Date post: | 13-May-2015 |
Category: |
Art & Photos |
Upload: | xinyu-12 |
View: | 585 times |
Download: | 0 times |
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
MARCH 2014
[BLD62003] BUILDING MATERIALS
Assignment 1A: Research on Building Material – CONCRETE
Name: ID:
CHEONG KHA MAN 0319456
ELEY CHONG SHU HUI 0319458
KONG XIN YU 0319959
LOW CHEE YING 0319126
Lecturer: Pn. Hasmanira Mokhtar
Content
Translucent Concrete
Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Application --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Advantages and Disadvantages ----------------------------------------------------- 2
Images, Diagram ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Ferrocement Concrete
Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Definition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
General Information --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-5
Application --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-8
Physical and Chemical Properties --------------------------------------------------- 8
Advantages and Disadvantages ----------------------------------------------------- 8-9
Suitability/Sustainability ---------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Performance/Behaviour ---------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Maintenance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
High Strength Concrete
Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Definition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
General Information --------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Application --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Advantages and Disadvantages ----------------------------------------------------- 11
Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Definition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Physical and Chemical Properties --------------------------------------------------- 12
Advantages and Disadvantages ----------------------------------------------------- 12-13
Specification ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
Application --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Reference List ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15-17
Translucent Concrete
Introduction
Translucent concrete also known as light-transmitting concrete or transparent concrete. It is
an emerging material that is a based building material with light-transmissive property due to
implant light optical fibers. Light is conducted through the stone from one to another. So, the
fibers need to go through the whole object and this will cause a certain light pattern on the
other surface depending on the fiber structure. The fibers run parallel to each other and light
transmitting between two surfaces of the concrete element which they are implanted.
Silhouettes will appear due to shadows cast onto one side of the material. Thickness of the
optical fibers can be different between 2 µm and 2 mm to satisfy the particular requirements
of light transmission.
Translucent concrete is based on a fine grain concrete, and 5% light conducting elements
that are added during casting process. The material will be cut into panels or blocks of
specified thickness, yet the surface is then polished typically to resulting in finishes ranging
from semi-gloss or high-gloss. Smaller and also thinner layers allow an increased amount of
light to pass through the concrete.
http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/materials-applications/architectural-decorative-concrete/applications/light-transmitting-concrete
http://kishaniperera.com/2012/04/translucent-concrete/
http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/materials-applications/architectural-decorative-concrete/applications/light-transmitting-concrete
Application
Translucent concrete is suited to create partition walls, load-bearing walls, pavements,
decorative tiles, stairs and even lamps. Partition wall which was made by translucent
concrete can be used in place where the sunlight doesn’t reach properly. For decorative and
aesthetic purpose, furniture also can be made in the translucent way. Subway station is
suitable to build by this type of material for the reason increasing visibility in dark. It also
suited to lighting indoor fire escapes, in the event of a power failure.
The sidewalk of a public square in Stockholm, Sweden looks like it were made from general
concrete but when it is being lighten up with the colour lights at night, it looks gorgeous.
Advantages
- Application of translucent concrete in building can save energy.
-Translucent concrete has fantastic architectural properties for giving good aesthetical view to
the building.
Disadvantages
- Translucent concrete is expensive compare to the traditional one because of the optical
fibers.
- Process of casting the translucent concrete block required special labour who has the
special skilled because it is difficult.
http://dornob.com/see-through-light-transmitting-concrete-material/#axzz2v1i4eRSM
Images, Diagram
Diagram1- Price list.
Figure 1- Samples.
Figure 2- Translucent concrete at Expo Bau 2011, München/Germany.
http://comedownarts.blogspot.com/2009/12/translucent-concrete.html
http://litracon.hu/samples.php
http://illumin.usc.edu/printer/245/translucent-concrete-an-emerging-material/
Ferrocement
Introduction
Ferrocement is the forgotten sister of standard reinforced concrete construction that both
were invented and patented in France in the 19th century. Reinforced concrete was used for
building while ferrocement was mostly used for boat hulls. But ferrocement’s use in
construction was eclipsed by reinforced concrete.
Definition
Ferrocement is a highly versatile form of thin reinforced concrete made up of large amounts
or several layers ofsmall-diameterwire meshes, sand, water, and Portland cement mortar,
which possesses unique qualities of strength and serviceability (Kulkarni & Gaidhankar,
2013). The wire meshes are used uniformly throughout the cross section instead of discretely
place reinforcing bars and they can be metallic or other substance materials wire meshes
(S.P.SHAH, 1981).
General Information: 1. History of ferrocement
The first known ferrocement boats were built by Joseph Louis Lambot in 1849. However, the
technical beginning of ferrocement was in 1943 when an Italian engineer, Pier Luigi Nervi did
http://boatbits.blogspot.com/2013/05/another-good-boatbuilding-material.html
HYPERLINK "http://theconstructor.org/concrete/ferro-cement-in-construction/1156/"http://
a series of experiments, investigated the properties of ferrocement and stated the principles:
The fundamental idea behind this new reinforced concrete material ferrocement is the well-
known elementary fact that concrete can stand large strains in the neighborhood of the
reinforcement and that the magnitude of stress depends on the distribution and subdivision of
the reinforcement throughout the mass of concrete (Canby, 1969).
General Information: 2. Four phases of ferrocement construction (S. P. SHAH,1981)
Fabricating the skeletal framing system
Applying rods and mesh
Plastering
Curing
Application
Ferrocement for Indigenous Boats in Developing
Countries
Compared to oceangoing trawlers with
sophisticated western-style hulls, individual
boatmen, whether commercial or subsistence, who
would benefit from the low cost, long life, and easy
repairs of small, familiarly shaped and propelled
ferrocement boat. This is because this kind of small ferrocement workboats can be
built on site by the local laborers who are usually available and low cost. Ferrocement
is free from attack by teredos (shipworms), wood rot and other hazards and is
equivalent or lighter in weight than wooden craft (National Academy of Sciences
(U.S.), 1973).
Ferrocement for water tanks
http://www.new-territories.com/ZOO/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/i_1855-bateau-lambot-petit.jpg
http://nomadness.com/blog/page/10
There is a scarcity of water for drinking and washing in rural areas of developing
countries. Therefore, simple, economical and durable ferrocementis suitable used for
water tanks compared to high cost, rusting,
consequent maintenance and limited life-span steel
tanks. For an urban environment, a suitable and
durable precast ferrocement cylindrical water tank by adapting available mechanized
production methods is required in high rise buildings to alleviate the acute shortage
and high cost of skilled labour. It will be more economical and lighter than conventional
reinforced concrete (P Paramasivam, 2001).
Ferrocement for silos or food storage
Ferrocement silos can help to preserve grain and
other food crops in developing countries because of
its fabrication from local materials, its structural
strength and reliability and it is easy for maintenance
and has a long life span compared to stainless steel
silos. Since the ferrocement silos are airtight, the
inside air is quickly deprived of oxygen by the
respiring grain and insects. Thus, storing grains and
other foods could help farmers to become more self-reliant and contribute significantly
to a country’s economy and food reserves (National Academy of Sciences U.S., 1973).
Ferrocement for low cost roofing slabs
The use of the ferrocement to concrete slabs enhanced the perforation resistance and
reduce the heat transfer through the thinner thickness of the steel mesh reinforced
cement matrix. Ferrcocement slabs can also
resist fire, weather and crack propagation and
even the ferrocement layers show good
stiffness, ductility and impact resistance (Civil
Engineering, 2012). It is also easily fabricated
in many types of shapes and acts as
http://watercharity.org/book/export/html/167
http://newseq.blogspot.com/2011/09/sevai-ferro-cement-roofing-is-for.html
http://geekygetaways.wordpress.com/2011/09/25/auckland-waterfront-
secondary roofing slabs to insulate against intense heat in tropical countries (P.
Paramasivam, 2001).
Ferrocement for sunscreens
Owing to the handling and erection, architectural requirements, durability and overall
cost led to the choice of ferrocement as the most suitable alternative material in the
prevention of direct exposure to sunlight in the housing developments which consist of
multistory apartment blocks. The sunscreens were cast in steel moulds in a precast
factory and they were painted and transported to the site after necessary curing.
Another type of ferrocement sunscreens were installed in several partially completed
apartment blocks(P Paramasivam, 2001).
Ferrocement for structural beam rehabilitation
According to its superior performance and versatility, ferrocement is not only used in
housing industry but its potentials are being continuously explored for its use in retro
fitting and strengthening of damaged structural members. It is necessary to adjust the
material properties to the construction type and acting
forces in the structures, to obtain the proper strength,
stiffness, cracking control, ductility and impact
resistance. The ferrocement laminates were cast onto
the soffits (tension face) of the beams without any
change in width of the beams for flexural
strengthening (Civil Engineering, 2012).
Ferrocement for houses
Ferrocement houses are particularly in dome shaped
or earth sheltered and survive in hurricanes and
tornadoes. Earth sheltered and dome ferrocement are
also considered relatively secure in earthquakes (AL
FIN, 2009).
Ferrocement for raised bed gardening
http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Ferrocement
http://theconstructor.org/concrete/retrofitting-of-rcc-structural-members/7363/
Ferrocement in Disaster Relief
Ferrocement could be used at a disaster site for last long
not only for transport facilities such as simple boats
floating bridges, but also for emergency shelters which is
easy to erect and highly efficient (National Academy of
Sciences (U.S.), 1973).
Physical and Chemical Properties
It exhibits an easy mold-ability because of wire meshes. Thus, it can be used to
produce any desired shape of structure (Civil Engineering, 2012).
It is lighter and thinner in weight than wood, steel, fiber glass and others (Canby,
1969).
Ferrocement minimizes the maintenance cost and is durable as it has superior
tensile strength (Canby, 1969).
Although it can resist fire, the strength of ferrocement is changed due to rapid
dehydration (Canby, 1969).
It has a low thermal expansion that will keep a boat warmer in the winter and cooler
in the summer (Canby, 1969).
Ferrocement has a good sound absorbing and vibration absorbing characteristics
(Canby, 1969).
Advantages
It is extremely flexible as the load of the structure is widely distributed and
ferrocement tends to perform well in earthquakes (McMahon & Harris, 2014).
Its basic raw materials are readily available and it is affordable in most countries
(Ranaparkhe, Nim & Chandore, 2013).
http://alfin2100.blogspot.com/2009/09/versatile-
http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/ferrocement
It can be fabricated into any desired shape according to the designer (Ranaparkhe,
Nim & Chandore, 2013).
Ferrocement can be used by the unskilled labors as the skills for ferrocement
construction can be acquired easily (Ranaparkhe, Nim & Chandore, 2013).
Heavy plants and machinery do not be involved in ferrocement construction
(Ranaparkhe, Nim & Chandore, 2013).
It can be repaired easily in case of damage (Ranaparkhe, Nim & Chandore, 2013).
Being labor intensive, it is relatively inexpensive and low labor skill is required in
developing countries (Ranaparkhe, Nim & Chandore, 2013).
Ferrocement is lighter in weight and has long lifetime compared to the others
materials and ease of construction (Mishra, 2012).
Disadvantages
Structures made of pointed objects can punctured into the ferrocement by collision
(Mishra, 2012).
Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete coverage of metal by
mortar (Mishra, 2012).
It is difficult to fasten to ferrocement with bolts, screws, welding and nail (Mishra,
2012).
Requirement of labors and the cost of semi-skilled and unskilled are high in amount
(Mishra, 2012).
Tying rods and meshes together is tedious and time consuming (Mishra, 2012).
Suitability/ Sustainability
Ferrocement is suitable for those developing countries due to the fabrication of ferrocement,
basic raw material, providing skill to laborers, transportation, materials-handling and easily be
repaired on site(National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), 1973). Furthermore, it is more difficult
to be used in developed countries because ferrocement needs more labors and the cost od
employees is high.
Performance/ Behaviour
The behavior of ferrocement element under compression mainly depended on mix design
properties (Civil Engineering, 2012).
Maintenance
Minimum maintenance of ferrocement with low cost (Canby, 1969).
High Strength Concrete
Introduction
High strength concrete (HSC) may be defined as concrete with a specified characteristic
cube strength between 60 and 100 N/mm2, although higher strengths have been achieved
and used. Strength levels of 80 to 100 N/mm2 and even higher are being used for both
precast and in-situ work in the countries like USA, Norway and others.
Definition
"High strength concrete" is often taken to mean the same thing with "high performance
concrete". As indicated, "high performance" to a concrete means that has good specific
characteristics, such as high strength, high resistance to chloride ingress or high abrasion
resistance.
General Information
The method and technology required for producing high strength concrete and normal
strength concrete are almost the same there are not substantially different. The target water
and cement ratio should be in the range 0.30–0.35 or even lower. HSC can be produced with
most available Portland cements, but those cements that are particularly coarsely ground are
usually unsuitable (John Newmen and Ban Seng Choo,2003). Crushed rock aggregates with
suitably high crushing value are preferable, actually there is also a wide range of aggregates
can be used.
Application
The main applications for HSC in-situ concrete construction are in offshore structures,
columns of high-rise buildings, long-span bridges and other highway structures.
High strength concrete is typically used in the erection of high-rise structures. It has
been used in components such as columns (especially on lower floors where the loads
will be greatest), foundations and shear walls.
High strength concrete is sometimes used in the construction of highway bridges
because it permits reinforced or prestressed concrete girders to span greater lengths
than normal strength concrete girders.
Advantages
Reduce using of compression elements and lower amount of longitudinal
reinforcement required.
For the same level of loading, longer spans and fewer beams are required.
Higher resistance to freezing and thawing, chemical attack, and significantly improved
long-term durability and the increase of crack.
The maintenance and repairs have been reduced.
Low creep and shrinkage.
Disadvantages
Increased quality control is needed in order to maintain the special properties desired.
High strength concrete must meet high performance standards consistently in order for
it to be effective.
Materials are necessary to be selected carefully and high quality materials must be
used even though these materials may costly than the materials of lower quality.
Allowable stress design discourages the use of high-strength concrete. Therefore,
using load factor and resistance design with the utilizing of the high strength concrete
can solve the problem .
Minimum cover over reinforcement or minimum thickness of members may restrict the
realization of maximum benefits.
It is insufficient to achieve maximum strength if prestress force in a member.
Special curing requirements are required by low water to cementitious materials ratios.
Increased capacity may not be fully utilized since serviceabilty conditions such as
deflection can control design.
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Introduction
When concreteis weak matrix reinforced with steel fibres, it will issued through its whole mass
averagely and will become more strength. The matrix and then defined as a composite
material with properties significantly different from normal concrete. The principal fibers in
common commercial use for Civil Engineering applications include steel (SFRC/SFRS),
glass, carbon and aramid. Fibers in the form of mat are also being used in the development
of high performance structural composite.
Definition
Portland-cement concrete containing discontinuous discrete fibers composed to be fiber-
reinforced concrete. Concrete is added on different types of fibers such as fibers made from
steel, plastic and glass. A convenient numerical parameter describing a fiber is its aspect
ratio, defined as the fiber length divided by an equivalent fiber diameter. Typical aspect ratios
range from about 30 to 150 for lengths of 6.4 to 76 mm (0.25 to 3 in.).
Physical and Chemical Properties
The volume of fibre and the physical properties of the fibre is important to control the property
of the composite. Tensile strength of concrete wont change after it mixed with fiber. In
addition, most of the reinforcing fibre are high strength, high stiffness, and relatively low
density.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforcing Fibers
Fibre Advantages Disadvantages
E-glass, S-glass -High strength
-Low cost
-Low stiffness
-Short fatigue life
-High temperature sensitivity
http://civildigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/High-Performance-Concrete.jpg
https://www.google.com.my/search?hl=en&authuser=0&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1366&bih=590&q=high+strength+concrete&oq=high+strength+&gs_l=img.1.0.0l10.2834.13960.0.15533.14.11.0.3.3.0.647.2625.6j0j1j1j0j3.11.0....0...1ac.1.42.img..2.12.1385.oKJYGcSqIC4#authuser=0&hl=en&q=high+performance+concrete&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=ayv3xGWcw3E7AM%3A%3B2CzpgSZ4ZpdwQM%3Bayv3xGWcw3E7AM%3A&imgrc=ayv3xGWcw3E7AM%253A%3Bl7BvHsewRxp5BM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.columbia.edu%252Fcu%252Fcivileng%252Fannouncements%252F11_01_25%252Fance.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.columbia.edu%252Fcu%252Fcivileng%252Fannouncements%252F11_01_25%252Findex.html%3B300%3B238
Aramid -High tensile strength
-Low density
-Low compressive strength
-High moisture absorption
Boron -High stiffness
-High compressive strength
-High cost
Carbon (AS4, T300, IM7) -High strength
-High stiffness
-Moderately high cost
Graphite (GY-70, pitch) -Very high stiffness -Low strength
-High cost
Ceramic (Silicon carbide,
alumina)
-High stiffness
-High use temperature
-Low strength
-High cost
Advantages of Shotcrete
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete or Shotcrete (SFRC/SFRS) have been used throughout the
world in various applications. For example, their method is picking up slowly. The advantages
of SFRC reinforced concretes are:
• Save 10% - 30% of cost over conventional concrete flooring systems.
• In all directions versus one plane of reinforcement (sometimes in the sub-grade) in only two
directions throughout the section.
• Increased ultimate flexural strength of the concrete composite and thus thinner
sections.
• Increased flexural fatigue endurance and again thinner slabs.
• Increased flexural toughness, or the ability to absorb energy.
• Increased impact resistance and thus reduced chipping and joint spalling.
• Increased shear strength and thus the ability to transfer loads across joints in thin
sections.
• Increased tensile strength and tensile strain capacity thus allowing increased
contraction/construction joint spacing.
Specification
Reinforced concrete contains rebar that gives tensile strength and reinforcement. Concrete
has good compressive strength but little tensile strength. Fiber-reinforced concrete contains
fiberglass, synthetic or steel fibers. Besides, it is not expensive as rebar while increasing in
tensile strength. Its tensile strength must match engineering specifications for the
construction project when using fiber-reinforced concrete.
Application
The applications of SFRC depend on the ingenuity of the designer and taking advantage of
its enhanced and superior static and dynamic tensile strength, ductility, energy-absorbing
characteristics, abrasion resistance and fatigue strength.
Moreover, growing experience and confidence by engineers, designers and contractors has led to many new areas of use particularly in precast, cast in-situ, and shotcrete applications. Traditional application where SFRC was mainly used as pavements, has now gained wide acceptance in the construction of a number of airport runways, heavy-duty and container yard floors in several parts of the world. This is because the savings in cost and superior performance during service.
BOSFA - Projects - Case Studies http://www.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.bosfa.com%2Fupload%2Fimages
%2FComposite_Decks.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.bosfa.com.au%2Fprojects%2Fcasestudies.aspx%3Fid
%3D44&h=768&w=1024&tbnid=yOSfo-1WmVwiTM
%3A&zoom=1&docid=2B4zdx3wEXjm4M&ei=7fdYU-
qUOYmErAfy1oCQBw&tbm=isch&ved=0CMUBEDMoVTBV&iact=rc&uact
=3&dur=1680&page=7&start=85&ndsp=15
Anand Paul. Fibre-Reinforced Concrete. http://civildigital.com/fiber-reinforced-concrete/