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5/3/2019 1 Benoit CushmanRoisin ENGS 44 8 May 2019 Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities
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Page 1: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Benoit Cushman‐RoisinENGS 44

8 May 2019

Building Ventilationin hot climates

Rule #1: Priorities

Page 2: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Types of passive cooling techniques – Summary 

1. Cooling with ventilation‐ Night flush (using cold night air to pre‐cool building for next day)‐ Comfort ventilation (day or night, to promote evaporation from skin)

2. Radiant cooling‐ Direct radiant cooling (through roof structure, out to night sky)‐ Indirect radiant cooling (heat loss to night sky 

transferred to a fluid that in turn cools the structure)

3. Evaporative cooling‐ Direct evapora on (water spray at air inlet, T↓ but RH ↑)‐ Indirect evaporative cooling (water sprayed on roof to cool roof)

4. Earth cooling‐ Direct coupling (earth embankment)‐ Indirect coupling (air entering structure by way of buried tubes)

5. Dehumidification with a desiccant(for removal of latent heat in the humidity)

Recall the psychrometric chart

If it’s cold, humidity is not a problem. But, if it’s hot, a 

distinction must be made between dry and humid.

Page 3: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Ventilation rules for hot climates

Hot & dry climate → Night flush ven la on (in combina on with good thermal mass)

Hot & humid climate → Comfort ven la on (and as li le thermal mass as possible)

The benefit of ventilation:  With increased wind speed, the air feels cooler.

Page 4: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Mind the microclimates on a hill, and take advantage of them.

South slopes offer more solar heat and shorter shadows.

Using the wind effectivelyPart 1: Orientation of the structure & pitch of roof

Prevailing wind direction (not necessarily west to east)

Page 5: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Using the wind effectivelyPart 2: Using the Venturi effect (lower air pressure where air flows faster)

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chin_Haw_Lim/publication/233982406/figure/fig2/AS:300104650117123@1448561932282/Fig‐2‐Venturi‐shaped‐roof‐geometry‐and‐experimental‐house‐with‐wind‐induced‐natural.png

Page 6: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Using the wind effectivelyPart 3: Stack effect (hot air rising by buoyancy)

Examples of solar chimneys:

From small to large

Page 7: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Using the wind effectivelyPart 4: Placement of operable windows

If inlet and outlet do not have the same size

NOT SO GOOD                                            MUCH BETTER

Page 8: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Small windows and lots of thermal mass for hot and dry places

Greece

Turkey

More examples of historical and indigenous use of passive cooling

Page 9: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Courtyards are self‐shading and may be combined with evaporative cooling.

Replica of a Roman Villa at the Getty Museum in California

Large pools of water frequently helped cool Roman villas in sunny and dry Italy.

Page 10: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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House of Loreio Tiburtino in Pompeii, Italy

As it is now As it probably was in Roman times

Dining terrace was cooled by an indoor water canal.A grapevine pergola provided shade.The terrace is oriented to the south for winter heating.

Massive dome structures for hot and dry climate:

Sun shines from near top, seeing only the footprint of the structure, but night time cooling is through the broader surface of the dome.

The dome offers the additional benefit of much thermal mass.

Page 11: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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A well designed mansion in Virginia, making use of the stack effect (hot air rises into the belvedere over the open staircase)

Traditional construction in the Southeast USA (hot & humid) before the invention of air conditioning

All the structures have operable windows.

Page 12: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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NIGHT

DAY

Radiant Cooling:Another form of natural ventilation combined with thermal mass

Using the ground temperature for passive cooling

Page 13: Building Ventilation in hot climates - Dartmouth Collegecushman/courses/engs44/Ventilation.pdf · 2019-05-03 · Building Ventilation in hot climates Rule #1: Priorities. 5/3/2019

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Can you see the drawbacks of these techniques?


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