Building materials & pollutants

1

Building Materials

& Pollutants

Hany S. Salem Dipl.Eng.M.Sc Architect LEED AP BD+C, PQP

Email [email protected] Linked-in Hany Salem

mailto:[email protected]

3

When we are talking about our attitude to architecture

we mostly refer to Vitruvius and his ,De architectura‘.

(...) a structure must be strong or durable, useful, and

beautiful. Talking about sustainable development and responsibility,

it would be helpful to transfer this 2000 year old demand

in our todays world and to interpret it appropriate.

So we understand ,durable‘ as ,long-lastingʻ and ,re-usableʻ,

building materials are welcome, which are decent and

disappear when there time has come without causing

problems for man and environment.

But how to interpret the term ,beauty without getting lost? We would just give a slight reference to William Hogarth’s

„The Analysis of Beauty”. He wrote in 1756: ,Fitness of the

parts to the design for which every individual thing is formed,

either by art or nature, is first to be considered, as it is of the

greatest consequence to the beauty of the whole...ʻ.

By extending our term of beauty suitable and understand real

architectonical beauty in no case just as ,formal‘ beauty but

rather integrative, so that a responsible holistic concept for

man and environment may occur.

Maybe we say instead of ,beauty simply ,right or ,appropriate.

4

Environmental problems and its consequences

World population:

1900

1930

1950

1990

2000

2013

1.6 billion

2.0 billion

2.5 billion

5.3 billion

6.2 billion

7.1 billion

HONG KONG

22°19'51" N / 114°12'10" E

NEW YORK

40°78'08" N / 73°97'72" W

6

Dubai

50°06'44" N / 8°40'55" E

August 13

EARTH OVERSHOOT DAY

In the mid 1980s the earth

reached the point where the

rate at which its resources

were being consumed,

exceeded its capacity.

8

9

Term ,Sustainable Development‘ occurred the first time in 1712

Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714) is considered to be the father of sustainable forestry.

Time bar of sustainable development:

10

UN commission on environment and development 1987 - Brundtland Report

„Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations

to meet their own needs.“


Three pillar model of sustainability

-Environmental

-Economic

-Social

12


13

The built environment stands for:

60 % of worldwide resource consumption

50 % of worldwide waste production

35 % of worldwide energy consumption

35 % of worldwide emissions

14

construction industry

- largest and most active sector in the world

- will keep on growing in the next decades at a very fast pace

e.g. China will need 40 billion square meters of combined residential and commercial

floor space over the next 20 years - equivalent to adding one New York every two

years

(Pacheco-Torgal and Jalali, 2011)

- Buildings have high energy consumption and account for a significant part of carbon dioxide

emissions.

- since 1930 more than 100 000 new chemical compounds have been developed, and

insufficient information exists for health assessment of 95% of chemicals that are used to

a significant extent in construction products (Pacheco-Torgal and Jalali, 2011).

- A recent investigation (Fisk et al., 2011) shows that improving indoor environmental quality in

the US office buildings would generate a potential annual economic benefit of approximately $

20 billion. So it is rather obvious that the indoor air quality must be in the center of eco-efficient

building design.

consumption

of resources

1970 2015

energy

material

15

1970

nowadays

energy efficiency

energy efficiency, occupant health and resource conservation

consumption

of resources

1970 2015

energy

material

16

Focus of current green design strategies and construction

methodologies - Recent recommendations towards the reduction of indoor air exchange rate to minimize energy

consumption contribute to increasing the effects of hazardous substances on human health.

- The same can be mentioned for the use of building materials. The focus on the single aspect of energy

has caused to a material mix that leads to environmentally problems over the life cycle of building

materials.

Sustainable construction

Phasing the lifespan of a building:

1. Begin-of-Life:

Production of materials, components and their

installation

2. Operational phase:

Heating, cooling, ventilation... Lighting, elevators...

Maintenance, repair, replacement...

3. End-of-Life:

Re-use, re-cycle

17

18

Building Materials

- physical and mechanical properties

- durability

- focus has now shifted to their environmental performance, in order to answer the question of how

building materials can contribute to the eco-efficiency of the construction industry

- reducing the toxicity of building materials is part of the ,greening‘ process and avoiding the use of

materials that release pollutants is one of the principles of eco-efficient construction

Principles of sustainable construction

19

20

Green Building Materials and Product Selection Criteria – Key Categories

Green Building Selection Criteria for Materials, Products,

Components and Assemblies

21




Conserve Natural Resources

Preserve Biodiversity

22




Contribute to Safe and Healthy

Indoor Air Quality



23





Indoor Air Quality



Efficiency in

Extraction,

Manufacturing

and

Construction

Reduce Waste

during Life

Cycle Process

Renewable

Resources

Longevity


Efficiency in

Extraction,

Manufacturing

and

Construction

Reduce Waste

during Life

Cycle Process

Renewable

Resources

24

Longevity

- efficient design, manufacturing and construction processes

- conserve material inputs including embodied energy, water and waste

- extend the useful life of a building

- increasing a building’s flexibility and adaptability

- use of disassembly or de-constructible building techniques

- locally sourced materials, products, components and assemblies

25


Longevity

- significant opportunity to conserve finite resources through a nationally

recognized waste management hierarchy

Avoidance demand management

Reduction resource conservation objective during design,

manufacturing and construction processes

Reuse, salvaged or recyclable materials, components and assemblies can be reused or salvaged at the end of their useful life or for purposes of renewal or replacement

designing to facilitate easy recovery, disassembly and

de-constructability of materials

use of recyclable materials

closed-loop recycling and ‘take back’ programs

Efficiency in

Extraction,

Manufacturing

and

Construction

Reduce Waste

during Life

Cycle Process

Renewable

Resources


Efficiency in

Extraction,

Manufacturing

and

Construction

Reduce Waste

during Life

Cycle Process

Renewable

Resources

Longevity

Materials from natural, renewable

sources

26

- plantation forests (preferably with independent

certification)

- agricultural waste products such as straw, etc.


Efficiency in

Extraction,

Manufacturing

and

Construction

Reduce Waste

during Life

Cycle Process

Renewable

Resources

27

Longevity

- durable materials can reduce the replacement cycle and conserve the rate of

resource consumption

- contribute to reduced building operating costs including environmental

impacts associated with maintenance and cleaning

- durability is also contingent upon design, construction detailing and assembly

of materials and components that together, reduce exposure to weather and

other external impacts

28





Indoor Air Quality



Efficiency in

Extraction,

Manufacturing

and

Construction

Reduce Waste

during Life

Cycle Process

Renewable

Resources

Longevity

Non-toxic

Materials

Non-flammable

Materials

Non-toxic

Emissions


- materials, products, components and assemblies discharge

carcinogens and other deleterious substances, such as

toxicants and irritants, which can be ingested by people

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- Careful consideration of environmental risks is essential and the

choice of low or non-toxic materials

Non-toxic

Materials

Non-flammable

Materials

Non-toxic

Emissions

30


- materials can release toxic gasses and smoke

during fires

Non-toxic

Materials

Non-flammable

Materials

Non-toxic

Emissions


- off gassing from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) should be avoided

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- safe work practices must be implemented where potential toxic

emissions from adhesives are employed

Non-toxic

Materials

Non-flammable

Materials

- substances that deplete the ozone layer such as hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs)

and greenhouse gases e.g, carbon dioxide and methane should be avoided

Non-toxic

Emissions

32

Regulations, Tools,

Labels & Databases

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Governmental regulations

- On March 9, 2011 the European Union approved Regulation (EU) 305/2011

Construction Products Regulation (CPR), that replaced the Construction Products Directive

(CPD)

being a regulation means that it shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all member states

by comparing the basic requirements of the CPR with the CPD

- new requirement no. 7 - sustainable use of natural resources

- redefined requirement no. 3 - hygiene, health and the environment

no. 4 - safety and accessibility in use

- new and more environmentally friendly approach will determine the manufacture of

construction products

- a crucial aspect of the new regulation relates to the information regarding hazardous

substances. While the CPD considered only a very limited range of dangerous hazardous

substances, e.g. formaldehyde and pentachlorophenol, the CPR links this subject to

Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 Registration, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals -

REACH

67

4. Safety and accessibility in use

The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they do not present unacceptable risks of accidents or damage in service or in operation such as slipping, falling, collision, burns, electrocution, injury from explosion and burglaries. In particular, construction works must be designed and built taking into consideration accessibility and use for disabled persons.

5. Protection against noise

The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that noise perceived by the occupants or people nearby is kept to a level that will not threaten their health and will allow them to sleep, rest and work in satisfactory conditions.

6. Energy economy and heat retention

The construction works and their heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation installations must be designed and built in

such a way that the amount of energy they require in use shall be low, when account is taken of the occupants and of

the climatic conditions of the location. Construction works must also be energy-efficient, using as little energy as

possible during their construction and dismantling.

7. Sustainable use of natural resources

The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources is

sustainable and in particular ensure the following:

(a) reuse or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition;

(b) durability of the construction works;

(c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the construction works.

EN L 88/34 Official Journal of the European Union 4.4.2011

Basic requirements for construction works

no. 1 - mechanical resistance and stability

no. 2 - safety in case of fire

no. 3 - hygiene, health and the environment

(redefined requirement)

no. 4 - safety and accessibility in use

no. 5 - protection against noise

no. 6 - energy economy and heat retention

no. 7 - sustainable use of natural resources

(new requirement)

68

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR

CONSTRUCTION WORKS

Construction works as a whole and in their separate parts must be fit for their intended use, taking into account in particular the health and safety of persons involved throughout the life cycle of the works. Subject to normal maintenance, construction works must satisfy these basic requirements for construction works for an economically reasonable working life.

3. Hygiene, health and the environment

The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout their life cycle, not be a

threat to the hygiene or health and safety of workers, occupants or neighbours, nor have an exceedingly high impact,

over their entire life cycle, on the environmental quality or on the climate during their construction, use and

demolition, in particular as a result of any of the following:

(a) the giving-off of toxic gas;

(b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOC), greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air;

(c) the emission of dangerous radiation;

(d) the release of dangerous substances into ground water, marine waters, surface waters or soil;

(e) the release of dangerous substances into drinking water or substances which have an otherwise negative impact on

drinking water;

(f) faulty discharge of waste water, emission of flue gases or faulty disposal of solid or liquid waste;

(g) dampness in parts of the construction works or on surfaces within the construction works.

7. Sustainable use of natural resources

(a) reuse or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition;

(b) durability of the construction works;

(c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the construction works.

The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources

is

sustainable and in particular ensure the

following:

36

Codes for sustainable building

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

TC 59 SC 17 sustainability in buildings

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (EPB)

M330-CEN EPBD energy performance

of buildings,

TC 89, TC 156, TC 169, TC 228, TC 247

HEALTH/COMFORT

TC 146, TC 264

air quality

LCC

Life Cycle

Costs TC 59 /

SC 14

design life

LCA

Life Cycle

Assessment TC 207 /

SC 5

ISO 14040, 14044

ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING

TC 207 / SC 3

ISO 14020, 14021, 14024, 14025

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

TC 207

37


ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

TC 59 SC 17 sustainability in buildings

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (EPB)

M330-CEN EPBD energy performance

of buildings,

TC 89, TC 156, TC 169, TC 228, TC 247

HEALTH/COMFORT

TC 146, TC 264

air quality

LCC

Life Cycle

Costs TC 59 /

SC 14

design life

LCA

Life Cycle Assessment

TC 207 / SC 5

ISO 14040, 14044


TC 207 / SC 3

ISO 14020, 14021, 14024, 14025


TC 207

38


LCA

Life Cycle

Assessment TC 207 /

SC 5

ISO 14040 - principles and framework

ISO 14044 - requirements and guidelines


TC 207 / SC 3

ISO 14020 - general principles

ISO 14021 - environmental label Type II

ISO 14024 - environmental label Type I

ISO 14025 - environmental label Type III


TC 207

39

Types of declaration

In accordance with ISO standards identification is made according to Type I, Type II and Type III.

Type I environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14024)

They are based on singular criteria which are to be fulfilled. The ability to fulfill requirements only applies

to one part of the market (e.g. Blauer Engel, EU Ecolabel, FSC).

They are suitable for products with singular environmental relevance.

Type II environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14021)

Here, the criteria are freely selectable and determined by the companies or associations (e.g. CFC-

free, 100% recycled).

They are suitable for use in marketing of individual products.

Type III environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14025)

They include general information on products, life cycle assessment and additives. In addition, they are

created on the basis of criteria which were developed with the involvement of independent third bodies

and additionally are independently checked (e.g. EPD Environmental Product Declaration).

They are suitable for products that are used together with others in systems.

Types of declaration

In accordance with ISO standards identification is made according to

Type I, Type II and Type III.

Type I environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14024)

Type II environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14021)

Type III environment labels (in accordance with ISO 14025)

40

41

What purpose do environmental product declarations serve?

• Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) form the basis for the data for assessing

buildings on an ecological level.

• Environmental Product Declarations are based on ISO standards and are therefore

internationally aligned.

The declaration includes statements on:

- The use of energy and resources to what extent a product contributes to greenhouse effect

acidification eutrophication destruction of the ozone layer smog formation

- Details are given about the technical properties which are required for assessing the performance of

the building products in the building, like

• Durability

• Heat and sound insulation

• Influence on the quality of the indoor air

Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)

Overview

• Creating PCR documents

• Creating declarations • Checking and confirming by an

independent third body

Product Category Rules (PCR) are

documents that define the rules and

requirements for EPDs of a certain

product category.

They are vital for the concept of

environmental declarations according

to ISO 14025 as they enable

transparency and comparability

between different EPDs based on the

same PCR.

verification: not independently re-assessed,

only plausibility checked

42

43

Umwelt Produktdeklaration Name des Herstellers – Name des Produkts

Vacuum Insulation Panels

DOW CORNING CORPORATION

www.bau-umwelt.com

Dow Corning ® Vacuum Insulation Panel

Vacuum Insulation Panels According to EN 15804 and ISO 14025

Dual Recognition by UL Environment and Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.

This declaration is an environmental product declaration (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025. EPDs rely on Life Cycle

Assessment (LCA) to provide information on a number of environmental impacts of products over their life cycle. Exclusions:

EPDs do not indicate that any environmental or social performance benchmarks are met, and there may be impacts that they do not encompass. LCAs do not typically address the site-specific environmental impacts of raw material extraction, nor are

they meant to assess human health toxicity. EPDs can complement but cannot replace tools and certifications that are

designed to address these impacts and/or set performance thresholds – e.g. Type 1 certifications, health assessments and declarations, environmental impact assessments, etc. Accuracy of Results: EPDs regularly rely on estimations of impacts,

and the level of accuracy in estimation of effect differs for any particular product line and reported impact. Comparability:

EPDs are not comparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they cover different life cycle stages, are based on different product category rules or are missing relevant environmental impacts. EPDs from

different programs may not be comparable.

44

ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION as per ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Owner of the Declaration Dow Corning Corporation

Programme holder UL Environment

Publisher Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU)

Declaration number 13CA24184.104.1

MR-ULE-EPD-DWC-20130200-CBA1-EN

Issue date 19.09.2013

Valid to 18.09.2018

PROGRAM OPERATOR UL Environment

DECLARATION HOLDER Dow Corning located at Corporate Center PO Box 994, Midland, MI 48686-0994

ULE DECLARATION NUMBER 13CA27308.101.1

IBU DECLARATION NUMBER MR-ULE-DWC-20130200-CBA1-EN

DECLARED PRODUCT Vacuum Insulation Panels

REFERENCE PCR

PCR Part A and B Vacuum Insulated Panels Core EPD published by Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V (Oct. 2012) and regionalized for North America by UL

Environment (May 2013)

DATE OF ISSUE September 19, 2013

PERIOD OF VALIDITY 5 years

SCOPE

This EPD is Manufacturer Declaration (1a) – Declaration of a specific product from a

manufacturer’s plant. The owner of the declaration shall be liable for the

underlying information and evidence.

CONTENTS OF THE

DECLARATION

Product definition

Information about basic material and the material’s origin

Description of the product’s manufacture

Indication of product processing

Life cycle assessment results

Testing results and verifications

The PCR review was conducted by: IBU - Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.

Panoramastr.1

10178 Berlin

The CEN Norm EN 15804 serves as the core PCR. This declaration

was independently verified in accordance with ISO 14025 by

Underwriters Laboratories

□ INTERNAL © EXTERNAL

Loretta Tam

This life cycle assessment was independently verified in

accordance with ISO 14044 and the reference PCR by:

Christoph Koffler

http://www.bau-umwelt.com/
















Page 2 of 6

According to EN 15804 and ISO 14025

Dual Recognition by UL Environment and Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. Dow Corning ® Vacuum Insulation Panel


Base Materials/Ancillary Materials

VIPs consist of a porous core board of non-combustible fumed silica, mixed with fibers and opacifier. The rigid core

board is evacuated from air and sealed in a gas- and water-tight envelope, typically a metalized multilayer film.

Reference Service Life

A reference service life is not indicated, as this EPD only reports the product stage and benefits and loads beyond the

system boundarys. No use stage scenario is described that refers to the lifetime of the product.


Calculation Rules

Declared Unit

This declaration refers to the production and end of life for 1 m2 of VIP.

System Boundary

Type of EPD: Cradle to gate - with options.

Module A1, raw material supply includes raw materials

extraction and processing for the raw materials for VIP

production including fumed silica, silicon carbide,

cellulose fibers, laminating foil, polyethylene film, and

electric power for the area where VIP module

production occurs. Outputs from module A1 include

emissions to the environment associated with

production of these raw materials and electric power. Module A2, transport, includes input flows of diesel for truck

transport of each of the raw materials from their place of production to where the VIP module manufacturing takes

place. The Diesel dataset is specific to the EU-27 region and includes the entire supply chain associated with diesel

Raw Material

Extraction

Intermediate

Material

Production

VIPProduction Waste

Processing

Waste to

Energy

Incineration

Landfill

Recovery of

Core Material

for Recycle

Construction,

Use, and

Demolition

Not Reported

*Transport included in model but not shown

Page 1 of 6




Product

Product Description

Vacuum insulation panels (VIP’s) are a highly efficient type

of thermal insulation. They consist of a porous core board

of non-combustible fumed silica, mixed with fibers and

opacifier. The rigid core board is evacuated from air and

sealed in a gas- and water-tight envelope, typically a

metalized multilayer film. The thickness of the panel

determines mainly the thermal performance. Typically, VIP

outperforms the thermal efficiency of traditional insulation

materials.

Application

Vacuum insulation Panels are to be used as thermal

insulation of construction applications where not much space is available but a high thermal efficiency is required.

Some application areas include insulation of ceilings, walls, floors or roofs but other applications are possible as well.

To enhance their robustness, VIPs can be protected in a casement made of glass and/or metal facings, similar to an

insulating glass unit.

Technical Data

The following technical construction data is provided, with reference to ASTM test standards.

Construction Data

45

Core Materials

CAS No. EINECS No. % of Core % of Total

Fumed silica 112945-52-5 231-545-4 50-100

Silicon carbide 409-21-2 206-991-8 1-20

Cellulose fibers 68442-5-3 270-493-7 1-12

Total 100 90

Envelope Materials

Total - 10

Value Unit Declared unit 1 m2

Surface weight 3.7 kg/m2

Thickness 0.02 m

Conversion factor to 1 kg 0.27 m2/kg

Name Value EU ASTM/ISO

Perpendicularity acc. to DIN EN 824 <0.6% ISO 29467

Deviation from the nominal measure acc. to DIN EN 822 and 823 +/-5mm ISO29466

Gross density acc. to DIN EN 1602 180-210 kg/m3 ASTM C303

Compressive stress at 10% compression acc. to DIN EN 826 >160kPa ASTM D1621

Compression acc to DIN EN 826 ASTM C165/240/522

Dimensional stability at 70 °C, 90% relative humidity acc. to DIN EN 1604 <1% ASTM D2126

Deformation at 40 kPa, 70 °C acc. to DIN EN 1605 <2% ASTM C165

Tensile strength perpendicular to the panel surface acc. to DIN EN 1607 <60kPa ASTM D1623

Thermal conductivity (without ageing) acc. to DIN 52612-1 / DIN EN 12667 0.0046W/mK ASTM C177/518

Page 3 of 6




production (well drilling, crude oil production and processing as well as transportation of crude oil via pipeline to the

refinery). Outputs from this module are the combustion emissions and other emissions associated with imperfect

combustion and evaporative losses from the truck transport. The transport modules are scaled to the distance from

the production location of each of the raw materials to the VIP manufacturing location. Module A3, manufacturing

includes inputs of the VIP raw materials and outputs to the environment from treatment of the non-woven waste stream

and the barrier foil waste stream. Both of these are transported by truck, with associated emissions and disposed of in

an average municipal solid waste to energy plant in Euro

– Disposal from the end of life stage are reported. Modul

from the demolition site to a waste processing facility, an

incineration plants or landfill. Module C3 includes proces

materials and the incineration of a fraction of the envelop

and thermal energy. Module C4 accounts for the dispo

Comparability

The scope of this declaration excludes the use phase of

only possible in the context of the product’s use in and it

make comparisons between this product and other buildi

Scenarios and Additional Technical Information

pe. Modules C2 – Transport, C3 – Waste Processing, and C4

e C2 includes the transportation of recovered end of life VIP d the transport of waste material to either waste to energy

sing end of life VIP to separate the core from the envelope

e material for energy recovery. The outputs include electricity sal of the remaining envelope material in landfill.

he VIP product. Since comparison of building products is

s impacts on the building, this declaration may not be used to

ng insulation products.

enefits and loads beyond the product system boundary. It

with an assumed collection rate of 100%. The core material

a benefit based on avoided production of silicon carbide,

ted envelope material is incinerated in a municipal waste he electricity and thermal energy recovered.

(X = included in the LCA; MND = module not declared)

BENEFITS AND

USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE

LOADS BEYOND THE SYSTEM BOUNDARYS

use

po

tential

Table 1: Description of the system boundary (X = included in the LCA; MND = module not declared)

t

PRODUCT STAGE

CONSTRUCTI

ON PROCESS

STAGE

USE STAGE

END OF LIFE STAGE

BENEFITS AND

LOADS BEYOND

THE SYSTEM

BOUNDARYS

Raw

mate

ria

l

supply

Tra

nsport

Manufa

ctu

rin

g

Tra

nsport

Constr

uction

-

insta

llation p

rocess

Use

Ma

inte

nan

ce

Repair

Repla

cem

en

t

Refu

rbis

hm

en

t

Opera

tion

al ene

rgy

use

Opera

tion

al w

ate

r

use

De-c

onstr

uction

dem

olit

ion

Tra

nsport

Waste

pro

cessin

g

Dis

posal

R

euse-

Recovery

-

Recyclin

g-

pote

ntia

l

Module D is an optional scenario that describes the b

includes input flows from VIP modules at their end of life

is recycled into new VIP panels and this module assigns

fumed silica, and cellulose fiber. A fraction of the separa

incinerator and this module assigns a benefit based on t

Results

Table 1: Description of the system boundary A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

PRODUCT STAGE

CONSTRUCTI

ON PROCESS

STAGE

X X X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X X X X

Raw

ma

teria

l

supply

Tra

nsport

Man

ufa

ctu

ring

Tra

nsport

Con

str

uction-

insta

llation

pro

cess

Use

Main

tenance

Repair

Repla

cem

en

t

Re

furb

ishm

ent

Op

era

tion

al e

nerg

y

Op

era

tion

al w

ate

r

use

De-c

onstr

uction

de

molit

ion

Tra

nsport

Waste

pro

cessin

g

Dis

posal

R

euse-

Recovery

-

Recyclin

g-

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

X X X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X X X X

Page 4 of 6




CML Impact Assessment Results

Environmental Impacts

Resource Use

Output Flows and Waste Categories

Page 6 of 6




References

Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V., Berlin (pub.): Generation of Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs);

General principles for the EPD range of Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU), 2011-09 www.bau-umwelt.de

Part A: Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V., Berlin (pub.): Product Category Rules for Construction Products from the

range of Environmental Product Declarations of Institut Bauen und Umwelt (IBU), Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life

Cycle Assessment and Requirements on the Background Report. September 2012 www.bau-umwelt.de

DIN EN ISO 14025:2011-10: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations —

Principles and procedures

EN 15804:2012-04: Sustainability of construction works — Environmental Product Declarations — Core rules for the

product category of construction products

47

Parameter Unit A1 – A3 C2 – C4 D

GWP Global warming potential [kg CO2 -Eq.] 39.9 1.69 -39.0

ODP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer

[kg CFC11-Eq.] 9.18E-5 1.21E-8 -9.18E-5

AP Acidification potential of land and water [kg SO2 -Eq.] 0.203 2.79E-3 -0.203

EP Eutrophication potential [kg (PO )3-- Eq.] 4 0.0196 1.27E-3 -.0192

POCP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants

[kg Ethen Eq.] 0.0619 3.29E-4 -.0617

ADPE Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources

[kg Sb Eq.] 2.31E-5 5.70E-7 -2.30E-5

ADPF Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources [MJ] 547 8.24 -525


PERE Renewable primary energy as energy carrier [MJ] 139 0.420 -138

PERM Renewable primary energy resources as material utilization

[MJ] 0 0 0

PERT Total use of renewable primary energy resources [MJ] 139 .420 -138

PENRE Non-renewable primary energy as energy carrier [MJ] 547 8.25 -525

PENRM Non-renewable primary energy as material

utilization

[MJ] 0 0 0

PENRT Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources

[MJ] 547 8.25 -525

SM Use of secondary material [kg] 0 0 0

RSF Use of renewable secondary fuels [MJ] 6.01E-3 3.53E-4 0

NRSF Use of non renewable secondary fuels [MJ] 0.0606 2.71E-3 0

FW Use of net fresh water [m!] 0.0354 6.71E-3 -0.0247


HWD Hazardous waste disposed [kg] 0.294 0 -0.0294

NHWD Non hazardous waste disposed [kg] 2.37E-3 0.170 -5.9E-4

RWD Radioactive waste disposed [kg] 0.0333 1.44E-5 -0.0292

CRU Components for re-use [kg] 0 0 0

MFR Materials for recycling [kg] 0 0 3.46

MER Materials for energy recovery [kg] 0 0 0.237

EEE Exported electrical energy [MJ] 0 0 0.275

EET Exported thermal energy [MJ] 0 0 0.800

http://www.bau-umwelt.de/
























48


LCA


TC 207 / SC 5

ISO 14040 - principles and framework

ISO 14044 - requirements and guidelines


TC 207 / SC 3

ISO 14020 - general principles

ISO 14021 - environmental label Type II

ISO 14024 - environmental label Type I

ISO 14025 - environmental label Type III


TC 207

http://www.iso.org/

49

http://www.iso.org/

http://www.iso.org/

http://www.iso.org/

http://www.iso.org/

50

Indoor pollutants

- volatile organic compounds (VOC)

- formaldehyde

- semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC)

- radon

- NOx

- asbestos

causing several health-related problems:

- asthma

- itchiness

- burning eyes

- skin irritations

- nose and throat irritations

- headaches

- reproductive impairment

- disruption of the endocrine system

- cancer

- impairment child development and birth defects

- immune system suppression

Indoor Pollutants

51

Health impacts

buildings have significant impact on the productivity and satisfaction of tenants

- we spent more than 90% of our time indoors

- indoor level of pollutants is higher than outside air

Excessive levels of a single pollutant, or elevated levels of two or more substances in

combination, can lead to sick building syndrome.

http://www.epa.gov/

52

http://www.epa.gov/

http://www.epa.gov/

http://www.epa.gov/

http://www.epa.gov/

53

Some common causes of sick buildings are:

- lack of adequate ventilation

-presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC)

- from material off-gassing

Fresh air is essential for efficient body

and brain functioning. What happened?

- building structures have become more

energy-efficient

-> air tightness of buildings lead to less

natural air exchange, ventilation has to be adequate

to avoid the circulation of dirty and polluted air

within the building

How do buildings become ,sick‘ in the first place?

200

Indoor air pollution

most indoor air pollution comes from sources inside the building

- adhesives

- carpeting

- upholstery

- manufactured wood products

- cleaning agents

all may emit VOCs

VOC can cause chronic and acute health problems. Some are known

carcinogens.

55

Benefits of healthy indoor air quality

study by William Fisk, 2000

head of the indoor environment department at the lawrence berkeley national laboratory

- examining the literature on green building and the health productivity of occupants

- the estimated potential annual savings and productivity gains are:

$ 6 - $ 14 billion from reduced allergies and asthma

$10 - $ 30 billion from reduced sick building syndrome symptoms $20 - $160 billion from direct improvements in worker performance/productivity due to

green building that are related to health

study by University of San Diego, 2009

- demonstration that LEED certified buildings provide more productive environments for

workers than non-green buildings

- study shows gains of over $6,000 per employee per year

productivity gains (including fewer sick days) of more then 6% per

employee

Asbestos

Application

products

Health Problems

1979

,Oldʻ pollutants - risk assessment and refurbishment regulated

Ban

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCB)

Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Lindane,...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH)

1982

1992

1978

1989

non

2010

1978

1986

1989

1965

1979

1995

cancer

cancer,

reproductive

impairment

cancer

cancer,

mutagen

glue wooden flooring

sealing

handling

wood preservation agent

rooms (recreation rooms)

sealing, paints, ...

condenser

weakly bound

sprayed asbestos

56

Indoor pollutants

57

Synthetic Mineral Fibres

VOC

Formaldehyde

Softener

Flame retardants

molds

Application

Insulation

paints, adhesives, ...

Wood

Plastics

moisture problems

paints, insulation,

...

Health Problems

may cause cancer, in dispute

diverse

irritations, cause cancer

diverse, in dispute

persistent, toxic

sensitizing

,Current pollutants - no risk assessment

no benchmarks for indoor air quality

58

Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxics (PBTs)

- generally highly toxic in small quantities

- persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in food chains

- pose risks to human health and ecosystems - transfer rather easily among air, water, and land, and span boundaries of programs, geography, and generations

- assimilation

- inhalation (the lungs)

- dermal absorption ( skin)

- ingestion (mouth)

- building materials that release PBTs, e.g.

- polyvinyl chloride based products

- mercury

- lead

- certain paints / finishes

59

Phthalates

-used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride plastic, also known as

PVC or vinyl wide range of building products:

- vinyl flooring

- wall covering

- upholstery

They have to been found to leach, migrate or evaporate into indoor air and atmosphere, food

and other materials.

Human exposure occur:

- directly through contact and use

- indirectly through leaching into other products

- general environmental contamination

-> carcinogen

In October 2007 California joined the European Union in restricting the use of Phthalates in

use of children‘s products. 2008 U.S. Congress restricts the manufacture, sale or import of

children‘s products that contain certain Phthalates.

Problem: Phthalates are not a volatile organic compound (VOC) they are usually not accounted for by indoor air quality standards, such as those used to certify green building materials.

60

Heavy Metals The use of heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium in building products lead to the

release of toxics into the environment during extraction, production, use and disposal.

lead and mercury

- neutrotoxicants, particularly damaging to the brains of fetuses and growing children

Lead is used in e.g.:

- flashing, copper and other roof products, solder, batteries

Mercury is used in e.g.:

- thermostats, switches, fluorescent lamps

Chromium is used in e.g.:

- in chrome for stainless steel, components of furniture

Cadmium, Cobalt and other metals are used in e.g.:

- paint, pigments, fabric

61

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) What kind of requirements for construction products in terms of their VOC emissions are

applicable in Europe today?

• So far, the European Construction Products Regulation (CPR 305/2011) only contains

very vague requirements on a construction product's VOC emissions:

"The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout

their life cycle, not be a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of workers, occupants or

neighbors, nor have an exceedingly high impact, over their entire life cycle, on the

environmental quality or on the climate during their construction, use and demolition, in

particular as a result of any of the following: the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile

organic compounds (VOC), greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air

(cf. also Annex I "Basic requirements for construction works", No 3 "Hygiene, health and the

environment").

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ia-intro.html

62








63

VOCs are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids.

product examples:

solvents in paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building

materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers

typical solvents: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene

health effects:

Eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; damage to liver, kidney,

and central nervous system

Some organics can cause cancer in animals, some are suspected or known to cause cancer in

humans

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

64

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

CMR: Carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction

65

66

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

pollutant concentration is decreasing over time

emission profile paint

solvent based paint

no based paint

acceptable

emission

1st emission test

after installation

(e.g. 2000 müg/m3)

2nd emission

test after 28

days

(e.g. 300 müg/m3) target value (Seifert)

67

REACH is the Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals.

It entered into force on 1st June 2007 to streamline and improve the former legislative framework on chemicals of the

European Union (EU). REACH places greater responsibility on industry to manage the risks that chemicals may pose to

the health and the environment.

In principle REACH applies to all chemicals: not only chemicals used in industrial processes but also in our day-to-day

life, for example in cleaning products, paints as well as in articles such as clothes, furniture and electrical appliances.

http://echa.europa.eu/

REACH Objectives

The aims of REACH are to:

• Improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals

• Enhance the competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry, a key sector for the economy of the EU

• Promote alternative methods for the assessment of hazards of substances

• Ensure the free circulation of substances on the internal market of the European Union

REACH - ARTICLE 1:

The purpose of this Regulation is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment

REACH - ARTICLE 5:

No data, no market






ibbte 68

Classification and labeling of chemicals

Globally Harmonized System - GHS

All chemicals are subject to classification and labeling before they can be placed on the

market. The identification of hazardous chemical properties and the consequent labeling

with hazard symbols is intended to protect the human health, and the environment from

any adverse effects.

Worldwide, however, there are very different systems of classification and labelling of

chemicals. It can therefore happen that a substance or mixture of substances is

classified as dangerous - and treated accordingly - in one country and not in another.

This is problematic not only in terms of transport and trade but also in respect of

consumers and protection at work.

The aim of the GHS is therefore to create a standardized global system for the

classification and labeling of chemicals. Wherever this globally harmonized system is

introduced, be it in China, India, the USA or in Europe, chemicals will in future be

classified and labelled according to uniform criteria. For example, any substance

considered to be toxic or environmentally hazardous will be labelled all over the world

using the same symbol.

Chemicals play a key role in our everyday

lives, both in the private and workplace

realm.

The use of chemicals and chemical products

often comes along with harmful effects on man

and the environment.

Detecting harmful properties and labeling

products with respective hazard pictograms

serves to protect man and the environment

against the negative impacts of chemicals.

Classification

-determine the hazards posed by chemicals

- establishment of criteria and limit values

Labeling

- labeling makes known hazards visible

-quickly recognize any hazards and act

accordingly when handling chemicals

69

Classification and labeling of chemicals

Quelle: Detail - Historisches Museum in Ningbo,

China Architekt: Wang Shu - Amateur Architecture

Studio

70

Reclaiming materials

Re-using material

Ravensburg Art Museum

Architects:

Lederer Ragnarsdóttir Oei, Stuttgart, Germany

The bricks were recovered from

a demolished monastery near

the Belgian border and through

their reuse, point to the central

role of sustainability in

construction.

Why should new materials be

produced when we can

recycle old ones that have

proven themselves over

centuries?

71

72

Low Tech - High Tech

Rehabilitation of office building in

Frankfurt, Germany

Silvertower, ABB Architekten

1978

Rehabilitation, schneider + schumacher 2008-2011

73

74

Skyline Frankfurt 1970s - Silvertower

under construction

75

Skyline Frankfurt 2009

Silvertower, Frankfurt 1978 - facade re-construction

- re-using the outer aluminum facade cladding and by this minimizing the material consumption for the re-

construction made the decision for the facade concept.

new requirements: - fire protection

- energy consumption / thermal insulation / comfort

76

Utilisation planning / general floorplan existing building (1978) -

redesigned building (2008 -2011)

Quelle: schneider+schumacher

77

78

Utilisation planning / general floorplan existing building (1978) -

redesigned building (2008 -2011)

ibbte

79

Refurbishment Silvertower, (2008 - 2011) schneider + schumacher architekten

- triple glazing U-value 0,7 W/m2K

(because of thermal comfort

aspects)

- module with fixed

glazing U-value

0,78W/m2K

- insulation mineral

wool rockwool

fixrock 16cm

80

old elements have been - removed from old module

- cleaned

- adapted if necessary

- installed into new module

- permit for new module

- additional proof if old aluminum panel

ability to deal with wind suction and pressure

Re-use of outer aluminium metal sheet

81

Element (grid)

Window (grid)

width 1,80m height

4,20m 7,56 sqm

width 1,50m height

1,80m 2,70 sqm

Aluminium (grid) 4,86 sqm

average percentage glass to aluminum

35,71 %

64,29 %

Total elements 2100 pieces

Total amount aluminium 10.206,00 sqm

82

83

84

resource efficient material selection

building materials

85

86

87

88

89

Urban mining

Substitution of one material by another material - ways of recycling

sleeping bag out of 40 PET bottles

Urban mining

41 cell phones 1 ton of gold ore

UN experts found out that in 41 cell phones is

exactly the same amount of gold than in one ton

of gold ore

1 ton of gold ore = not exceeding 5 gram gold

Rural Studio, USA - Cardboard Pod, Newbern, Alabama, USA - 2001

Building with secondary resources - alternative ways of design

Quelle: www.lilligreen.de - Architektenhaus aus Bauabfällen gefunden auf google earth

Building with secondary resources - alternative ways of design

http://www.lilligreen.de/







beware of paralyzing

yourself by doing everything Right

Email [email protected]

Linked-in Hany Salem

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Building materials & pollutants

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