Building Systems and Performance: an
Introduction to Building Operator
Certification –Lesson 2
Schematics for Building Systems and Distribution
CUNY Institute for Urban Systems Building Performance Lab
Class 1 Review
2
Lesson 2: Building Plans & Schematics (Workshop for Project 1)
Section 1 Preparing Simple one-line Schematics (60 min)
Section 2 Using Building Plans (45 min)
Section 3 Exercises with Schematics (45 min)
3
Lesson 2 Learning Objectives
• Draw a one-line diagram of building electrical system and format for Project
• Use building plan set riser diagrams and floor plans in a coordinated manner
• Read and interpret various kinds of schematic diagrams
4
Skills in working with Schematics are the core of the Practical Project required for this course module.
Section 1: Preparing Simple One–line Schematics
• What are schematics and why they are useful
• Sample of an electric riser schematic
• Introduction of first Practical Project
• Preparing 11x17 paper. Try a sketch (initial exercise)
5
One-line System SchematicsWhat is it?
• A diagram that uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of a system
• It is a simplification from how the system actually looks to show the relationship and connections between components.
One-line diagrams are used when information about a system is required but details about specific locations and routing are not needed.• How is water/air/electricity being circulated throughout a system?• What types and how many different components are in a system?
6
One-line Schematics – Electrical
Notice how simple even though system is complex.
Why are there transformers at various floors?
7
Why Care about One-line Schematics?
• Important way to get an overview of systems and how components relate.
• Building Plans • Equipment Manuals
• Field sketching is an important skill to have• Get things simply laid out and clearly labelled• Document your observations• Communicate issues
• We’ll practice with Course Projects (modules 1 and 2)
8
Project Practice with 1-line Schematics
Formatting your work • 11x17 Paper. Why it’s good to work with. • Folding the 11x17 paper for 3-hole notebook• Labelling your drawings
• Work in pencil
Let’s practice this now. • After folding, label your sheet “Project 1 version 1 -
Electrical” with your name and building address in the correct place.
9
Developing Your One-line Schematic
How to develop a one-line schematic from a field condition:
• Identify and arrange major pieces of equipment and loads with labels. Use simple shapes – boxes, circles.
• Trace how they are connected• Full loops with direction of flow (for mechanical systems)• Illustrate main control devices:
o panels/breakers/switches for electrical systemso dampers/control valves for mechanical systems
• Use different line qualities (heavy, light, dashed, dotted, etc) to indicate different services. Why not different colors?
10
Electrical One-line SchematicLet’s pick up from our first class to consider simple one-line
schematics of your electrical system
11
OK, let’s do an exerciseElectrical Distribution Sketch ProjectWorking from memory on an 11 x 17 sheet, develop a simple one-line system schematic of YOUR building’s electrical distribution system. You can work with a partner if that will help. In the coming weeks, review the diagram while you are looking at the system and re-work the schematic with corrections, adjustments, additions, etc. 1. START BY SHOWING YOUR INCOMING SERVICE AND MAIN DISTRIBUTION PANELS
2. SHOW METERS AND CIRCUIT BREAKER PANELS. TRANSFORMERS?
3. LIST YOUR LARGE POWER LOADS (MOTORS OF VARIOUS EQUIPMENT) AND THEN PLACE THEM ONTO THE SKETCH
4. SHOW YOUR PUBLIC LIGHTING DISTRIBUTION AND YOUR APARTMENT POWER DISTRIBUTION (BREAKER PANELS. METERS?)
5. CONNECT PANELS AND LOADS WITH LINES TO REPRESENT MAINS, RISERS, BRANCHES.
When directed, turn to a neighbor and describe your systems to each other. Compare what you think are similar and different.
12
Break – 5 minutes
13
Section 2: Using Building Plans
• Plan sets and drawing types
• Riser diagrams, floor plans and their coordinated use
• Schedules
14
Riser diagram, Site Plan and Floor Plan
• Working with Plan Sets
• How to read a riser diagram
• How to sketch a floor plan
• Relating a riser diagram to a floor plan
15
Organization of Plan Sets• Title Block data
• Division by Trades
• Numbering of Sheets
• Types of Sheets o Floor Planso Riser Diagramso Schedules – especially important for referenceo Details
• Now most commonly available electronically, as PDF
16
Let’s look at a Plan Set example
Refer to the 11x17 drawings provided in you course notebook.
These sheets are selections from the Electrical drawing set for Riverwalk 7 on Roosevelt Island.
17
Electrical Drawing Legends
On the first sheet of a drawing set (by trade), the symbols and abbreviations are shown that are used in subsequent riser diagrams and floor plans, similar to the above
18
Riser DiagramsWhat are they?
A one-line diagram that schematically shows the vertical branches of a system, usually from a common main or common point of origin
• Commonly used to show electrical, hvac, and plumbing systems going to and branching off to serve each floor.o Typically show sizes, capacities, flowso However no details about distribution on the floor is
given on a Riser Diagram.
• Numbering of each riser is related to a numbered location on a floor plan, to show the actual location of the riser in the building.
19
Riser Diagrams
What information is typically shown?
• Branch lines and devices
• Line sizes and reductions
• Capacitieso Design air or water flow to each floor of a buildingo Power distribution to each floor of a building
• Designations – numbering for cross-reference to Floor Plans
20
Riser Diagrams – Electrical
Portion of Drawing 1247-E-601-PRD
21
Floor PlansWhat are they?
• A Floor Plan is a scaled, top-down view of a building floor.
oFloor Plans show only one floor of a building at a time and show the location and relation of different areas of the floor
• Scales are typically 1/8” = 1’ oBut can be as large or as small as needed.oArchitectural floor plans are always to scale but you can do
a floor plan sketch for your own use that is not to scale.
22
Drawing a floor plan
First start with the basic floor area• Outline or “footprint” of the entire floor• Add in the floor layout
o Elevators, stairwells, corridors, apartments, rooms etc.
Now you have a basic floor plan, from here you can choose to add in Mechanical or Electrical system details.
23
Floor PlansFloor Plans provide accurate dimensional data, drawn to scale. 1/8 inch = 1 foot is most common.
24
Sketching exercise
Working quickly from memory on a sheet of 11 x 17 paper, develop a floor plan sketch of a typical floor in your building. Show some key characteristics – for example, location of important features like elevators, stairwells and corridors. Which way is North?
Don’t worry about what these look like. Don’t worry about scale. But do share with a neighbor.
Keep this for review during the week. Do you have Plans available to use for reference.
25
Floor Plans
Different types: Floor plans are repeated in each trade set. Architectural features are used as “background” and trade details added.
• Mechanical Floor Plano Shows layout of mechanical systems on a floor: location of
Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MER), layout of ductwork and piping for the floor, terminal units such as radiators, PTAC.
• Electrical Floor Plano Shows layout of panels, circuits, outlets, switcheso “Reflected Ceiling Plans” for light fixtures, HVAC terminals
Because they portray things that are physically located in the ceiling, as if you were looking up at them.
26
Mechanical Floor Plans27
Electrical Floor Plans
“Reflected Ceiling Plan” showing fixtures. Refer to details and schedules.
28
Relating Riser Diagrams to Floor Plans and Using Them Together
• Riser diagrams show all risers schematically and the characteristics of each
• Floor plans show floor layouts, one floor at a time, Duplicate floors are shown as “TYP” (typical).
• Risers are numbered on the riser diagram and floor plans use this numbering for identification at each floor location.
29
Relating Riser Diagrams to Floor Plans
Portion of Drawing 1247-E-601-PRD
30
Relating Riser Diagrams to Floor Plans
Lets trace the power from these panels to a specific apartment.
The next drawing we review is the riser diagram, it shows the conduit run from the switch to the Distribution Panel, and on to the breaker panel in the apartment.
Portion of Drawing 1247-E-100-FCEL
31
Relating Riser Diagrams to Floor Plans
This is a distribution panel that can be found on an electrical drawing for the Ground Floor
Portion of Drawing 1247-E-601-PRD
Here are the switches we saw on the previous slide
32
Relating Riser Diagrams to Floor PlansPanels are enlarged at right, but what do the notes say?
Portion of Drawing 1247-E-102-FTYP
33
Ok, let’s do an Exercise
Using the sample Electrical Riser Diagrams and Floor Plans that we have just reviewed, work with a partner to answer the following questions. You will need to read the Notes on the drawings. Write your answers into these worksheets.
There are several larger sets available in the classroom to supplement the 11x17 sheets in your notebooks if you want better visibility.
1. How many electrical risers are there and how are they routed through the building?
34
Exercise Worksheet, cont’d
2. List the separate electrical services provided.
3. How is metering separated out between services? Where are meter banks located?
35
Exercise Worksheet, cont’d
4. What is the horsepower of the water pressure booster pumps?
5. If we wanted to know how much energy it took to maintain water pressure, show on the Riser diagram where we would install a temporary meter / data logger?
36
SchedulesSchedules show detailed characteristics of equipment in a table
format.
For major electric loads -- motors for fans, pumps, compressors --details are provided on the Mechanical and Plumbing sets.
We will work with Schedules for Lighting and Motors in classes 3 and 4.
37
Further review - back at workLocate what drawings exist for your facility (Floor Plans, Riser Diagrams,
Schedules, etc).
What information do the Riser Diagrams tell you:• Design airflow to each floor.• Power distribution to each floor.• Piping plans to each floor.
What information do the Floor Plans tell you?• Mechanical Floor Plan: of Mechanical Rooms, layout of ductwork
and piping for the floor.• Electrical Floor Plan: layout of light fixtures in the ceiling of the
floor.
38
BREAK – 5 minutes
Section 3: Exercises with Schematics
• Review of some samples
• Exercises
40
Let’s look at some types of schematics Electrical Service
back-up service with ATS
Control Internals• Example – motor starter
Mechanical system controls• Example - boiler control circuit• Example – air-handler heating
Field conditions • Example – sump pump wiring
Advanced: Ladder Diagrams
41
Building Electrical Service with Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and emergency load panel.
The schematic gives a clear view from complicated information. Clarifies the relationships between sub-systems.
Let’s make sure your all are comfortable with reading this after last class.
42
Internal construction of a component: motor starter
See how the physical components are shown diagrammatically and as a relay schematic.
43
Show Control System Wiring:Typical Boiler Control Circuit
Almost all boilers have a basic control wiring circuit that follows the same pattern.
44
Overlay of Controls on Mechanical Equipment drawing: an air-handler
Your Supply Air AHU also have a control system for heating (although this may not be the same as yours).
45
Field Sketching
Field sketching is a very valuable skill.
Sketches don’t have to look great to be useful!
46
Advanced: ladder diagram and control logic
• Ladder diagrams show complex sets of controls and loads.
• Control logic is the basis of programming of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and, later, BAS.
• Both are used in technical documentation of complex circuiting in electronic controls.
47
Exercises
OK, let’s do some exercises with the schematics that we have just looked at.
Working with a partner, do Exercise 1 and either Exercise 2 or 3. Spend 10 minutes on each exercise. Review and compare your work with another team.
As time permits, do further Exercises.
Remember, each exercise requires you to do something IN WRITING!
48
Exercise 1Building Electrical Service with Automatic Transfer Switch
(ATS) and emergency load panel.
Write a brief description of the operation of the Transfer Switch (ATS).
How would you identify which loads are part of the emergency circuit?
49
Exercise 2Typical Boiler Control Circuit
EXERCISE
Trace the circuiting from power through controls (automatic switches) through relay to loads.
In writing, describe the sequence of operation shown by the circuit.
Are the Pressure Control and Low water cut-off wired in series or in parallel?
50
Exercise 3Overlay of Controls on Mechanical Equipment drawing:
Heating in a Supply Air AHU
Based on what is shown, write out the control sequence of operation.
51
Exercise 4 Wiring Field Sketch
Determine the message of this sketch: describe the system and system function.
Can you draw this better?
Show how you would convert this system to use the battery as a back-up power source for the pump.
52
Exercise 5 (advanced)ladder diagram and control logic
Video
• To get a taste of ladder diagrams and control logic, watch the following short video.
53
OK, let’s prep for homework and next week
54
Review for Next Week (Week 3)
• What documentation do I have of my facility? Do I have floor plans, risers plans, system schematics?
• How am I able to use this documentation to my benefit?o What information do these tools give me?
Reading for Week 3 (Lighting): -FEMP SECTION 9.12 “LIGHTING” (chapter 9, section 12, page #’s 9.135-9.160)
55
