍ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀÀÓÉ ÀÈÀÓÓ ÀÙÄÌÀÔÄÁÏÃÄÓ, ÆÏÂÀÍ ÊÉ ÀÈÉ ÀÈÀÓÉÝ ÀÒ ÉÚÏÓ. ÓÀÍÀÌ ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÄÁÉÓ ÖÌÒÀÅ-ËÄÓÏÁÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÖËÉ ÓÉÉÈÀÀ ÀÒÜÄÖËÉ, ÄÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ ÍÀÊËÄÁÀÃ ÌßÅÀÅÄÀ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÈÖ ÞÀËÈÀÈÀÍÀ×ÀÒÃÏÁÀ ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÉ ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÓÀÒÂÄÁËÏÃ ÛÄÉÝÅÀËÀ, ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÉÓ ÀØ-ÔÖÀËÏÁÀÝ ÂÀÉÆÒÃÄÁÀ.

ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÁÀÒÉÄÒÉÓ ÂÀÆÒÃÀ(1990 ßÄËÓ 4%, 1995 ßÄËÓ - 5%, 1999 ßÄËÓ - 7%) ÌÉÌÀÒÈÖËÉÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÓÐÄØÔÒÉÓÆÄÃÌÄÔÉ ×ÒÀÂÌÄÍÔÀÝÉÉÓ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂ ÃÀ Ö×ÒÏ ÃÉÃÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓÀ ÈÖ ÊÏÀËÉÝÉÄÁÉÓßÀÓÀáÀËÉÓÄÁËÀÃ.

ÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÖËÉ ÃÀ ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄÄÁÉ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁ-ÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈÀÝ ÃÀÖÐÉÒÉÓÐÉÒÃÍÄÍ: 1997 ßÄËÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÌÌÀÒ-ÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÈÅÉÈÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÊÀÍÏÍÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÉÓÀÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÌÀ ÐÀÒ-ÔÉÄÁÌÀ ÌÉÀÙßÉÄÓ ÉÌÀÓ, ÒÏÌ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀ ÃÏÍÄÆÄ, ÓÀÓÏ×ËÏ ÓÀÁ-àÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÒÃÀ, áÌÉÓ ÌÉÝÄÌÀ ÌÏÌáÃÀÒÉÚÏ ÌÊÀÝÒÀÃ ÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÖËÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÈ. 2002ßËÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÛÄÉÝÅÀËÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÏÐÏÒÝÉÖËÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÈ (4%-ÉÀÍÉ ÁÀÒÉÄÒÉÓ ÐÉÒÏ-ÁÄÁÛÉ) ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ ÓÀÊÒÄÁÖËÏÛÉ ÜÀÔÀÒÃÀ, ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÓáÅÀ ÍÀßÉËÄÁ-ÛÉ ÊÉ áÌÉÓ ÌÉÝÄÌÀ ÌÀÑÏÒÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉÈ áÃÄÁÏÃÀ. ÛÄÓÀÞËÏÀ, ÍÀßÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÌÉ-ÈÀÝ ÀÉáÓÍÀÓ ÈÅÀËÓÀÜÉÍÏ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÄÁÛÉ: ËÄÉÁÏÒÉÓÔÖËÌÀ ÐÀÒ-ÔÉÀÌ ÃÀ ÍÀÝÉÏÍÀËÖÒÌÀ ÌÏÞÒÀÏÁÀÌ ÃÀÌÀãÄÒÄÁÄËÉ ÂÀÌÀÒãÅÄÁÀ ÉÆÄÉÌÄÓ ÈÁÉËÉÓÛÉ,ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÂÀÝÉËÄÁÉÈ ÓÖÓÔÉ ÛÄÃÄÂÉ ÀÜÅÄÍÄÓ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÛÉ, ÀÓÄ ÒÏÌ, ÓÀÄÒÈÏ-ÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉÌÀÓÛÔÀÁÉÈ ÂÀÉÌÀÒãÅÄÓ ÀáÀËÌÀ ÌÄÌÀÒãÅÄÍÄÄÁÌÀ ÃÀ ÌÒÄßÅÄËÈÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÌ.

1992 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÄÒÈÀÃÄÒÈÉ ÂÀÌÏÍÀÊËÉÓÉ ÉÚÏ ÀÌ ÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÉÃÀÍ, ÒÀÃ-ÂÀÍ ÌÀÛÉÍ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÛÄÂÍÄÁÖËÀÃ ÉÚÏ ÂÀÈÅËÉËÉ ÓÖÓÔ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÆÄ:1991-1992 ßËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÔÒÉÀËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÌÏÓÖË áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÓ ÓÖÒÃÀ, ÀáÀË ÐÀÒ-


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ËÀÌÄÍÔÛÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ãÂÖ×ÄÁÉÓ ÃÉÃÉ ÍÀßÉËÉ ÌÏáÅÄÃÒÉËÉÚÏ, ÒÀÈÀ ÒÀÝ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀÍÀÊËÄÁ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÀØÔÉÅÉÓÔÓ äØÏÍÏÃÀ ÃÄÓÔÀÁÉËÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÌÏÌÔÀÍ “ØÖÜÉÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÀ-ÛÉ” ÜÀÁÌÉÓ ÓÖÒÅÉËÉ.

ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀÓÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖË ÖÌßÅÀÅÄÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÀÃ ÒÜÄÁÀ ÌÉÖÊÄÒ-ÞÏÄÁÄËÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÉÓ ßÄÓÉ. ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÀÓ ÀØÀÝ 1990 ßËÉÓ ÀÒ-ÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍ ÜÀÄÚÀÒÀ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄËÉ, ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÀ ÐÏËÉ-ÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÄÁÉÈ ÃÀÊÏÌÐËÄØÔÃÀ. ÌÀÛÉÍ ÄÒÈÀÃÄÒÈÉ ÀËÔÄÒ-ÍÀÔÉÅÀ ÉÚÏ ÊÏÌÖÍÉÓÔÖÒÉ ÁÉÖÒÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÊÏÍÔÒÏËÉ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÌÏÂÅÉ-ÀÍÄÁÉÈ ÀÌ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÓ ÍÀÊËÏÅÀÍÄÁÄÁÉÝ ÂÀÌÏÉÊÅÄÈÀ. ÚÅÄËÀ ÃÏÍÉÓ (ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒÉ, ÓÀ-ÏËØÏ ÈÖ ÓÀÖÁÍÏ) ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÈÀ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÂÀÒÉÂÄÁÄÁÉÓÀÓÐÀÒÄÆÀÃ ÉØÝÀ. 1999 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍ ÉÚÏ ÌÝÃÄËÏÁÀ, ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÛÉÂÀÞËÉÄÒÄÁÖËÉÚÏ ÀÒÀÐÀÒÔÉÖËÉ ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÉÖËÉ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓ ÄËÄÌÄÍÔÉ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÛÄ-ÍÀÒÜÖÍÄÁÖËÉ ÉØÍÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍÄËÈÀ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÀÝ. ÀÌÉÓ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÖËÉÛÄÃÄÂÉ ÉÚÏ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄÈÀ ÃÏÌÉÍÉÒÄÁÀ, ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÄÁÉÓ ÌÉ-ÄÒ ÐÀÒÔÉÖËÉ ÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÉÓ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÛÄÖÍÉÙÁÀÅÉ ÃÀÝÅÀ.

2001 ßËÉÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÃÄØÓÌÀ ÒÀÃÉÊÀËÖÒÀÃ ÀáÀËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ ÛÄÌÏÉÔÀÍÀ: ÝÄÍÔ-ÒÀËÖÒÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ 15 ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓ ÃÀÓÀáÄËÄÁÉÓ ÄØÓÊËÖÆÉÖÒÉ Ö×ËÄÁÀ ÌÉ-ÄÍÉàÀ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉÈ ÛÄÒÜÄÖË – ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÉÔÏÒÉÍÂÉÓ, ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×-ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÅÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÝÃÉËÄÁÉÓ ÌØÏÍÄ ÀÒÀÓÀÌÈÀÅ-ÒÏÁÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÓ. ÀÌ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÓ áÌÄÁÉÓ ÏÒÉ ÌÄÓÀÌÄÃÉÈ ÊÏÌÉ-ÓÉÉÓ 7 ßÄÅÒÉ ÖÍÃÀ ÛÄÄÒÜÉÀ. ÁÄÅÒÌÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÌÀ ãÂÖ×ÌÀ ÂÀÌÏÈØÅÀ ÛÉÛÉ, ÒÏÌ ÀÒÀ-ÓÀÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÉ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÖË ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÓÖÁÉÄØÔÄÁÓ ÃÀÖàÄÒÃÍÄÍ ÌáÀÒÓ.ÀáÀËÉ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÀ ÀÙÀÒ ÛÄØÌÍÉËÀ, áÏËÏ ÀáÀËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ ÒÄÀËÖÒÀÃ ÅÄÒ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄË-ÃÀ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÌÀÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ, ÒÀÝ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÈÀ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉ ÃÀÉÛÀËÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀÌ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÀ ÛÄßÚÅÉÔÀ. 2002 ßËÉÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÀÌÃÄ ÝÏÔÀ áÍÉÈÀÃÒÄ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÌÀ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ßÀÊÉÈáÅÉÈ ÌÉÉÙÏ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÉ ÊÏÃÄØÓÛÉ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝÐÀÒÔÉÖËÉ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÏÁÉÓ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉÓ ßÌÉÍÃÀ ÓÀáÉÈ ÀÙÃÂÄÍÀÓ ÂÖËÉÓáÌÏÁÃÀ:ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÌÀÝ ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÃÀ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ áÌÄÁÉÓ 4%-ÆÄ ÌÄ-ÔÉ ÌÉÉÙÄÓ, ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÛÉ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÂÆÀÅÍÀ ÛÄÄÞËÏÈ. ÓÀÊÉÈáÉÊÅËÀÅ ÙÉÀÃ ÒÜÄÁÀ.

ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÄÒÈ-ÄÒÈÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÈÀ ÃÀ ÊÀÍ-ÃÉÃÀÔÈÀ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÀ. 1990-1995 ßËÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÉÈÅÀËÉÓßÉÍÄÁÃÀ ßÉÍÀÓÀ-ÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÌÐÀÍÉÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÀÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÁÉÖãÄÔÉÃÀÍ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÒÄÀËÖÒÀÃ, ÓÀ-áÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÓÀáÓÒÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÌßÉÒÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ, ÈÀÍáÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÃÀáÃÀ ÀÒ áÃÄÁÏÃÀ. ÌÏÂÅÉÀÍÄÁÉÈÌÉÙÄÁÖËÉ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÂÖËÉÓáÌÏÁÃÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÖÁÉÄØÔÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÀÓ ÊÄÒ-ÞÏ ÛÄÌÏßÉÒÖËÏÁÄÁÉÓ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄËÆÄ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÃÀÀßÄÓÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÌÐÀÍÉÉÓ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÛÉÂÀßÄÖËÉ ÃÀÓÀÛÅÄÁÉ áÀÒãÄÁÉÓ ÆÄÃÀ ÆÙÅÀÒÉ. ÖÜÅÄÖËÏÃ ÃÀÁÀËÉ ÆÙÅÒÖËÉ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁÄ-ËÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÓ ÛÄÌÏÓÀÅËÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÌÀËÅÉÓÊÄÍ ÖÁÉÞÂÄÁÃÀ. 2001 ßËÉÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÃÄØÓ-ÛÉ ÄÓ ÆÄÃÀ ÆÙÅÀÒÉ ÀÙÀÒ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÓ. ÚÏÅÄËÂÅÀÒÉ ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ×ÏÍÃÄÁÛÉÛÄÍÀÔÀÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÙÉÀÃ ÝáÀÃÃÄÁÀ. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ×ÏÍÃÄÁÛÉ (ÒÏÌ-ËÄÁÉÝ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÌÐÀÍÉÉÓ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÛÉ ÖÍÃÀ ÂÀÉáÓÍÀÓ) ÀÊÒÞÀËÖËÉÀ ÀÍÏÍÉ-ÌÖÒÉ ÛÄÌÏßÉÒÖËÏÁÄÁÉ, ÀÓÄÅÄ, ÛÄÌÏßÉÒÖËÏÁÄÁÉ ÖÝáÏÖÒÉ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÏÒÂÀ-ÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÉÃÀÍ. ÈÖÌÝÀ, ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀÌÐÀÍÉÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÒÄÛÄ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÓ ÛÄÖÞËÉÀÈ ÌÉÉÙÏÍÀÍÏÍÉÌÖÒÉ ÛÄÌÏßÉÒÖËÏÁÄÁÉ ÀÍ ÛÄÌÏßÉÒÖËÏÁÄÁÉ ÖÝáÏÄÈÉÃÀÍ ÊÏÍÊÒÄÔÖËÉ ÓÀàÉ-ÒÏÄÁÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ (ÐÖÁËÉÊÀÝÉÄÁÉ, ÓÀÂÀÍÌÀÍÀÈËÄÁËÏ ÌÀÓÀËÄÁÉ, ÀÙàÖÒÅÉËÏÁÀ ÃÀ À. Û.)ßÄËÉßÀÃÛÉ 15 ÀÈÀÓÉ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÖËÉ ÃÏËÀÒÉÓ ×ÀÒÂËÄÁÛÉ (ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÉÓ ÛÄ-ÓÀáÄÁ Éá. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N7, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉ-ÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, ÍÀßÉËÉ I, ÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ).

ÀáÀËÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÃÄØÓÉÓ ÄÒÈ-ÄÒÈÉ ÙÉÒÓÄÁÀÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÉÔÏÒÉÍÂÉÓ ßÄÓÉÓÂÀÌÀÒÔÉÅÄÁÀ. ÚÏÅÄË ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÀÓ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ßÄÓÃÄÁÀÝ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÉÔÏÒÉÍÂÓÀ ÃÀ


30

ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÅÀÓ ÛÄÉÝÀÅÓ ÃÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÀÌÃÄ ÏÒÉ ßËÉÈ ÀÃÒÄ ÌÀÉÍÝ ÀÒÉÓÃÀ×ÖÞÍÄÁÖËÉ, Ö×ËÄÁÀ ÀØÅÓ, ÒÄÂÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÀ ÂÀÉÀÒÏÓ ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÀÛÉÃÀ ÂÀÍÀáÏÒÝÉÄËÏÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÉÔÏÒÉÍÂÉ.

ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÃÄØÓÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÄÁÉ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÃÄÁÀ ÔÄØÍÉÊÖÒÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀ ÃÄÃÀÀÆÒÉÀ ÖÛÖÀËÏÃ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÉÓ ÈÀÅÉ-ÃÀÍ ÀÝÉËÄÁÀ. ÊÄÒÞÏÃ, ÁÏËÏÃÒÏÉÍÃÄËÉ ÌÉÙßÄÅÄÁÉ ÂÖËÉÓáÌÏÁÓ ÂÀÌàÅÉÒÅÀËÄ ÓÀ-ÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÚÖÈÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÙÄÁÀÓ ÀÍ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÊÏÍÊÒÄÔÖËÉ ×ÖÍØÝÉÄÁÉÓÂÀÍÀßÉËÄÁÀÓ ÊÄÍàÉÓÚÒÉÈ. ÊÀÌÀÈÓ ÉßÅÄÅÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ, ÒÏÂÏÒ ÖÍÃÀ ÀÅÉÝÉËÏÈ ÔÉÐÖÒÉÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÀ, Ä.ß. “ÊÀÒÖÓÄËÉ”: ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÌÏÁÉËÖÒÉ ãÂÖ×ÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÌÒÀÅÀËãÄÒÀÃÉáÌÉÓ ÌÉÝÄÌÀ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÖÁÀÍÛÉ.

3. ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÁÉ

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÀ ÍÀÊËÄÁÀÃ ÄÍÃÏÁÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÓ. ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÜÀ-ÔÀÒÄÁÉÓ ßÄÓÓ ÓÖË Ö×ÒÏ ÌÞÀ×ÒÀÃ ÀÊÒÉÔÉÊÄÁÓ ÚÅÄËÀ ÌÏØÌÄÃÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÏÓÉ, ÓÀÌÏØÀ-ËÀØÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÀ ÈÖ ÝÀËÊÄÖËÉ ÐÉÒÏÅÍÄÁÀ, ÀÓÄÅÄ, ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÀØÔÏÒÄÁÉ. ÚÅÄ-ËÀÆÄ áÛÉÒÉÀ ÛÄÌÃÄÂÉ ÓÀáÉÓ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÉ:

1. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÉÓ ÀÒÀÓÀÊÌÀÒÉÓÉ ÃÀ ÃÀÂÅÉÀÍÄÁÖËÉ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÀ. ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÛÄÌÏÓÀÅËÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÌÝÉÒÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÄÁÉ ÌÄÔÀÃ ÃÀ-ÁÀË ÂÀÓÀÌÒãÄËÏÓ ÉÙÄÁÄÍ. ÀÌÀÓÈÀÍ, ÓÀÌßÖáÀÒÏ ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÀÃ ÉØÝÀ ÉÓ, ÒÏÌ ÚÏÅÄËÉÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍ ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×À ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÒÈÖËÉ ÐÒÏÁËÄ-ÌÀ áÃÄÁÀ. ÄÓ ÄÌÀÔÄÁÀ ÆÄÌÏÍÀáÓÄÍÄÁ ÂÀÒÄÌÏÄÁÀÓ, ÒÏÌ ÁÏËÏ ÌÏÌÄÍÔÛÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀ-ÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÓ ÂÀÍÉÝÃÉÓ ÃÀ ÀÌÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÔÄØÍÉÊÖÒÉ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÂÅÀÒÄÁÀ ÌÄÔÀÃ ØÀÏÔÖÒ ÓÀáÄÓ ÉÙÄÁÓ.

2. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓ ÝÖÃÉ ÌÖÛÀÏÁÀ. ÀÌÂÅÀÒÉ ÓÀÚÅÄÃÖÒÉ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ áÛÉÒÀÃÂÀÉÓÌÉÓ. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÉÓ ßÄÅÒÄÁÓ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÓÀÖÁÍÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÏËØÏ ÃÏÍÄ-ÄÁÆÄ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ßÄÓÉ, ÊÏÌÐÄÔÄÍÝÉÀ ÀÊËÉÀÈ, ÓÀÈÀÍÀÃÏÃ ÀÒ ÉÝÍÏÁÄÍ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÀ-ÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀÓ ÃÀ ÀÃÅÉËÀÃ ÄØÝÄÅÉÀÍ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÂÀÅËÄÍÉÓ ØÅÄÛ - ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÌáÒÉÃÀÍ (ÈÖÌÝÀ ÀÒÀ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÌÉÓÂÀÍ). ÛÄÃÄÂÀÃ, ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÏ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÉÓ ÖÛÖÀËÏ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄ áÃÄÁÀ. ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒÉÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ÒÄÐÖÔÀÝÉÀ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÛÄÉËÀáÀ ÃÀ ÌÉÓÉ ßÄÅÒÄÁÉ áÛÉÒ ÛÄÌÈ-áÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÀÛÊÀÒÀÃ ÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÍ ÊÀÍÏÍÄÁÓ ÐÀÒÔÉÖËÉ ÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÂÀÌÏÌÃÉÍÀÒÄ.

ÀÌÉÓ ÈÅÀËÓÀÜÉÍÏ ÍÉÌÖÛÉÀ ÁÏËÏÃÒÏÉÍÃÄËÉ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀ, ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÀÌ ÛÄÖ-ÍÉÙÁÀÅÀÃ - ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÉÈØÅÀÓ, ÝÉÍÉÊÖÒÀÃ - ÖÂÖËÄÁÄËÚÏ ÊÀÍÏÍÉ ÒÖÓÈÀÅÛÉ 2003 ßËÉÓÍÏÄÌÁÄÒÛÉ ÂÀÌÀÒÈÖË ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÉÈ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈ. ØÀÒÈÖËÌÀ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÒ-ÅÄÁÄËÈÀ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÀÌ, ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀÌ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÃÀ ÓáÅÀ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÒÅÄÁËÄÁÌÀ ÃÀÌÀãÄÒÄÁËÀÃ ÃÀÀÓÀÁÖÈÄÓ, ÒÏÌ ÀÌÏÌ-ÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÉÓ ÒÄÀËÖÒÉ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁÄËÉ 10%-ÌÃÄ ÉÚÏ, ÊÀÍÏÍÉ ÊÉ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄ-ÅÄËÈÀ ÓÖË ÌÝÉÒÄ, ÄÒÈÉ ÌÄÓÀÌÄÃÉÓ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÀÓ ÌÏÉÈáÏÅÓ ÉÌÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ, ÒÏÌ ÀÒ-ÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÖËÀÃ ÜÀÉÈÅÀËÏÓ. ÓÀÖÁÍÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÏËØÏ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÌÀ ÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÉÈ ÂÀÆÀÒÃÄÓ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÈÀ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÌÀÒãÅÄÁÖ-ËÀÃ ÂÀÌÏÀÝáÀÃÄÓ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ØÀËÀØÉÓ ÌÄÒÉÓ ÀáËÏÁÄËÉ ÉÚÏ. ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒÌÀÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÀÌ ÃÀÀÌÔÊÉÝÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÄÁÉ. ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÖÆÄÍÀÄÓÌÀ ÓÀÓÀ-ÌÀÒÈËÏÌ ÝÍÏ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÁÉÓ ÓÄÒÉÏÆÖËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÀÓ ÛÄ-ÃÄÂÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÓÉÍãÅÀ ÌÏÓÈáÏÅÀ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÀÌ ÖÊÀÍÀÓÊÍÄËÓ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÀ ÀÒ ÛÄÖÝÅ-ËÉÀ.

3. ÝÖÃÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÉ. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÉÓ áÀÒÉÓáÉ ÁÏËÏ ßËÄÁÛÉ ÌÊÅÄÈÒÀÃ ÂÀÖ-ÀÒÄÓÃÀ. ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÊÉ 2002 ßËÉÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÄÁÛÉ, ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅËÄÁÉ ÅÄÒ ÐÏÖËÏÁÃÍÄÍ ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒ ÓÀáÄËÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÛÉ ÃÀ ÓÀÀÒ-ÜÄÅÍÏ Ö×ËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÓÀÚÄÍÄÁËÀÃ ÁÒÞÏËÀ ÖáÃÄÁÏÃÀÈ. ÉÓÉÍÉ Ä. ß. “ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÉÈ ÓÉÄÁ-ÛÉ” ÛÄäÚÀÅÃÀÈ. ÄÓ ÚÅÄËÀ×ÄÒÉ ØÌÍÉÓ ØÀÏÓÉÓ ÀÔÌÏÓ×ÄÒÏÓ ÃÀ áÄËÓ ÖßÚÏÁÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄ-


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4. ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÝÉÉÓ ÖÊÀÍÏÍÏ ÜÀÒÄÅÀ, ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÛÉ. ÔÄÒÌÉÍÉ “ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÖËÉ ÒÄÓÖÒÓÉ” ÄÅ×ÄÌÉÆÌÀÃ ÉØÝÀ, ÒÉÈÀÝ ÀÙÉÍÉÛ-ÍÄÁÀ ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÉÈÉ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÀ ÃÀ ÒÀÓÀÝ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀ ÖÆÒÖÍÅÄËÚÏ×ÓÓÀÓÖÒÅÄËÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÉÓÀ ÈÖ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓ ÓÀÓÀÒÂÄÁËÏÃ. ÖÐÉÒÅÄËÄÓ ÚÏÅËÉÓÀ, ÉÂÖËÉÓá-ÌÄÁÀ ÆÄßÏËÀ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÄÁÆÄ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ßÄÅÒÈÀ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ßÄÓÉ,ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÌÏáÄËÄÄÁÉ ÀÒÉÀÍ. ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÀ ÓáÅÀ ÌÄÈÏÃÄÁÉÝ: ÆÄßÏËÀÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÃÀßÄÓÄÁÖËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÈÀÍÀÌÛÒÏÌËÄÁÆÄ, ÒÀÈÀ ÚÅÄËÀ ÌÀÈÂÀÍÌÀ ÊÏÍÊÒÄÔÖËÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÓ ÌÉÓÝÄÓ áÌÀ; ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÉÓ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ áÄËÉÓ ÛÄÛËÀ ÊÀÌÐÀÍÉÉÓ ßÀÒ-ÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ; ÐÏËÉÝÉÉÓ ÚÏ×ÍÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÖÁÍÄÁÛÉ, ÒÀÝ ×ÓÉØÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÆÄßÏ-ËÀÓ ÀáÃÄÍÓ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅËÄÁÆÄ ÃÀ À. Û.

5. ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÉÓ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀ. ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÓ ÀÃÒÄÝ ÀÒÀÄÒÈ-áÄË ÂÀÌÏÖßÅÄÅÉÀ ×ÉÆÉÊÖÒÉ ÛÄáËÀ-ÛÄÌÏáËÀ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÁÏËÏ ÏÒ ßÄËÉßÀÃÛÉ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÉÓÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀÌ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈ ÓÀÂÒÞÍÏÁËÀÃ ÉÌÀÔÀ. ÌÀÂÀËÉÈÀÃ, 2001 ßËÉÓÍÏÄÌÁÄÒÛÉ ÅÀÊÉÓ ÏËØÛÉ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÖËÉ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÃÀÌÀÔÄÁÉÈÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÃÒÏÓ,ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÃÀÌÀãÄÒÄÁËÀÃ ÌÏÉÂÏ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÀÛÉ ÀáÀËÂÀÃÀÓÖËÌÀ ÌÉáÄÉË ÓÀÀÊÀÛÅÉËÌÀ,ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ãÂÖ×ÌÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÖÁÍÄÁÉÓ ÃÀáÖÒÅÉÓ ßÉÍ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÚÖÈÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÔÀÝÄÁÀÓÝÀÃÀ. ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÁÉÖËÄÔÄÍÄÁÉ ÂÀÍÀÃÂÖÒÃÀ, ÓáÅÀ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÚÖÈÄÁÉÂÀÃÀÒÜÀ. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÀÌ ÈÀÅÉÓ ÐÉÊÓ 2002 ßËÉÓ ÉÅÍÉÓÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÌÉÀÙ-ßÉÀ. ÓÀÌ ÏËØÛÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÂÀÃÀÉÃÏ ÏÒÉ ÊÅÉÒÉÈ ÀÍ ÏÒÉ ÈÅÉÈÀÝ ÊÉ, ÒÀÃÂÀÍ ÞÀËÀÃÏ-ÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ ÅÄÒ ÌÏáÄÒáÃÀ ÃÒÏÖËÀÃ ÌÀÈÉ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÀ. ÊÄÒÞÏÃ, ÌÉÍÉÁÖÓÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝÒÖÓÈÀÅÛÉ ÝÀÒÉÄËÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÁÉÖËÄÔÄÍÄÁÉ ÌÉäØÏÍÃÀ, ÛÄÉÀÒÀÙÄÁÖËÌÀ ÐÉÒÄÁÌÀ ÀÒ-ÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÃÉËÀÓ ÂÀÞÀÒÝÅÄÓ. 2003 ßËÉÓ ÉÀÍÅÀÒÛÉ ÈÀÅÓ ÃÀÄÓáÍÄÍ ÀáÀËÉ ÌÄÌÀÒãÅÄÍÄÄ-ÁÉÓ ÐÀÒÔÉÉÓ Ï×ÉÓÓ. ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÓÒÖËÄÁËÄÁÉ ÀÒÝ ÄÒÈáÄË ÀÒ ÃÀÓãÉ-ËÀÍ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ ÌÀÈ ÀÒÝ ÖÝÃÉÀÈ ÈÀÅÉÀÍÈÉ ÅÉÍÀÏÁÉÓ ÃÀÌÀËÅÀ.

ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÞÀËÄÁÉÓ ÈÖ ×ÀÒÈÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÄÁÉ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÂÀÌÏÈ-ØÅÀÌÄÍ ÛÄÛ×ÏÈÄÁÀÓ, ÒÏÌ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÉÓ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÀ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏÂÀÞËÉÄÒÃÄÁÀ, ÒÀÃÂÀÍ ÌÏÌÀÅÀË ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ×ÓÏÍÄ-ÁÉ ÂÀÝÉËÄÁÉÈ ÌÀÙÀËÉ ÉØÍÄÁÀ. 2003 ßËÉÓ ÃÀÓÀßÚÉÓÛÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉ áÛÉÒÀÃÁÒÀËÓ ÓÃÄÁÄÍ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÌÆÀÃÄÁÉÓ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÛÉ ÀÒÀËÄÂÀËÖÒÉ ÛÄÉ-ÒÀÙÄÁÖËÉ ãÂÖ×ÄÁÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÀÛÉ. ÀÓÄÈ ÅÀÒÀÖÃÄÁÓ ÌÄÃÉÀÝ ÀÅÒÝÄËÄÁÃÀ. ÀÒÝÄÒÈÉ ÄÓÁÒÀËÃÄÁÀ ÀÒ ÃÀÌÔÊÉÝÄÁÖËÀ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÓÀÖÁÀÒÉÝ ÊÉ ÀÌ ÈÄÌÀÆÄ ÛÄÛ×ÏÈÄÁÉÓ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄËÓÉÞËÄÅÀ.

6. ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÄÃÉÀÛÉ ÀÓÀáÅÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÏÁÀ. ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÌÄÃÉÉÓ ÖÃÉÃÄÓÉ ÍÀßÉËÉÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁÄËÉÀ (Éá. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N7, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀ-ÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, ÍÀßÉËÉ III, ÌÀÒÉÍÀ ÌÖÓáÄËÉÛÅÉËÉ). ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄ-ÁÄËÉ ÓÀÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÏ ÓÀÛÖÀËÄÁÄÁÉ, ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅ, ÀÒ ÄÒÉÃÄÁÉÀÍ ÈÀÅÉÀÍÈÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖ-ÒÉ ÌÏÓÀÆÒÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÅÀÓ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÛÄÃÀÒÄÁÉÈ ÉÛÅÉÀÈÉÀ ÒÏÌÄËÉÌÄ ÐÀÒÔÉÉÓÀ ÈÖÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓ ÀÛÊÀÒÀ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÀ. Ö×ÒÏ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁÄËÉ ÌÄÃÉÀ ÌÈËÉÀÍÀÃ ÐÏ-ËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÊËÀÓÓ ÀÁÉÀÁÒÖÄÁÓ ÃÀ ÌÉÓÃÀÌÉ ÓÀÒÊÀÓÔÖË ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖËÄÁÀÓ ÀÌÑÙÀÅÍÄÁÓ,ÈÖÌÝÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓÀÃÌÉ ÌÉÓÉ ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖËÄÁÀ, ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅ, ÛÄÖÒÉÂÄÁÄËÉÀ. ÌÉÖ-áÄÃÀÅÀÃ ÀÌÉÓÀ, ßÀÌÚÅÀÍÉ ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁÄËÉ ÔÄËÄÊÏÌÐÀÍÉÄÁÉ, ÒÏÂÏÒÉÝÀÀ “ÒÖÓÈÀÅÉ-2”ÀÍ “ÌÄ-9 ÀÒáÉ”, ÝÃÉËÏÁÄÍ ÁÀËÀÍÓÉÓ ÛÄÍÀÒÜÖÍÄÁÀÓ ÃÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÉÍ ÈÀÅÉÀÍÈ ÓÀÃÉÓ-ÊÖÓÉÏ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÄÁÛÉ ÚÅÄËÀ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓ ÌÏßÅÄÅÀÓ (ÈÖÌÝÀ ÄÓ ÐÉÒÏÅÍÖËÉÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÈÀÅÃÀÓáÌÄÁÉ Ö×ÒÏÀ, ÅÉÃÒÄ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÆÄ ÓÄÒÉÏÆÖËÉ ÃÉÓÊÖ-ÓÉÀ). ÀÌÂÅÀÒÉ ÂÀÃÀÝÄÌÄÁÉ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ ÔÄËÄÌÀÚÖÒÄÁËÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÀÒÉÓ ÌÉÓÀßÅ-ÃÏÌÉ. ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÀÒáÉ ÄÒÈÀÃÄÒÈ ÀÒáÀÃ ÒÜÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÃÄÃÀØÀËÀØÉÓ ÂÀÒÄÈ ÌÀÖß-ÚÄÁËÏÁÓ ÃÀ ÌÀÓ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÃÉÃÉ ÀÖÃÉÔÏÒÉÀ ÀØÅÓ.


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ÀÌ ÀÒáÆÄ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÄÁÉ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÖÒÉÀ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÓÀÒÂÄÁËÏÃ.2001 ßËÀÌÃÄ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÈ, ÔÄËÄÅÉÆÉÀÓ ÈÀÍÀÁÀÒÉ ÃÒÏ ÖÍÃÀ ÃÀÄÈÌÏÚÅÄËÀ ÒÄÂÉÓÔÒÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÌÀÈÉ ÓÉÌÒÀÅËÉÓ ÂÀ-ÌÏ ÄÓ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ ÒÄÀËÖÒÀÃ ÈÉÈØÌÉÓ ÀÒ ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÃÀ. ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÊÏÍÔÒÏËÉ-ÒÄÁÖËÉ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉ ÀÒáÉ ÈÀÍÀÁÀÒ – 15 ÈÖ 20-ßÖÈÉÀÍ ÌÏÍÀÊÅÄÈÄÁÓ ÖÈÌÏÁÃÀ ÚÅÄËÀÐÀÒÔÉÀÓÀ ÃÀ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÓ. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÖÁÉÄØÔÄÁÉÓ ÒÉÝáÅÉ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÃÉÃÉ ÉÚÏÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ (ÌÀÂÀËÉÈÀÃ, 1999 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÀÈÉ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ 53-ÓÀÙßÄÅÃÀ) ÃÀ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉ ÉÊÀÒÂÄÁÏÃÀ ÌÏÓÀßÚÄÍÉ ÂÀÌÏÓÅËÄÁÉÓÍÀÊÀÃÛÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÍÀÊËÄÁÀÃ ÀáÃÄÍÃÀ ÂÀÅËÄÍÀÓ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅÄËÆÄ. ÓÀÌÀÂÉÄÒÏÃ, ÀÌ ÈÅÀË-ÓÀÆÒÉÓÉÈ ÞÀËÆÄ ßÀÒÌÀÔÄÁÖËÉ ÉÚÏ ÓÀÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÏ ÂÀÌÏÛÅÄÁÄÁÉ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÀÛÊÀÒÀÃ ÔÄÍ-ÃÄÍÝÉÖÒÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÓÀÒÂÄÁËÏÃ.

7. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ËÄÂÉÔÉÌÖÒÏÁÀ. ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉ ÓÀ-àÉÒÏÄÁÓ ÊÏÍÓÄÍÓÖÓÓ ÉÌÉÓ ÈÀÏÁÀÆÄ, ÈÖ ÒÀ ÐÉÒÏÁÄÁÉÈÀ ÃÀ ßÄÓÄÁÉÈ ÖÍÃÀ ÌÏáÃÄÓÌÀÓÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÀ. 1991-1992 ßËÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÔÒÉÀËÄÁÀÌ ÃÀ ÛÄÌÃÂÏÌÌÀ ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÊÏÍ-×ËÉØÔÌÀ ÛÄÀÒÚÉÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ËÄÂÉÔÉÌÖÒÏÁÀ ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓ ÃÉ-ÃÉ ÍÀßÉËÉÓ ÈÅÀËÛÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔ ÂÀÌÓÀáÖÒÃÉÀÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÉÓÉ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÉÓ ÐÀÒËÀ-ÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÄÒÈÂÖËÉ ÒÜÄÁÏÃÀ. ÏÐÏÍÄÍÔÄÁÉ ÌÀÈ “ÆÅÉÀÃÉÓÔÄÁÓ” ÄÞÀáÃÍÄÍ, ÈÅÉÈÏÍ ÈÀÅÉ-ÀÍÈ ÈÀÅÓ “ÊÀÍÏÍÉÄÒÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄÄÁÓ” ÖßÏÃÄÁÃÍÄÍ, ÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÉÓ áÄËÉ-ÓÖ×ËÄÁÀÓ ÊÉ “áÖÍÔÀÃ” ÍÀÈËÀÅÃÍÄÍ. ÛÄÓÀÁÀÌÉÓÀÃ, 1992 ßËÉÃÀÍ ÌÏÚÏËÄÁÖËÉ, ÄÓ ÍÀ-ßÉËÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÃÀÍÀÒÜÄÍ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÀÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÁÏÉÊÏÔÉÓÊÄÍ ÌÏÖßÏÃÄÁÃÀ.1992 ßËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÀÒÓÉ ÉÌÃÄÍÀÃ ÌÉÓ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÛÄãÉÁÒÉ ÀÒ ÉÚÏ, ÒÀÌÃÄ-ÍÀÃÀÝ ÁÏÉÊÏÔÉÓ ÌÏÌáÒÄÈÀ ÌÀÒÂÉÍÀËÉÆÀÝÉÀ. ÌÀÂÒÀÌ, ÈÖÌÝÀ “ÆÅÉÀÃÉÓÔÖÒÉ” ÌÉÌÀÒ-ÈÖËÄÁÀ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓ ÓÀÂÒÞÍÏÁ ÍÀßÉËÓ (ÖÌÄÔÄÓÉ ÛÄ×ÀÓÄÁÄÁÉÈ, ÌÉÓ ÃÀÀáËÏÄÁÉÈ 15%-Ó) ÌÏÉÝÀÅÃÀ, ÌÀÈ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÂÀÅËÄÍÀÓ ÄÒÈÉÀÍÉ áÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÏÁÉÓ ÀÒÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÀ ÀÓÖÓ-ÔÄÁÃÀ. 1993 ßËÉÓ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ “ÆÅÉÀÃÉÓÔÖÒÉ” ×ÀØÔÏÒÉ ØÀÒÈÖË ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÀÛÉ ÈÀÍÃÀÈÀ-ÍÏÁÉÈ ÛÄÌÝÉÒÃÀ, ÓÖË Ö×ÒÏ ÌÄÔÉ ãÂÖ×É ÖÄÒÈÃÄÁÏÃÀ ÀÌÀ ÈÖ ÉÌ ÏÐÏÆÉÝÉÖÒ ÐÀÒ-ÔÉÀÓ, ÄÓ ÊÉ ÌÀÈÉ ÌáÒÉÃÀÍ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÉÓ ËÄÂÉÔÉÌÖÒÏÁÉÓ ÀÙÉÀ-ÒÄÁÀÓ ÍÉÛÍÀÅÃÀ; ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈÉ ãÂÖ×É ÁÏÉÊÏÔÉÓ ÉÃÄÉÓ ÄÒÈÂÖËÉ ÒÜÄÁÀ, ÌÀÈ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÉÓ,ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ ÚÏ×ÉËÉ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÉÓ ØÅÒÉÅÉ ÖÃÂÀÓ ÓÀÈÀÅÄÛÉ.

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ËÄÂÉÔÉÌÖÒÏÁÀÓ ÀÒÝ À×áÀÆÄÈÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÏÓÄÈÉÓÈÅÉÈÂÀÌÏÝáÀÃÄÁÖËÉ ÒÄÓÐÖÁËÉÊÄÁÉÓ ÈÅÉÈÂÀÌÏÝáÀÃÄÁÖËÉ ÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÄÁÉ ÝÍÏÁÄÍ, ÌÀÂ-ÒÀÌ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÀ ÂÖËÉÓáÌÏÁÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÀÓ ÌÈÄËÉ ØÅÄÚ-ÍÉÓ ÔÄÒÉÔÏÒÉÀÆÄ, ÌÀÈ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÂÀÍÃÂÏÌÉË ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÛÉ. ÄÓ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÄÁÓ ÖØÌÍÉÓ ÊÏÍÓ-ÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÓ ÉÌ ÌÖáËÉÓ ÛÄÓÒÖËÄÁÀÓ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÌÏÉÈáÏÅÓ 85 ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÀÓ ÄÒÈ-ÌÀÍÃÀÔÉÀÍÉ ÏËØÄÁÉÃÀÍ - ÄÓ ÀÌ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉÓ ÔÄÒÉÔÏÒÉÀÆÄ ÀÒÓÄÁÖË ÏËØÄÁÓÀÝ ÂÖ-ËÉÓáÌÏÁÓ. ÀÌ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÉÓ ÛÄÌÏÅËÉÈÉ ÂÆÉÈ ÂÀÃÀÓÀàÒÄËÀÃ, 1992 ßÄËÓ À×áÀÆÄÈÉÃÀÍÀÒÜÄÖË ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÄÁÓ 1995 ÃÀ 1999 ßËÄÁÛÉ ÌÀÍÃÀÔÉ ÊÉÃÄÅ ÏÒÉ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÂÀÖÂÒÞÄËÃÀÈ.ÌÀÂÒÀÌ 1992 ßËÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÈ À×áÀÆÄÈÉÃÀÍ ÀÒÜÄÖËÉ ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÄÁÉÓ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏ-ÁÀ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÈ ÂÀÈÅÀËÉÓßÉÍÄÁÖËÆÄ ÂÀÝÉËÄÁÉÈ ÌÄÔÉÀ. ÀÌÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ ÃÒÏÃÀÃÒÏ ÓÀ-ØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÃÄÐÖÔÀÔÈÀ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÉÈ ÂÀÈÅÀËÉÓßÉÍÄ-ÁÖË 235 ßÄÅÒÓ ÀàÀÒÁÄÁÓ.

8. ÀÛÊÀÒÀ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÄÁÉ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÀÒÈÅÉÓ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ. ÓÀÀÒ-ÜÄÅÍÏ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÉÓ ÃÏÍÄ ÓÀÂÒÞÍÏÁËÀÃ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÃÄÁÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉÓÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ. ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒ ÖÁÍÄÁÛÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÄ-ÁÖËÀÃ ÃÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÀÃ ÌÉÌÃÉÍÀÒÄÏÁÃÀ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÁÏËÏ ÏÒÉ ßÄËÉÀ, ÄÓ ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÀÃÀÉÒÙÅÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÛÉ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ ÖßÄÓÒÉÂÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÞÀËÀÃÏÁÉÓ ÄÐÉÆÏÃÄÁÉÓ ÂÀ-ÌÏ. ÌÄÏÒÄ ÌáÒÉÅ, ÀàÀÒÀÛÉ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÖËÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÓÀÁàÏÖÒ ÒÉÔÖÀËÓ Ö×ÒÏ ÂÅÀÂÏ-ÍÄÁÓ: ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÈÀ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅ 98-99%-Ó ÖÀáËÏÅÃÄÁÀ, ÀØÄ-ÃÀÍ 95-98% áÌÀÓ ÀÓËÀÍ ÀÁÀÛÉÞÉÓ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÓ, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÀÙÏÒÞÉÍÄ-ÁÉÓ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÓ ÀÞËÄÅÓ (ÀàÀÒÀÓÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÈ Éá. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ


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N10, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÃÄÃÀØÀËÀØÉ ÃÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉ, ÝÀËÊÄÖËÉ ÊÅËÄÅÀ ÀàÀÒÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ,ÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛÅÉËÉ). ÀÒÝÄÒÈ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÀÓ, áÛÉÒÀÃ ÀÒÝ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏ-ÒÉÓÏ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÒÅÄÁËÄÁÓ ÀÒ ÄÞËÄÅÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÉÔÏÒÉÍÂÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀ. ÀÌÀÓÈÀÍ, ÀÒÀ-Ï×ÉÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÒÅÄÁËÄÁÉ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÀÅÄÍ, ÒÏÌ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÛÉ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÉÓ ÒÄÀËÖÒÉÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁÄËÉ ÓÀÊÌÀÏÃ ÃÀÁÀËÉÀ.

ÓáÅÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÛÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÉÓ ÃÏÍÄ ÀÌ ÏÒ ÖÊÉÃÖÒÄÓÏÁÀÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÌÄÒÚÄ-ÏÁÓ - ÓÀÃÙÀÝ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁÄËÉ ÖÊÄÈÄÓÉÀ, ÓÀÃÙÀÝ - ÖÀÒÄÓÉ. ÀÙÓÀÍÉÛÍÀÅÉÀ ÄÈÍÉÊÖÒÉ ÖÌ-ÝÉÒÄÓÏÁÄÁÉÈ ÃÀÓÀáËÄÁÖËÉ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉ: ØÅÄÌÏ ØÀÒÈËÉ (ÀÆÄÒÁÀÉãÀÍÖËÉ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏ-ÁÀ) ÃÀ ÖÐÉÒÀÔÄÓÀÃ ÓÏÌáÄÁÉÈ ÃÀÓÀáËÄÁÖËÉ ãÀÅÀáÄÈÉ. ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀÓØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÀÒ ÄÓÌÉÓ, ÌÄÔÀÃ ÁÖÍÃÏÅÀÍÉ ßÀÒÌÏÃÂÄÍÀ ÀØÅÓ ØÀÒÈÖË ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÀÛÉ ÌÏØ-ÌÄÃ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÞÀËÄÁÆÄ ÃÀ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÖÓÀ×ÒÈáÏÃ ÈÅËÉÓ, ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀ-ÝÉÉÓ ÌÏßÏÃÄÁÄÁÉ ÊÒÉÔÉÊÉÓ ÂÀÒÄÛÄ ÌÉÉÙÏÓ ÃÀ ÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÛÄÌÏÈÀÅÀÆÄÁÖË ÊÀÍ-ÃÉÃÀÔÄÁÓ ÃÀÖàÉÒÏÓ ÌáÀÒÉ. ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÀØÔÉÅÏÁÉÓ ÃÀÁÀËÉ ÃÏÍÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÉÀ ÃÀÒÙ-ÅÄÅÄÁÉÓ ×ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÀÛ×ÏÈÄÁÄËÉ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ. ÄÓ ÂÀÍÓÀÊÖÈÒÄÁÉÈ ÄáÄÁÀ ØÅÄÌÏØÀÒÈËÓ, ÓÀÃÀÝ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÀ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÉÚÄÍÄÁÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÓ ÓÀÉÌÉÓÏÃ, ÒÏÌ ÌáÀÒÉ ÃÀÖ-àÉÒÏÓ ÌÄÂÏÁÒÏÁÀÓ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓÀ ÃÀ ÀÆÄÒÁÀÉãÀÍÉÓ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÄÁÓ, ÄÃÖÀÒÃ ÛÄÅÀÒ-ÃÍÀÞÄÓÀ ÃÀ äÄÉÃÀÒ ÀËÉÄÅÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ.

ÀÌÂÅÀÒÉ ÃÀÒÙÅÄÅÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ áÀËáÉ ÍÀÊËÄÁÀÃ ÄÍÃÏÁÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÓ ÃÀ ÄÓÉßÅÄÅÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÄÂÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÀÓ. ÓÀÊÌÀÏÃ ÛÄÌÀÛ×ÏÈÄÁÄËÉÀ ÉÓÉÝ, ÒÏÌ ÒÏÃÄ-ÓÀÝ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÍÀÌÃÅÉËÉ ÛÄÃÄÂÄÁÉ ÀÛÊÀÒÀÀ, ßÀÂÄÁÖËÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉ ÈÖ ÊÀÍÃÉÃÀÔÄÁÉÉÛÅÉÀÈÀÃ ÀÙÉÀÒÄÁÄÍ ÃÀÌÀÒÝáÄÁÀÓ ÃÀ ÌÀÒÝáÓ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÀÓ ÌÉÀßÄÒÄÍ.

4. ÐÄÒÓÐÄØÔÉÅÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÒÄÊÏÌÄÍÃÀÝÉÄÁÉ

ÒÀ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÂÀÊÄÈÃÄÓ ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÓÀÓßÏÒÄÁËÀÃ? ÃÙÄÅÀÍÃÄËÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏ ÈÅÉ-ÓÄÁÒÉÅÀÃ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÃÄÁÀ 80-ÉÀÍÉ ßËÄÁÉÓ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓÂÀÍ, ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁÄËÉ ÉÚÏ ÀÃÀ-ÌÉÀÍÈÀ ÊÒÉÔÉÊÖËÉ ÌÀÓÉÓ ÌÏÁÉËÉÆÄÁÀ ÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀ-ÔÉÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ: ÉÌ ßËÄÁÉÓ ÄÍÈÖÆÉÀÆÌÉ ÞÍÄËÉ ÀÙÓÀÃÂÄÍÉÀ. ÃÙÄÓ ÀØÝÄÍÔÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÉÍ-ÓÔÉÔÖÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÛÄÍÄÁËÏÁÉÓ Ö×ÒÏ ÐÒÏÆÀÖË ÀÌÏÝÀÍÀÆÄ ÖÍÃÀ ÂÀÊÄÈÃÄÓ. ÄÓ ÊÉ ÓÀàÉÒÏ-ÄÁÓ ÉÌ ÐÏÆÉÔÉÖÒÉ ÔÄÍÃÄÍÝÉÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÊÅÄÈÀÓ ÃÀ ÂÀÞËÉÄÒÄÁÀÓ, ÒÀÝ ÛÄÉÍÉÛÍÄÁÀ ÓÀÆÏ-ÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÝáÏÅÒÄÁÀÛÉ.

1. ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÛÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ÌÉÄÒ ÀÌ ÐÒÏÄØÔÉÓ ×ÀÒÂËÄÁÛÉ ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÖËÌÀÛÄáÅÄÃÒÄÁÌÀ ÃÀÀÃÀÓÔÖÒÀ ÌÏÓÀÆÒÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÛÉ ÌÒÀÅÀËÂÆÉÓ ÉÌÄÃ-ÂÀÝÒÖÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÖáÄÃÀÅÀÃ, ÀÒÝ ÉÓÄ ÝÏÔÀÀ ÌÀÙÀËÉ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏ-ÁÉÓ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ãÄÒãÄÒÏÁÉÈ ÀÒÀÓÀÊÌÀÒÉÓÀÃ ÀØÔÉÖÒÉ ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÐÏÆÉÝÉÉÓ ÌØÏÍÄ ÀÃÀ-ÌÉÀÍÉ. ÌÀÈÈÅÉÓ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÀØÔÉÅÏÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÜÄÍÉÓÀ ÃÀ ãÀÍÓÀÙÉ ÀÌÁÉÝÉÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÊ-ÌÀÚÏ×ÉËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁËÏÁÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÝÄÌÉÈ ÌÉÅÉÙÄÁÈ ÀØÔÉÖÒ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÈÀ ÄÓÏÃÄÍ ÓÀ-àÉÒÏ ÊÒÉÔÉÊÖË ÌÀÓÀÓ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÂÀÃÀÌßÚÅÄÔ ÂÀÅËÄÍÀÓ ÌÏÀáÃÄÍÓ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÒÉÅÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÆÄ. ÀÓÄÈÉ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÄÁÉÓ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÀÓ ÌÏßÌÏÁÓ ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ ÁÏËÏ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ, ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÌÒÀÅÀËÉ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉ, ÆÄßÏËÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÚÀËÁÄÁÉÓ ÌÝÃÄËÏÁÀÈÀ ÌÉÖ-áÄÃÀÅÀÃ, ÀØÔÉÖÒÀÃ ÉÝÀÅÃÀ ÈÀÅÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÓ, ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÀ ÌÉÄÙÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏ-ÝÄÓÛÉ. ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÉÓ ÂÀÅÒÝÄËÄÁÀ ÌÓÂÀÅÓÉ ×ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÔÉÌÖËÓ ÌÉÓÝÄÌÓ ÓáÅÄÁ-ÓÀÝ, ÖÊÄÈ ÃÀÉÝÅÀÍ ÈÀÅÉÀÍÈÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ.

2. ÀÒÀÓÀÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÀÓÌÄÃÉÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀÆÄ ÀØÔÉÖÒÉ ÍÀßÉËÉ ÈÀÍ-ÃÀÈÀÍ Ö×ÒÏ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÖË ÐÏÆÉÝÉÄÁÓ ÉÊÀÅÄÁÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÄËÉÔÉÓ ÌÉÌÀÒÈ ÃÀ ÖÁÉÞ-ÂÄÁÓ ÌÀÈ, ÌÄÔÉ ÄÒÈÂÖËÄÁÀ ÂÀÌÏÉÜÉÍÏÍ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÓÀØÌÄ-ÛÉ. ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÄËÉÔÀ ÉÞÖËÄÁÖËÉÀ, ÌÄÔÉ ÀÍÂÀÒÉÛÉ ÂÀÖßÉÏÓ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÆÒÉÓ×ÏÒÌÉÒÄÁÀÆÄ ÓÀÊÌÀÏ ÂÀÅËÄÍÉÓ ÌØÏÍÄ ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÄÁÓ.ÀÌ ÖÊÀÍÀÓÊÍÄËÈÀ ÌáÒÉÃÀÍ Ö×ÒÏ ÊÏÏÒÃÉÍÉÒÄÁÖË ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÀÓ ÓÄÒÉÏÆÖËÉ ÂÀÅËÄ-ÍÉÓ ÌÏáÃÄÍÀ ÛÄÖÞËÉÀ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÖË ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÆÄ.

3. ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ËÉÃÄÒÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÝáÀÃÉ áÃÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌ ÐÏÓÔÛÄÅÀÒÃÍÀÞÖË ÄÐÏØÀÛÉ


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ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÀÙÀÒ ÉÀÒÓÄÁÏÓ ÐÉÒÀÌÉÃÉÓ ÌÓÂÀÅÓÌÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ-ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏ ÓÔÒÖØ-ÔÖÒÀÌ ÃÀ ÀÙÀÒÀÅÉÓ ÄØÍÄÁÀ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÀ, ÂÀÒÀÍÔÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÖËÉÃÀ ÓÀÐÏËÉÝÉÏ ÌÀÍØÀÍÉÓ, ßÀÌÚÅÀÍÉ ×ÉÍÀÍÓÖÒÉ ßÒÄÄÁÉÓÀ ÈÖ ÀÒÀ×ÏÒÌÀËÖÒÉ ÛÄÉÀÒÀ-ÙÄÁÖËÉ ãÂÖ×ÄÁÉÓ ÌáÒÉÃÀÍ. ØÀÒÈÅÄËÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÏÓÄÁÉÓ ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀ ÌÉÃÉÓ ÉÌ ÃÀÓ-ÊÅÍÀÌÃÄ, ÒÏÌ ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÈÀÌÀÛÉÓ (ÖÐÉÒÅÄËÄÓÀÃ, ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ) ßÄÓÄÁÉÈÚÅÄËÀÓ ÄÒÈÍÀÉÒÀÃ ÂÀÖàÉÒÃÄÁÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ßÀÒÌÀÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÙßÄÅÀ. ÓÀàÉÒÏÀ ÀÌ ÓÀ×-ÒÈáÉÓ Ö×ÒÏ ÍÀÈÄËÉ ÂÀÀÆÒÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÌÏÓÀÅËÉÓ ÞÉÄÁÀ.

4. ÌÉÖáÄÃÀÅÀÃ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÄËÉÔÉÓ ÌáÒÉÃÀÍ ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÓ ÌÞÀ×-ÒÉ ÊÒÉÔÉÊÉÓÀ, ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ËÉÃÄÒÄÁÉ ÓÖË Ö×ÒÏ áÛÉÒÀÃ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÀÅÄÍ ÓÀÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏ-ÄÁÓ ÉÓÄÈÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÃÀÅÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÓÀßÚÅÄÔÀÃ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÀÃÒÄ ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏ ÊÀÁÉ-ÍÄÔÄÁÛÉ ÀÒÀ×ÏÒÌÀËÖÒÉ ÂÀÒÜÄÅÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÛÄÈÀÍáÌÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ ßÚÃÄÁÏÃÀ. ÄÓ ÉÌÄÃÓÂÅÀÞËÄÅÓ, ÒÏÌ ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÉÓ ÏÒÂÀÍÏÄÁÉÓ ÌáÒÉÃÀÍ ÌÄÔÉ ÏÁÉÄØÔÖÒÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÏ-×ÄÓÉÏÍÀËÉÆÌÉ ÀÖÝÉËÄÁËÀÃ ÛÄÀÌÝÉÒÄÁÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÊÏÍ×ËÉØÔÄÁÉÓ ÀÒÀÝÉÅÉËÖÒÉÂÆÉÈ ÌÏÂÅÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÌÝÃÄËÏÁÀÓ.

ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÓ ÒÄ×ÏÒÌÉÒÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÛÉ ÖÐÉÒÀÔÄÓÏÁÀ ÖÍÃÀ ÌÉÄÍÉàÏÓ ÒÀÌ-ÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÓÐÄÝÉ×ÉÊÖÒ ÀÌÏÝÀÍÀÓ:

1. ÓÀàÉÒÏÀ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÖËÉ ÃÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÉÌÃÄÅÒÖËÉ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÀ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅ-ÍÏ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÉÓ ÞÉÒÄÖËÉ ÛÄÝÅËÉÓ ÌÉÆÍÉÈ. ÄÒÈ-ÄÒÈ ÅÀÒÉÀÍÔÀÃ ÛÄÉÞ-ËÄÁÀ ÂÀÍÅÉáÉËÏÈ ÌÏÃÄËÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÃÀÄÌÚÀÒÄÁÀ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÌÙÄÁÉ (ÐÒÏ-×ÄÓÉÏÍÀËÉ ÌÏáÄËÄÄÁÉ) ÃÀ ÀÌ ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÀÆÄ ÓÀÜÉÅÒÉÓ ÂÀÍÌáÉËÅÄËÉ (ÍÀ×ÉÝ ÌÓÀ-ãÖËÈÀ ÛÄÒÜÄÅÉÓ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉÈ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÛÄÒÜÄÖËÉ “ÍÀ×ÉÝÉ ÀÌÏÌÒÜÄÅËÄÁÉ”) ÓÖ-ÁÉÄØÔÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÉãÅÍÀÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÀÛÉ.

2. ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÁËÄÌÀÓ ÅÄÒ ÌÏÄÅËÄÁÀ, ÈÖ ÀÒ ÌÏßÄÓÒÉÂÃÀ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÏÁÉÓÀÙÒÉÝáÅÀ ÃÀ ÀÒ ÃÀÉÍÄÒÂÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÓÀÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÏ ÔÄØÍÏËÏÂÉÄÁÉ. ÓÀàÉÒÏÀÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÖËÄÁÉÈ (ÓÀÂÀÃÀÓÀáÀÃÏ, ÓÀÐÄÍÓÉÏ, ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ) ÃÀÂÄÂÌÉËÉ ÙÏÍÉÓ-ÞÉÄÁÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÃÏÍÏÒÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×ÉËÉ ×ÉÍÀÍÓÖÒÉ ÒÄÓÖÒÓÄÁÉÓ ÊÏ-ÏÒÃÉÍÀÝÉÀ ÃÀ ÊÏÍÓÏËÉÃÀÝÉÀ, ÒÀÈÀ ÛÄÉØÌÍÀÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓáÅÀ ÀÌÏÝÀÍÄÁÈÀÍÄÒÈÀÃ ÖÆÒÖÍÅÄËÚÏ×Ó ÂÀÍÀáËÄÁÀÃÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÓÉÄÁÉÓ ÉÍ×ÒÀÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÀÓ.

3. ØÅÄÚÀÍÀÛÉ ßÀÌÏßÚÄÁÖËÉ ÀÍÔÉÊÏÒÖ×ÝÉÖËÉ ÉÍÉÝÉÀÔÉÅÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀáÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÏÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌàÅÉÒÅÀËÏÁÉÓÀÊÄÍ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÖËÉ ÙÏÍÉÓÞÉÄÁÄÁÉÓ ×ÏÍÆÄ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁÄ-ËÉ áÃÄÁÀ ÓÄÒÉÏÆÖËÉ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÔÀÍÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÀÈÀ ÃÀ×ÉÍÀÍÓÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀÛÉ. ÛÄÉÞ-ËÄÁÀ ÂÀÍÅÉáÉËÏÈ ÌÏÃÄËÉ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈÀÝ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ×ÏÍÃÄÁÉ ÛÄ-ÉØÌÍÄÁÀ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÐÀÒÔÉÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÂÀáÓÍÉË ÀÍ-ÂÀÒÉÛÆÄ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÉÒÄÁÀÝ ÌÏáÃÄÁÀ ÐÀÒÔÉÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÃÀÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄ-ÁÄËÉ ÐÉÒÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÃÀ ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ ÃÀÄÊÉÓÒÄÁÀ ÓÉÓáËÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀÖÊÀÍÏÍÏ ÛÄÌÏßÉÒÖËÏÁÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÉÓ, ÃÀÌÀËÅÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÀÒÀÓßÏÒÉ áÀÒãÅÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ. ÛÄÓÀÞ-ËÄÁÄËÉÀ, ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÂÀßÄÖËÉ áÀÒãÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÃÏÊÖÌÄÍÔÀÝÉÀ ÂÀÌÏÝáÀÃÃÄÓÓÀãÀÒÏ ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÀÃ ÃÀ ÌÀÓÆÄ ÂÀÅÒÝÄËÃÄÓ ÆÏÂÀÃÉ ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÖËÉ ÊÏÃÄØÓÉÈÃÀÃÂÄÍÉËÉ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÓÔÀÍÃÀÒÔÄÁÉ.

ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÉÓ ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÉÓ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÃ-ÒÄÁÀ ÒÈÖËÉ ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÄÁÒÉÏÁÉÓ ÖÊÉÃÖÒÄÓÀÃ ÌÝÉÒÄ ÂÀ-ÌÏÝÃÉËÄÁÉÓ ÌØÏÍÄ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀÛÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÖÄÝÒÀÃ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÈÀ ÄÅÒÏÐÖËÉÏãÀáÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ ÀÙÌÏÜÍÃÀ. ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÓ ÂÀãÀÍÓÀÙÄÁÉÓ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÉÌÄÃÉ,ÀËÁÀÈ, ÌÀÉÍÝ ÉÌÀÓ ÄÌÚÀÒÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌ ÀÌ ÏãÀáÉÓ “áÀÍÃÀÆÌÖËÉ” ßÄÅÒÄÁÉ ØÅÄÚÀÍÀÓ Ö×-ÒÏ ØÌÄÃÉÈ ÃÀáÌÀÒÄÁÀÓ ÀÙÌÏÖÜÄÍÄÍ.


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ÂÀÍÌÀÒÔÄÁÄÁÉ1 ÀÌÀÛÉ ÛÄÃÉÓ ÏÒÉ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀ, ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÄÁÉ ÄÒÈÃÒÏÖËÀÃ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÓÀ ÃÀ ÀÙÌÀÓ-ÒÖËÄÁÄËÉ áÄËÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ áÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÓ ÉÒÜÄÅÃÍÄÍ. ÀÌÉÓ ÂÀÈÅÀËÉÓßÉÍÄÁÉÈ, ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÒÀ-ÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ 11-ÌÃÄ ÂÀÅÆÀÒÃÏÈ.2 1992 ßÄËÓ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÄÁÌÀ ÐÉÒÃÀÐÉÒÉ áÌÉÓ ÌÉÝÄÌÉÈ (ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÐÀÒÀËÄËÖ-ÒÀÃ) ÀÉÒÜÉÄÓ ÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÉÓ ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÄ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÌÄÈÀÖÒÉ ÖÍÃÀ ÂÀÌ-áÃÀÒÉÚÏ: ÀÌÂÅÀÒÀÃ, ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÄÁÌÀ ÈÀÅÉ ÀÀÒÉÃÄÓ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÉÓ ÉÖÒÉÃÉÖËÀÃ ÂÀ×ÏÒÌÄÁÖËÉÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÉÓ ÃÀ×ÖÞÍÄÁÀÓ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ×ÀØÔÏÁÒÉÅÀÃ ÀÌ ÈÀÍÀÌÃÄÁÏÁÀÓ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏ ÞÀËÀÖ×ËÄÁÀÌÉÀÍÉàÄÓ ÀÌÉÔÏÌ ÀÌ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÓ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏÓ ÌÉÅÀÈÅËÉÈ (Éá. ÀÌÀÅÄ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀ-ËÀ N2, ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ).

ÓØÏËÉÏÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÃÀÌáÌÀÒÄ ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀ

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutionsand Human Rights (ODIHR). Republic of Georgia Presidential Elections 9 April 2000: Final Report. Warsaw,June 2000ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÀÍÉ ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ, ÓÀÐÀÒËÀÌÄÍÔÏ ÃÀ ÓÀÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÏÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ, 1995 ßËÉÓ ÍÏÄÌÁÄÒÉ, ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÆÄ ÃÀÊÅÉÒÅÄÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÌÏáÓÄÍÄ-ÁÀ, ÈÁÉËÉÓÉ, ÂÀÌÏÌÝÄÌËÏÁÀ “ÌÄÒÉÃÉÀÍÉ”, 1996.


36

ÀÅÔÏÒÈÀ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ

ÃÀÅÉÈ ÖÓÖ×ÀÛÅÉËÉ - “IRIS ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ” ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÉÓ Ö×ÒÏÓÉÌÒÜÄÅÄËÉ, ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÓ ÀÛÛ-Ó ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÀÂÄÍÔÏÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÉÓÖÆÄÍÀÄÓÏÁÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÀÛÉ. 1992 ßÄËÓ ÃÀÀÌÈÀÅÒÀ ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ ÓÀ-áÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÉÓ ÉÖÒÉÃÉÖËÉ ×ÀÊÖËÔÄÔÉ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÉÓ ÓÐÄÝÉÀËÏÁÉÈ, 1999ßÄËÓ ÊÉ ÌÉÉÙÏ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÉÓ ÌÀÂÉÓÔÒÉÓ ÃÉÐËÏÌÉ ÀÛÛ-Ó ÃÉÖÊÉÓ ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÛÉ. ÌÖÛÀÏÁÃÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÐÒÄÆÉÃÄÍÔÉÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÛÄØÌÍÉËÉÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÀÍÔÉÊÏÒÖ×ÝÉÖËÉ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ ÛÄÌÌÖÛÀÅÄÁÄËÉ ãÂÖ×ÉÓ ÀÙÌÀÓÒÖËÄÁÄËÌÃÉÅÍÀÃ (2000-2001); ÌÀÍÀÌÃÄ ÉÚÏ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀ-ÝÉÉÓ ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÄ (1994-1997), ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ(1993-1995), ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÌÄÈÀÖÒÉÓ Ö×ÒÏÓÉ ÉÖÒÉÃÉÖËÉ ÌÒÜÄÅÄ-ËÉ (1992-1994), ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÝÄÍÔÒÀËÖÒÉ ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÊÏÌÉÓÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ ÃÀ ÉÖÒÉ-ÃÉÖËÉ ÂÀÍÚÏ×ÉËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÂÄ (1990-1993), ÈÁÉËÉÓÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÉÓËÄØÔÏÒÉ (1992-1995), ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÀÒÀÓÀÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ, ÌÀÈ ÛÏÒÉÓ, ×ÏÍÃ“ÙÉÀ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀ - ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ” ÀÙÌÀÓÒÖËÄÁÄËÉ ÓÀÁàÏÓ ßÄÅÒÉ (1995-1997, 1999-2001). ØÀÒÈÖË ÃÀ ÖÝáÏÖÒ ÐÄÒÉÏÃÖË ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÄÁÛÉ ÂÀÌÏØÅÄÚÍÄÁÖËÉ ÀØÅÓ ÒÀÌ-ÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÓÔÀÔÉÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ, ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ, ÀÒÜÄÅÍÄÁÉÓÀÃÀ ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÆÄ.

ÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ – ÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÉÓ, ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÖÒÉ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÉÓÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÄ; ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÀÈÀ ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒÉ ÉËÉÀ àÀÅàÀÅÀÞÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÏ-ÁÉÓ ÃÀÓÀÅËÖÒ ÄÍÀÈÀ ÃÀ ÊÖËÔÖÒÀÈÀ ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÛÉ; ÜÀÔÀÒÄÁÖËÉ ÀØÅÓ ÓÀÄÒÈÀ-ÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÅËÄÅÄÁÉ ÅÀÛÉÍÂÔÏÍÉÓ ÅÖÃÒÏ ÅÉËÓÏÍÉÓ ÓÀáÄËÏÁÉÓ ÝÄÍÔÒÛÉ, ÊÀËÉ×ÏÒ-ÍÉÉÓ ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÛÉ (ÁÄÒÊËÉ) ÃÀ ÁÄÒËÉÍÉÓ ÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÀÈÀ ÊÏËÄãÛÉ; ÁÏËÏ ÈáÖÈ-ÌÄÔÉ ßËÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÀÅËÏÁÀÛÉ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÀÃ ÌÖÛÀÏÁÃÀ ÃÀ ßÄÒÃÀ ÏÒ ÈÄÌÀÆÄ: 1. ÒÄÂÉÏÍÀ-ËÖÒÉ ÖÓÀ×ÒÈáÏÄÁÀ, ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÌÛÄÍÄÁËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÆÀÝÉÀ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÀÛÉ;2. ÍÀÝÉÏÍÀËÉÆÌÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÂÀÒÃÀÌÀÅËÏÁÉÓ ÈÄÏÒÉÄÁÉ ÐÏÓÔÝÉÅÉ ÏÌÉÓÊÏÍÔÄØÓÔÛÉ.

37

qarTuli

ÃÀÍÀÒÈÉ

ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÌÛÄÍÄÁËÏÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ12 ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÉÓ ÜÀÌÏÍÀÈÅÀËÉ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N1ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÃÀÌÊÅÉÃÒÄÁÉÓ ÌÝÃÄËÏÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÍÀßÉËÉ 1. ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÉÓ ÛÄØÌÍÉÓ ÏÒÉ ÌÝÃÄËÏÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ: ÈáÖÈÌÄÔßËÉÀÍÉÂÆÉÓ ÛÄãÀÌÄÁÀÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀÍÀßÉËÉ 2. ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÃÀ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÙÉÒÄÁÖËÄÁÄÁÉÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÂÉÂÉ ÈÄÅÆÀÞÄ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N2ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÂÉÀ ÂÄßÀÞÄ, ÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N3ÒÄÂÉÏÍÀËÉÆÌÉ ÃÀ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÈÅÉÈÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÃÀÅÉÈ ËÏÓÀÁÄÒÉÞÄ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N4ÓÀÀÒÜÄÅÍÏ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÃÀÅÉÈ ÖÓÖ×ÀÛÅÉËÉ, ÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N5ÞÀËÏÅÀÍÉ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÄÁÉ, ÓÖÓÔÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÓÉÍÃÒÏÌÉ ÃÀ ÊÏÒÖ×ÝÉÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈ-ÅÄËÏÛÉÍÀßÉËÉ 1. ÞÀËÏÅÀÍÉ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÄÁÉÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛÅÉËÉÍÀßÉËÉ 2. ÓÖÓÔÉ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÓ ÓÉÍÃÒÏÌÉ ÃÀ ÊÏÒÖ×ÝÉÀÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛÅÉËÉ, ÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N6ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÍÀßÉËÉ 1. ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ: ÒÏÂÏÒ ÉÝÀÅÓ ÓÀáÄËßÉ×Ï ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÓ ÓÀ-ØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÈÉÍÀÈÉÍ áÉÃÀÛÄËÉÍÀßÉËÉ 2. ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÈÉÍÀÈÉÍ áÉÃÀÛÄËÉÍÀßÉËÉ 3. ÖÌÝÉÒÄÓÏÁÀÈÀ ÓÔÀÔÖÓÉ ÃÀ ÄÈÍÏÓÛÏÒÉÓÉ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÀÒÍÏËÃ ÓÔÄ×ÀÍÉÀÍÉÍÀßÉËÉ 4. ÀÙÌÓÀÒÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÒÄËÉÂÉÖÒÉ ÖÌÝÉÒÄÓÏÁÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄ-ËÏÛÉÃÀÅÉÈ ÆÖÒÀÁÉÛÅÉËÉÍÀßÉËÉ 5. ÂÄÍÃÄÒÖËÉ ÈÀÍÀÓßÏÒÏÁÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ ÐÏÓÔÓÀÁàÏÈÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉËÄËÀ áÏÌÄÒÉÊÉ

38

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N7ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÖËÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÍÀßÉËÉ 1. ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÀÒÔÉÄÁÉÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀÍÀßÉËÉ 2. ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÉÂÉÂÉ ÈÄÅÆÀÞÄÍÀßÉËÉ 3. ÌÀÓÌÄÃÉÀÌÀÒÉÍÀ ÌÖÓáÄËÉÛÅÉËÉÍÀßÉËÉ 4. ÌÏØÀËÀØÄÈÀ ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÀ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÒÉÅ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒ ÝáÏÅ-ÒÄÁÀÛÉÍÀÍÀ ÓÖÌÁÀÞÄ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N8ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÆÀÝÉÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ: ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÂÀÒÃÀØÌÍÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀÝ-ÅÀÍÀßÉËÉ 1. ÃÄÌÏÊÒÀÔÉÆÀÝÉÀ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÂÀÒÃÀØÌÍÄÁÉÓ ×ÏÍÆÄÌÀÒÉÍÀ ÌÖÓáÄËÉÛÅÉËÉ, ÀÍÀ ÀáÅËÄÃÉÀÍÉÍÀßÉËÉ 2. ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÃÀ ÌÉÓÉ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÌÉ-ÌÀÒÈÖËÄÁÄÁÉÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÈÅÀËàÒÄËÉÞÄ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N9ÄÈÍÉÊÖÒÉ ÊÏÍ×ËÉØÔÉ ÃÀ ÂÀÍÃÂÏÌÉËÉ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛÅÉËÉ, ÂÉÂÉ ÈÄÅÆÀÞÄ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N10ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÃÄÃÀØÀËÀØÉ ÃÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉÃÄÃÀØÀËÀØÉ ÃÀ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÄÁÉÈÀÌÀÒ ÁÄÒÄÊÀÛÅÉËÉÝÀËÊÄÖËÉ ÊÅËÄÅÀ:1. ÀàÀÒÀÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛÅÉËÉ2. ÉÌÄÒÄÈÉÃÀÅÉÈ ËÏÓÀÁÄÒÉÞÄ3. ÓÀÌÄÂÒÄËÏÃÀÅÉÈ ÌÄËÖÀ4. ÓÀÌÝáÄ-ãÀÅÀáÄÈÉÂÉÀ ÍÏÃÉÀ5. ÊÀáÄÈÉÃÀÅÉÈ ÌÄËÖÀÃÀÍÀÒÈÉ: ÓÏÝÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÌÀÜÅÄÍÄÁËÄÁÉ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N11ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÃÀáÌÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÅËÄÍÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÆÄãÀÁÀ ÃÄÅÃÀÒÉÀÍÉ

ÓÀÃÉÓÊÖÓÉÏ ÌÀÓÀËÀ N12ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÉÓ ÊÏÍÔÄØÓÔÛÉÃÀÅÉÈ ÃÀÒÜÉÀÛÅÉËÉ

39

INTERNATIONAL IDEA’S SOUTH CAUCASUS PROGRAMME TEAM

International IDEA’s Representative in the South Caucasusand Head of Programme:

Ms. Armineh ArakelianTel/Fax: 374 1 56 54 84Mobile: 374 9 42 47 46Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]/southcaucasus/

Programme Office in Armenia:83 Teryan str, Apt 24375009 YerevanTel/Fax: 374 1 56 54 84Email: [email protected]

Liaison Team in Georgia:1, Merab Alexidze StreetTbilisi 380093Tel: 995 32 334081Mobile: 995 93 362838Fax: 995 32 334163Email: [email protected]

Headquarters in Sweden:Ms. Zoe Mills, Administrative officerStromsborg, 103 34 Stockholm, SwedenTel: 46 8 698 37 17Fax: 46 8 20 24 22Email: [email protected]/southcaucasus/

40

ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÉÓ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÀÆÄÌÏÌÖÛÀÅÄ ãÂÖ×É

ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ IDEA-Ó ßÀÒÌÏÌÀÃÂÄÍËÏÁÀ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÊÀÅÊÀÓÉÀÛÉ ÃÀ ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓáÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÉ:

ÀÒÌÉÍÄ ÀÒÀÊÄËÉÀÍÉ

ÔÄË/×ÀØÓÉ: 374 1 56 54 84ÌÏÁÉËÖÒÉ: 374 9 42 47 46ÄË×ÏÓÔÀ: [email protected]; [email protected]ÅÄÁÂÅÄÒÃÉ: www.idea.intwww.idea.int/southcaucasus/

ÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÉÓ Ï×ÉÓÉ ÓÏÌáÄÈÉ:

ÔÄÒÉÀÍÉÓ ØÖÜÀ 83, ÁÉÍÀ 24375009, ÄÒÄÅÀÍÉ, ÓÏÌáÄÈÉÄË×ÏÓÔÀ: [email protected]ÔÄË/×ÀØÓÉ: 374 1 56 54 84

ÐÒÏÄØÔÉÓ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ãÂÖ×É ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ:

ÌÄÒÀÁ ÀËÄØÓÉÞÉÓ ØÖÜÀ 1,380093, ÈÁÉËÉÓÉ, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÔÄË: 995 32 334081×ÀØÓÉ: 995 32 334163ÌÏÁÉËÖÒÉ: 995 93 362838ÄË×ÏÓÔÀ: [email protected]

ÓÀÈÀÅÏ Ï×ÉÓÉ ÛÅÄÃÄÈÛÉ:ÆÏÉ ÌÉËÓÉ, ÀÃÌÉÍÉÓÔÒÀÝÉÖËÉ áÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÉ

ÓÔÒÏÌÁÏÒÂÉ, 103 34 ÓÔÏÊäÏËÌÉ, ÛÅÄÃÄÈÉÔÄË: 46 8 698 37 17,×ÀØÓÉ: 46 8 20 24 22ÄË×ÏÓÔÀ: [email protected]ÅÄÁÂÅÄÒÃÉ: www.idea.intwww.idea.int/southcaucasus/

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