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REGULATIONS HSE PLANNING FIRE BSI GC/WORKS CISFB
HOME A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE AND THE SAFE USE OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES
Health & Safety
Page 1
REMEDIAL TIMBER TREATMENT IN
BUILDINGS
A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE AND
THE SAFE USEOF WOOD PRESERVATIVES
Organisations which have beenconsulted in the preparation of
Remedial timber treatment in buildings
Association of County Councils
Association of District Councils
Association of Metropolitan Authorities
British Wood Preserving and
Damp-proofing Association
Building Research Establishment
Building Societies Association
Confederation of Britisb Industy
Convention of Scottish LocalAuthorities
Department of the Environment
Department of Trade and Industty
Health & Safety Executive
Institute of Wood Science
Institution of Environmental Health
0ffice 73
Institute of Building Control
London Hazards Centre
Nation wide Association of Preserving
Specialists
Property Services Agency
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institute of Chartered
surveyors
Transporl and General Workers Union
Union of Construction, Allied Trades
and Technicians
Acknowledgement is given to
Elvendon Press for the professional
re-drafting of the text
FOREWORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. i v. v
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..vi
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..vi
1ASSESSING THE NEED FOR REMEDIAL WORK
AND CHOOSING THE RIGHT TREATMENT
Essential approachPreliminary information
DEALING WlTH FUNGAL ATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2
Detailed assessment of’ building conditionLocation of sources of moistureInspection skillsAssessing the extent of timber decayIdentifying sound timbers at risk from future decayDry rot assessment
TAKING ACTlON AGAINST FUNGAL DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6
Types of fungicide products and their usesTackling dry rotTreatment of timber in infected masonryContaining dry rot in wallsDealing with infected soil or rubble
DEALING WlTH INSECT ATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...9
Assessing the damage or risk of damageTreatment with wood preservativesHot air treatment
IDENTIFYING FUNGAL DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l2
How fungi damage woodTypes of fungal decay
lDENTIFYlNG lNSECT DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l3
How insects damage woodTypes of insect
USING WOOD PRESERVATIVES: THE ESSENTIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...14
2USING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS SAFELY AND REPONSIBLY
ESSENTIAL POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l5
WarningWhat is a pesticide?
APPROVING AND REVIEWING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,16
ApprovalReview
UNDERSTANDING THE PRODUCT LABEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...17
Product name and HSE numberRestriction of use phraseRisk phrases
KEY POINTS
Name and concentration of active ingredientsDirections for usePrecautionsHazard warning symbolsOther sectionsApprovals phrase
checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l9
3SAFE AND RESPOSIBLE TIMBER TREATMENT
TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2o
PLANNING & PREPARATloN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2l
Transport of wood preservativesStorage of wood preservatives
PROTECTING THE PUBLIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...22
Notifying occupantsSpecial precautions and evacuation proceduresWarning noticesFish, pets and batsWatercoursesWater tanksSoil
PROTECTING OPERATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...24
Access, exits and ventilationProtective clothing and equipmentMaintenance of clothing and equipmentFire, electrical and explosion risksSafe electrical workFirst aidDust, fibres etcSupply of fresh water
WORKING WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVES..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...27
CHECK LIS~ THE MAIN POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30
CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30
Safety precautions after treatmentDisposal of wood preservatives
DEALING WlTH SPILLAGES AND FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3l
Be preparedIn case of fireIn case of spillageWarning
FIRST AID ON SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...32The risksIf people become unwellWhen medical help arrives
GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..U
REFERENCE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...35
lNDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...36
FOREWORD
as Pesticides and are, bV definition, designed to kill
environment. It is therefore Government policy, one which I am
sure is widely supported, that the amounts of all pesticides used should be
limited to the minimum necessary for effective pest control compatible with
the protection of human health and the environment. So that they should
never be used where they are not needed. If people read this guide and act
on the advice that it contains, they will make a valuable contribution
towards putting this policy into practice. Surveyors, in particular, take on
an important responsibility whenever they decide that wood preservatives
should be used. This guide sets out the points that they need to consider
when coming to a decision and, in those cases where wood preservative
use is necessary, it explains what safe use involves.
The guide is aimed at professionals. But it is also designed to be read by
interested members of the public. To back this up, we shall soon publish
a free leaflet for home owners and DIY enthusiasts. It will tell them about
this guide and highlight the points that they need to consider when deciding
whether wood preservative use in their home really is necessary to treat a
problem, and if so, how it can be carried out as safely as possible.
FOREWORD
timbers when selling a house has tended to encour-
age their precautionary use although good preventative maintenance can
reduce the need for them.
Detailed guidance on when wood preservatives should be used, and on
their responsible handling, is available in a range of publications. This
document brings the information together in a single publication. The
guidance in it is the result of co-operation between Government, the wood
preservation industry and a wide range of other organisations concerned
with the remedial treatment of timber. It will help to raise the level of
knowledge of all aspects of wood preservation and will serve to strengthen
the protection of professional operators, the general public and the
environment.
Remedial timber treatment in buildings is a significant contribution to
occupational and consumer health and safety. It sets the handling of wood
preservatives in buildings in context, emphasizing not only the legal
requirements for their control under the Food and Environment Protection
Act 1985, but also those of other important pieces of health and safety
legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 and the
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988. I welcome the
publication of this document and feel confident that it will play a key role
in improving health and safety awareness in this important area.
INTRODUCTION
This guide, produced by a working party chaired by the Health and Safety
Executive, provides important advice to professionals involved in the use
of pesticide products in remedial timber treatment. It is aimed at the full
gamut of remedial treatment specialists, specifiers and supervisors, ranging
from architects and builders to surveyors and local authority officers.
It explains in a clear-cut way processes involved in the responsible,
environmentally-conscious use of wood preservatives, and emphasises
important safety issues. It reflects the Government’s first principle in
approving the use of pesticides, that the amounts used should be limited
to the minimum necessary for the effective control of pests compatible with
the protection of human health and the environment.
It will heIp specifiers less experienced in timber preservation work to
understand and monitor the activities of specialist remedial contractors; and
for the more experienced, the information will encourage responsible and
efficient use of wood preservatives, if such use is appropriate.
The guide has been produced in consultation with the professional and
regulatory organisations listed on page ii, to whom we extend thanks for
their valuable input. The Department of the Environment had the text
professionally re-drafted under contract.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
Chapter 1 advises you how to assess fungal or insect problems affecting
timber and how to select the right treatment. You should not decide to use
wood preservatives, or any other type of treatment, until you have followed
the steps set out in this chapter.
Chapter 2 describes how wood preservatives and other pesticides are
approved for use, and what statutory conditions you must comply with.
Chapter 3 advises you how to use wood preservatives safely if you have
decided - after following the steps set out in chapter one - that they are
necessary. It also advises what action can be taken if people become ill when
working with wood preservatives.
The text in this guide has been set out to present the important safety and
technical procedures involved in remedial treatment in logical ‘work order’
to ensure that all professionals and operatives can make informed decisions
and carry out work effectively and with the least possible risks to themselves,
the public and the environment.
This is not an authoritative
guide to the law. You must
ensure that you are famlllar
with any statutory require-
ments. Some of the most im-
portant requirements, and
sources of advice, are high-
lighted in the text of the guide,
and in the further reading list
on page 35.
ASSESSING THE NEED FOR REMEDIAL WORK AND CHOOSING
THE RIGHT TREATMENT
ESSENTIAL APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 The single most important question that must be asked by any surveyor
is: Is there any need to use wood preservatives to
control and stop timber decay?
2 The surveyor must make a positive well-informed decision, based on
carefuI assessment of timber. (’The surveyor’ refers to whichever
person - eg a structural surveyor or a remedial treatment specialist - is
responsible for the advice that a particular remedial treatment should
be undertaken. If a surveyor does not have the specialist training and
experience necessary to identify problems affecting wood and the
appropriate treatment, they should consider the need to seek expert
advice before reaching a decision.) They must always seek to solve
timber problems by construction methods (such as repairs and replace-
ment) where economically viable, before considering the use of wood
preservatives.
3 An informed and responsible decision must be based on a step-by-step
approach to assessment. Wood preservatives can play an important
role in controlling or preventing decay and reducing other undesirable
effects of fungi in buildings. In some situations their use will be
necessary. But only when a genuine need for timber treatment has
been established should remedial work be carried out, with reference
to legislation including the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
(COSHH) Regulations 1988, the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974
(HSW Act) and the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR).
P RELIMINARY INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Before carrying out a detailed assessment
gather information on these points:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Details of any available records
timber problems on the site,
on site, the surveyor must
concerning previous
and details of any
treatments which may have been carried out.
If there has been previous fungal or insect damage, get
any available details of the extent of the attack, the type
of timber affected and its position.
Find out if there is any evidence of fungal or insect
atmck in adjoining properties which might spread into
the main property being assessed.
Identify the type of construction. For example: solid/
suspended floors; solid/cavity walls; timber frame.
5
Based on these findings, decide what the extent of the subsequent
detailed damage assessment should be.
The following information concerning derailed surveys and selection
of treatments has been arranged in two general sections: one dealing
with fungal attack; the other with insect infestations. The HSE booklet
Evaluation and inspection of buildings and structures (see page 35)safety when carrying out
ATTACK
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gives advice on occupational health and
surveys.
DEALING -WITH FUNGAL
D ETAILED ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING CONDITION . . . . .
6 After gathering preliminary information, the surveyor must assess the
causes and significance of timber damage carefully, then decide the
safest and most effective way to deal with it. Fungal decay of timber
only occurs when timber becomes damp, and will only continue if the
timber remains damp.
1 2
8
4
EXTERNAL FAULTS - 1
TYPICAL BUILDING FAULTS TO LOOK FOR 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5 6
DEFECTIVE OR MISSING ROOF TILES OR SLATES; DEFECTIVEFLASHINGS AROUND CHIMNEYS
DAMAGED/BLOCKED/ lNADEQUATE GUTTERS, VALLEY GUTTERS
DEFECTIVE F IAT ROOF MEMBRANE
DAMAGED/BLOCKED 00WNPIPES
DAMP-PROOF COURSE BRIDGED BY SOIL LEVEL
AIR BRICKS FOR SUB-FLOOR VENTILATION INADEQUATE IN SIZE ORNUMBER
RENDERING CRACKED OR DETACHED
WINDOW OR DOORFRAMES WITH CRACKED OR FIAKING COATING
7 The surveyor will therefore, in effect, decide whether timber problems
can be cured by construction methods aimed at restoring dry conditions
(ie engineering solutions), and whether the use of wood preservatives
is necessary in conjunction with this.
8 It should always be the surveyor’s primary aim to seek engineering
solutions to fungal damage problems. The additional use of wood
preservatives should be considered as a temporary protection only if
construction methods are unlikely to dry timbers within a reasonable
- and desirable - time.
9 The quick-reference chart at the end of this chapter gives useful
guidance about identification of fungi.
10 Detailed inspection should cover these main points:
- location of sources of moisture;
- assessing the extent of timber decay; and
- identifying sound timbers at risk from future decay
These points are covered in the next sections.
1
3
4; 6 5
2
INTERNAL SURVEY- TYPICAL AREAS OF TIMBER DECAY
3
4
5
6
7
8
ROOF TIMBERS BELOW MISSING/DAMAGED TILES OR AROUND FAULTYFIASHINGS
JOISTS/RAFIER ENDS, WALL PLATES ADJACENT TO DEFECTIVE EXTERNALGUTTERING, VALLEY GUTTERS OR PARAPET GUTTERS
JOISTS OR DECKING BELOW DEFECTIVE FLAT ROOF MEMBRANES
BEARING ENDS OF JOISTS, LINTELS, WALL PLATES IN SOLID WALLSADJACENT TO DEFECTIVE DOWNPIPES
SOLE PLATES, JOIST ENDS, SKIRTINGS ADJACENT TO BRIDGED DAMP-PROOFCOURSE OR INADEQUATE RAINWATER DRAINAGE
FLOORING JOISTS IN POORLY VENTILATED SUB-FLOORS
TIMBER LINTELS ADJACENT TO DEFECTIVE RENDERING
JOINERY WHERE SURFACE COATING HAS CRACKED OR FLAKED
LIMATION OF SOURCES OF MOISTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Ingress of moisture into buildings is the main cause of damp timber and,
therefore, fungal attack. The surveyor must examine the whole
building rather than just those parts obviously affected by damp.
12 Moisture ingress is a result of lack of maintenance or inherently bad
building design. Typical problem areas are:
- Defective rainwater goods;
- Poorly ventilated roof spaces or suspended floors:
- Defective damp proof courses or pointing;
Condensation-
Inadequate ventilation
Leakage - missing or
damaged tiles, sinkings
or flashings - blocked
or damaged rainwater
goods
13 These causes of damp are Pairly obvious. However, serious timber
problems can be caused by more subtle failures in the building fabric,
and detailed surveys must only be carried out by a qualified surveyor
who has had appropriate professional training in identifying building
faults. If there has been significant fungal or insect damage to structural
timbers, the surveyor must call in a qualified structural engineer during
the derailed survey stage.
INSPECTION SKILLS
14 Identifylng building faults
which can lead to significant
internal dampness is a complex
subject. Surveyors may refer
to detailed expert guidance in
House inspection for dampness,
published by the Building Re-
search Establishment, and
Dampness in buildings pub-
lished by Butterworths (see
page 35).
ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF TIMBER DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 If there are no records about previous fungal attack the surveyor must
carry out a full inspection of timbers. In particular, there must be a
careful search for dry rot, which may not leave obvious signs on the
surface of exposed timber. The inspection should identify:
- Timbers near particular points of moisture ingress.
- Where timber is embedded in masonry.
- Decay-softened timber, found by probing.
- Timbers in poorly-ventilated voids.
16 The extent to which removal of coverings such as floorboards, skirting
boards and plaster is justified to expose timbers or provide access to
voids must depend on the degree of risk to particular timbers. For
example, where timbers are close to significant moisture sources, or
where timber moisture contents exceed 20 per cent, further investiga-
tion can be justified.
IDENTFYING SOUND TIMBERS AT RISK FROM FUTURE DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 The moisture contents of timbers not significantly affected by decay
should be checked with a moisture meter. A meter of the type which
measures the electrical conductivity across a two-pronged probe
pushed into the wood, or a capacitance meter, is adequate for this type
of survey work. This can be supplemented by a longer hammer-probe
for larger section timbers. If the building is of lightweight construction
and dampness is localised, there is normally little risk of future
problems, provided the original source of dampness is cured. In
heavier construction, drying times will be longer and additional
measures will be needed. Moisture content of timber in buildings will
vary somewhat throughout the year, tending to be highest in unheated
areas during winter months. The surveyor should take such variations
into account when making the assessment.
18 In cases of dry rot, sound timbers near clamp infected areas should be
regarded as at future risk, as should sound timber in poorly ventilated
voids such as cellars.
DRY ROT ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 In any fungal attack survey it is important to establish whether dry rot
& present. If dry rot exists but is not diagnosed it can spread more
rapidly than wet rot as it can grow through both timber and masonry.
Rapid restoration of dry conditions is therefore extremely important.
20 The surveyor must carefully examine specific areas or causes of
potential attack, including:
Basement or ground floor construction which lacks a
damp proof course and is poorly ventilated.
21
22
23
24
- Plumbing leaks on, or under, wood flooring.
Wall panelling, door frames, window frames with
shutter boxes, panelled heads and aprons.
Timber built into walls which have been plastered
over or otherwise concealed, for example, with wood
lintels or bonding timbers.
Below parapet gutters.
Lath and plaster lining on outer walls.
The extent of these investigations will depend largely on the surveyor’s
skill and experience, They may involve selective removal of areas of
plaster, masonry or timber coverings. The surveyor should aim to map
the likely ‘worst case’ extent of a dry rot attack, basing the assessment
on the presence of decayed timber and visible fungal growth.
The full extent of a dry rot attack must be established and dealt with
before any other general refurbishment stints. In larger buildings a
‘phased’ approach to detailed surveys and structural considerations
rnay be more practical.
TAKING ACTION AGAINST FUNGAL DECAY
The surveyor must first seek to control and remove fungal attack by
practical construction methods. The use of wood preservatives -if they
are needed - should be seen as a holding operation to control decay
until dry conditions (with moisture contents below 20 per cent) are
restored.
In particular, the surveyor must specific that remedial works achieve the
following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Eliminate damp conditions and their causes. This
requires accurate identification of moisture sources,
building repairs and the establishment of good venti-
lation in all voids containing timbers - even if they
appear to be sound at the time of inspection. Localised
dampness in buildings can often be cleared by tempo-
rarily increasing the output of heating systems, or by
using de-humidifiers.
Follow normal good practice of removing all sections
of decayed timber. But this action is not essential if
timber is non-structural, or if it can be dried rapidly. If
a section must be removed, it should be cut away
300 mm beyond the furthest spread of decay.
Replace timber affected by fungal decay with natu-
rally durable timber, timber which has been pre-
treated with preservatives, or with materials such as
steel or concrete.
Peziza ( a plaster fungus)
looks serious, but re-
quires no treatment,
aparti from removing the
cause of dampness.
Correct identification
and seiection of reme-
diai treatment requires
spaciaiist skiiis.
(d) Cut joists away from wet walls in persistently damp
conditions and resupport them out of contact with the
damp masonry - eg on steel joist hangers, on metal
beams located on masonry supports, or on new
sleeper walls provided with clamp proof courses. Wet
masonry around embedded timber beams can be
opened up to allow a temporary solution where radid
drying can be achievecl, with a clamp proof course
inserted on the bearing surf ace of the masonry.
(e) Where timbers of insufficient natural durability are
likely to remain damp for more than a few weeks, but
where drying can eventually be achieved, localised
application of penetrating wood preservatives can be
used to give temporary protection.
Treatment must not be extended to timbers unless they are clearly at
risk of future decay, Timbers which can be driecl rapidly to below 20
percent moisture content, and which are unlikely to get damp again,
require no further chemical action.
TYPES OF FUn NGICIDE PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26 There are four types of fungicicie products:
Liquid timber preservatives
27 These may be based on either volatile organic solvents such as white
spirit, or on solvent-water emulsions. They can be applied by brush
or spray - clepending on their conditions of approval - but produce only
shallow penetration of timber surfaces. This provides only limitec
protection against reinfection.
28
29
30
31
32
If injection into drilled openings is needed to achieve the more
penetrating fungicidal action needed when dealing with timbers which
will stay damp for some time, only organic solvent-based products
should be used.
Injection treatments can be particularly useful in protecting sections of
timber likely to take some time to dry - for example, beams embedded
in damp masonry. Surface brushing provides only limited protection.
Liquids for masonry treatment
Fungicidal fluids for treatment against dry rot in masonry are usually
water-based. Large scale wall saturation can leave a surface coating of
salts and fungicide, and will add to the total drying time of the building;
and for these reasons this form of treatment should be avoided
whenever possible. (See section on dry rot treatment below. )
Paste treatments
Paste treatments are based on emulsions containing non-volatile
solvents. Their thicker consistency means that they can be applied by
palette knife or caulking gun at much higher application rates than
liquid preservatives and penetrate deeper into timber.
Preservative plugs
If timbers are very damp, solid plugs or sticks of water-soluble
fungicides can be inserted into drilled holes, allowing chemicals to
diffuse into the wet wood. Preservative plugs are commonly used in
external timber exposed to the weather, such as wooden window
frames.
TACKLING DRY ROT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33 In addition to following the guidelines already discussed, special
treatment tactics may be needed to control and remove dry rot fungus
because of its ability to spread rapidly through both timber and
masonry.
34 Three other measures may be necessary for controlling dry rot:
treatment of timber in infected masonry; containing dry rot in walls; and
dealing with infected soil or rubble.
TREATMENT OF TIMBER IN INFECTED MASONRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 Sound but damp timbers embedded in an area infected with dry rot can
act as a food reservoir for the fungus if wet conditions continue, or
return after a period of drying.
36 The following action is advisable:
(a) Remove or isolate damp timbers from potential sources
of infection eg infected masonry or soil.
(b)
(c)
Remove non-essential timber, such as fixing blocks,
from walls.
Apply fungicidal pastes or liquids to the timbers at their
point of contact with infected masonry as a holding
operation while timber drying takes place.
CONTAINING DRY ROT IN WALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37 Even after careful assessment, dry rot hidden in undetected timber
embedded in damp masonry can spread outwards into building fabric.
Once masonry is dried, the risk of further spread is removed, as long
as moisture does not return.
38 Timbers in contact with apparently uninfected masonry maybe judged
to be at temporary risk during drying as a result of potential spread of
dry rot from adjacent infected masonry. In this case the most effective
protections are physical isolation (such as re-supporting members on
metal hangers), or application of fungicidal paste or injected liquid to
the timber at the point of contact with the masonry. Only when neither
of these measures are practical should fungicidal fluids be injected into
the masonry to provide a tempera-y barrier between infected areas of
masonry and damp or poorly ventilated timbers.
DEALING WITH INFECTED SOIL OR RUBBLE...,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 Infected material such as timber, cardboard and paper under sus-
pended timber ground floors must be removed. Surface spraying of the
oversite with fungicide will not prevent spread of dry rot from infected
timber remaining in or on the sub-floor.
DEALING-WITH INSECT ATTACK .
ASSESSING THE DAMAGE. OR RISK OF DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
41
Damp conditions and bad building maintenance are rarely primary
causes of insect infestation. Although they can be relevant, it is more
important to establish accurate identification of insect species and the
extent of infestation: this will result in efficient and minimal use of
pesticide products if they are necessary. The quick-reference chart at
the end of this chapter gives useful guidance on the identification of
insect types.
The survey must deal with three essential questions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Is the infestation of a type which will cause, or
spread to cause significant damage?
Is the insect infestation active or extinct?
Is there a measurable risk of future damage?
42
43
If there is evidence of infestation but no positive confirmation of current
activity, the decision to apply wood preservatives must be based on the
surveyor’s professional judgment. If there is no evidence of current or
past activity, he must use his judgment to identify any specific risk of
future attack and decide whether this is sufficient to justify the use of
wood preservatives. (paragraph 48 sets out the basis for reaching a
decision.)
In general insect attack must be assessed in two ways:
(a) Visual inspection of timber
This will reveal recent insect exit holes and, in the case of house
longhorn beetle, surface bulges overlying tunnel systems. The
surveyor must attempt to establish whether the attacks are extinct - and
if they are, treatment is not necessary. Freshly made exit holes and bore
dust indicate recent infestation - though it is sometimes difficult to
discover if it is still active. Systematic probing of timber with a sharp,
pointed instrument will reveal the extent of tunneling.
The amount of sapwood present can be significant: if the proportion
of sapwood is high the extent of infestation may be higher than usual.
Some insects - such as the bark
borer beetle (holes illustrated
here) cause damage which need
no remediai treatment. But it
can be mistaken for the com-
mon furniture beetie, whose
damage does need treatment.
Correct identification requires
specialist knowiedge.
HOT AIR TREATMENT
45 In some uropaan countries, heated
air is blown into a void containing infested
timbers to raise the temperature above
5°C, which is fatal to beetles. This method
is rarely used in Britain. However, should
the practice become more common in the
future, surveyors must note that hot air
should never be blown into any part of a
building containing furniture, fittings, elec-
trical, gas or plumbing servlces which might
be damaged by heat; or if there is any risk
of structural systems ‘moving’ during the
heat treatment process.
This is achieved by examining the size of exit holes, and characteristics
of the bore dust, and relating this to the species of timber attacked.
The discovery of beetle larvae - usually quite rare - is a particularly
accurate indicator of an active infestation, and enables accurate species
identification.
TREATMENT WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44 There area number of techniques which can be used to ensure effective
and safe use of wood preservatives against insect infestations. In
particular:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
For severe active infestations of common furniture
beetle, a penetrating liquid or paste formulation should
be used. The same method should be used if there is
any evidence of house longhorn beetle or deathwatch
beetle.
For less severe infestations, less penetrating formula-
tions such as emulsions may be used.
Where deathwatch beetle has attacked the dense
heartwood of structural timber such as oak, the extent
of organic solvent-based treatment must match the
degree of infestation. If the attack is widespread,
penetrating treatments such as pastes or injected
solvent-based formulations must be applied to all
affected timbers.
If the attack is
applied 300 mm
infestation.
localised, treatment need only be
beyond the perimeter of the area of
IDENTIFYING FUNGAL DAMAGE
HOW FUNGI DAMAGE WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fungi spread by airborne spores which germinate on damp wood.
Timbers with a moisture content of less than 20 per cent are effectively
immune from attack. After germination, a fine, spreading growth of
hair-like filaments travels into the wood. This growth - known as a
mycelium - produces enzymes which decay the wood.
Decaying timber can show symptoms such as cracking, shrinkage,
coarse strands or other types of surface growths, such as spore-bearing
fruit-bodies.
The speed and extent of fungal attack is often related to the nature of
the wood itself: sapwood is more susceptible to damage than heart-
wood .
TYPES OF FUNGAL DECAY
Wet rots Wet rot is a term which covers most fungi that damage wood. The term covers so-called brown and white rots. The former attacks the cellulose component of wood,the latter lignin and cellulose.
f Common brown Coniophora puteana (cellar Symptoms of brown rot
rot fungi fungus)Paxillus panuoides - Cross cracking, forming
Fibroporia vaillantii (white cuboidal fragments
pore, or mine fungus) - Brown wood coloration
Common white Phellinus contiguus Symptoms of white rot
rot fungi Donkioporia expansa - Wood becomes fibrousAsterostrorna spp - Bleaching
Dry rot The term dry rot refers to a specific brown rot fungus, Serpu/a /acrymans. Like wetrot, it can only flourish in damp timber but is less Iikely to be found in very wet timber.
Dry rot is particularly dangerous as it can tolerate the alkaline conditions found inolder masonry, plaster and pointing. It has unusually thick fungal strands whichconduct moisture and nutrient, feeding growth which can lead to the formation offruit-bodies.
symptoms of - Wood becomes less dense
dry rot - Wood surface crumbles if touched- Dull brown wood coloration- On drying, wood surface shrinks and cracks into cuboidal
blocks, typically 1-2 cm across.- Grey or white strands up to 8 mm thick- Silky white cushion of surface-growing strands in damp, dark
places- Thick silver-grey skin, patched with lilac or yellow in drier
places- Pancake-shaped fruiting growths with rust red, rough, often
ridged surfaces- Spores often cover surfaces and look like rust-red dust
[THE FIRST FOUR SYMPTOMS MAY ALSO BE SEEN IN WET ROT ATTACKS. ACCURATEIDENTIFICATION OF DRY ROT OFTEN REQUIRES SPECIALIST KNOWLEDGE ANDEXPERIENCE.]
Soft rot This rot causes superficial decay on very wet external timber and is not significant,except as an indicator of generally damp conditions which might lead to theestablishment of serious rots.
Blue stain Certain fungi cause a blue-black discoloration of timber in service. Blue stain isnot significantly damaging but, like soft rot, indicates conditions which mightlead to serious rots.
Typical life cycles
for fungi and wood
boring insects are
shown overleaf
IDENTIFYING INSECT DAMAGE
HOW INSECTS DAMAGE WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trees from which building timber is taken can be attacked by a large
number of insect types while still growing, or after being felled. But
these insects cause no significant damage and few can survive for long
in timber once it has been sawn and dried.
Timber used in construction - even if it remains dry - can only be
attacked by certain beetles. Their eggs are laid on timber surfaces, or
in cracks. They hatch, producing larvae which tunnel into the wood,
feeding on cellulose and other wood components.
After at least one year, the larvae develop into adult beetles which
abandon the wood, leaving behind characteristic exit holes.
TYPES OF INSECT
Beetles which attack Anobium punctatum (common Attacks mainly softwoods, some hardwoods
dry wood furniture beetle, or woodworm) Prefers damp conditionsTypically found in roofs and suspended groundfloorsUsually killed by central heating
Lyctus brunneus (powder post Common in some hardwood timbers
beetle) installed up to 10 years beforeSoftwood timbers immune
/+y/otrupes baju/us (house Found only in parts of north Surreylonghorn beetle) Usually attacks softwood
Building Regulations require that preserva-tive pre-treatment be undertaken for newroof timbers to be used in certain designatedlocal authority areas.
Beetles which attack Xestobium rufovillosum Usually found in old structural hardwoodsdamp, slightly decayed (deathwatch beetle) Associated with damp conditions, fungal
wood decay
Insects which attack Pentarthrum huttoni ordamp, very decayed wood Euophryum confine (wood boring
weevils)
Nacerdes me/anura (wharf borer)
Forest insects which leave Scolytid and Platypodid sppdefects in timber (pinhole borer or ambrosia beetle)
Urocerus and Sirex spp (woodwasp) Wood wasps, jewel beetles and forest
longhorn beetles can survive for several/3uprestid spp (jewel beetle) months in drv building timber but die out,Cerambycid spp (forest longhorn without leaving surviving larvae.
beetle)
Insects which attack bark Ernobius me//is (common barkborer)
Note: This is only a quick-reference chart. Sources of detailed guidance on identifying andcontrolling insect or fungal damage are listed in the reference section on page 35.
46
47
48
USING WOOD PRESERVATIVES: THE ESSENTIALS
All pesticides are designed to kill or control living organisms. They can
be applied safely provided the user complies with all the conditions of
use.
Avoid unnecessary use, to minimise the risk to people and the
environment.
Do not use a wood preservative unless it is judged necessary to halt an
attack now or in the future. Use only a product approved for that
specific purpose. The decision to use a wood preservative should be
based on detailed evidence. In particular:
The insect species identified (it may be harmless).
Its habits. For example, the type of timber it attacks.
The type, and amount, of susceptible timber (such as
sapwood) present.
The age of the timbers.
Any previous constructional or chemical treatments
carried out.
Any inherent dampness problems, and the practical
prospects of correcting them.
The accessibility of timbers, should future treatment
be needed.
USING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS SAFELY AND RESPONSIBLY
ESSENTIAL POINTS
WARNING
50 Failure to use an approved pesticide product in accord-
ance with the Iabelled conditions of approval, or the sale,
supply, storage, use and advertisement of a non-approved
pesticide product are both offences under COPR, the detailed
Regulations made under the Food and Environment Protec
tion Act (FEPA). All pesticides must be approved Jointly by
ministers from six government departments before they can
be advertisedd, sold, supplied, stored or used. The govern-
ment departments involved are: Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food, Department of Employment, Department
of the Environment, Department of Health, Scottish OffIce
and Welsh Office.
WHAT IS A PESTICIDE ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51 According to FEPA, a pesticide is “any substance, preparation or or-
ganism prepared or used for destroying any pest. ” The pesticide is the
active ingredient within a formulation which enables the product to
control the pest. In wood preservative products used in buildings, the
active ingredient is usually present in relatively small concentrations.
The bulk of the formulation is normally the carrier, often a volatile
solvent.
APPROVING AND REVIEWING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS
APPROVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
53
54
55
56
57
Pesticide products approved under COPR are subject to scientific
scrutiny by the Government and its independent scientific advisers, the
Advisory Committee on Pesticides. This involves the evaluation of
factors such as the formulation, rates of application, and whether
products are to be used by amateurs or professionals for in situ
remedial treatment, or for industrial pre-treatment.
The key aim of the approvals process is to ensure that if the pesticide
product is used responsibly there will be no significant risk to the user,
the public or the environment.
Wood preservatives account for a small proportion of the pesticides
currently used in the UK. However, they must be used in accordance
with their conditions of approval, and disposed of in a safe way, or
serious legal and other consequences may result.
The approvals process is operated jointly by the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) which is responsible for non-agricultural products,
and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) which is
responsible for agricultural products. They act on behalf of the six
approving government departments. When an approval is granted, a
series of approval conditions are stipulated. As part of this process, the
departments also stipulate the wording of the precautionary phrases on
the product’s instruction label to ensure its safe, efficient use.
The manufacturer must, by law, comply with any changes required by
the approving departments.
When the product evaluation has been completed, a Notice of
Approval and Schedule is issued. This legal document constitutes
formal approval for the sale, supply, storage, use and advertisement of
the pesticide product.
R E V I E W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58 Under COPR, all active ingredients of pesticide products are subject to
a periodic scientific review process. This can lead to approved
59
60
61
62
Example label
pesticides being withdrawn from the market, or result in new condi-
tions of use being set by approving departments.
Typically, the review process aims first to identify deficiencies in an
existing body of data held by the registration department (HSE or
MAFF); and secondly to carry out user, consumer and environmental
risk assessments to current standards. After this assessment, the
Advisory Committee on Pesticides may recommend to approving
departments any changes in the use of the pesticide under review.
UNDERSTANDING THE PRODUCT LABEL
Anyone involved in supervising or carrying out remedial work must,
by law, ensure that they use pesticide products correctly. The first step
is to read and understand the label instructions and be aware of the
requirements of the Consents. Having done so, the products must then
be used strictly as directed.
The label instructions - that is, the conditions of use - are highly
detailed. An example label is shown below, with explanatory notes
overleaf.
The key references which will be found on the labels of all approved
pesticide products are also listed overleaf. These must be read carefully
and acted upon.
PREMIUM PEST DESTROYERFOR USE ONLY AS A WOOO PRESERVATIVE.
FLAMMABLE.
IRRITATING TO EYES AND SKIN.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE - Dilute 1 part of Premium Pest Destroyer with19 parts water then apply at a rate of 1 Mre of product per 2,5 squaremetres of surface by brush
PRECAUTIONS -WASH SPLASHES from skin or eyes Immediately,WASH HANDS AND EXPOSED SKIN before meals and after useKEEP AWAY FROM FOOD, DRINK AND ANIMAL FEEDING STUFFSKEEP IN ORIGINAL CONTAINER, hghtly closed, In a safe placeKEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
CONTAINS:ACTIVE INGREDIENT A X%w/w (M g/litre)ACTIVE INGREDIENT B Y% w/w (N g/litre)
This product IS approved under The Control of Pesticides Regulations1986 for use as directed. HSE No. 0000Use only In accordance with the directions on the label
R a m s a u G W i l s o n L t d . ~HADDING;ON HOUSE,1 SCOll RD,NEWTOWN,MEARNSHIRE CME CU2Tel’ (123) 4567890
CONTAINS: 25 LITRESBATCH No. XXXX
IRRITANT
STATUTORY CONDITIONS RELATING TO USEFOR USE ONLY AS A WOOD PRESERVATIVE,FOR PROFESSIONAL USEApply at a rate of 1 Iitre of product per 25 square metres of wood surface,The (COSHH) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 may apply to the useof this product at work.FOR USE ONLY BY PROFESSIONAL OPERATORSFLAMMABLE, AVOID naked flames and hot surfaces,Engmeermg control of operator exposure must be used where reasonably practicable m addltlonto the following Items of personal protectwe equipmentWEAR SUITABLE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING (COVERALLS) AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER/PVCGLOVES when usingAVOID EXCESSIVE CONTAMINATION OF COVERALLS AND LAUNDER REGULARLY,However, engmeermg controls may replace personal protective equipment if aCOSHH assessment
shows they provide an equal or higher standard of protection.
WHEN USING DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKEDO NOT APPLY TO SURFACES on which food IS stored, prepared or eaten,REMOVE OR COVER ALL FOODSTUFFS before application,
AVOIO ALL CONTACT WITH PLANT LIFEDANGEROUS TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC LIFE. Do not contaminate watercourses or ground,UNPROTECTED PERSONS AND ANIMALS SHOULD BE KEPT AWAY FROM TREATED AREASFOR 48 HOURS OR UNTIL SURFACES ARE ORYTHIS MATERIAL AND ITS CONTAINER must be disposed of in a safe wayALL BATS ARE PROTECTED UNOER THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT 1981, BEFORETREATING ANY STRUCTURE USED BY BATS, THE NATURE CONSERVANCY COUNCIL SHOULDBE CONSULTED
READ ALL PRECAUTIONS BEFORE USE (HSE No. 0000)
Ramsay & Wilson LtdHADDINGTON HOUSE, 1 SCOTT RD, NEWTOWN, MEARNSHIRE CME CU2
Telephone: (123) 4567890
PRODUCT NAME AND HSE NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The product name will appear on the product label, as will the HSE
number for the product. The latter confirms that the product has been
approved under COPR.
RESTRICTION OF USE PHRASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The label must carry a restriction of use phrase, such as: FOR USE ONLY
AS A WOOD PRESERVATIVE. It is an offence to ignore the restriction.
R ISK PHRASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
When necessary, labels of approved products carry a phrase, such as
FLAMMABLE or IRRITATING TO EYES AND SKIN. These hazards will
have been scientifically assessed by the Advisory Committee on
Pesticides and warn what might happen if the product is used
carelessly.
NAME AND CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The label of an approved pesticide product will carry details of both the
name and the concentration of all active ingredients, by % w/w or %
w/w and g/litre.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
This section of the label will explain how the pesticide product should
be applied - for example, by spray or brush. It will also state the
required rate of application - for example, one litre per
four square metres of wood surface.
If the product is labelled as a concentrate for dilution, the
directions will state the exact rate of dilution - such as one
part of concentrate to ten parts of water. The user must
follow these instructions exactly.
PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The label will carry details of precautions to be taken before, during and
after use of the pesticide product. These precautions are designed to
ensure the safety of the user, the public and the environment.
This section also contains, when appropriate, specific guidance on
what protective clothing or equipment must be used, and gives the
general advice on action to be taken if the user comes into direct contact
with the product, such as through splashing or inhalation of fumes. The
label will refer to the fact that the COSHH Regulations 1988 may apply
to the use of the product at work, and highlight those conditions of use
which have statutory force under COPR.
H A R M F U L
C O R R O S I V E
TOXIC
Pesticide formulations may be
ciassified accordin to one of the
exampies shown here - the ciassi-
fication of flammabie does not have
a symboi. Certain pesticides have
no classification and as such do
not need to carry a symboi.
H I G H L Y F L A M M A B L E
HAZARD WARNING sYM BOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appropriate warning symbols must appear on the label, and these must
correspond with any risk phrase, such as IRRITANT or HARMFUL.
Examples of these symbols are shown on these pages.
O THER SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The name and address of the company marketing the pesticide product
must be shown, with details of pack size and - in the case of products
with classifications such as HARMFUL, IRRITANT or FLAMMABLE - a
batch number.
APPROVALS PHRASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The labels of non-agricultural pesticide products approved under
COPR carry the following statement:
“This product is approved under the Control of Pesticides
Regulations 1986 for use as directed. HSE No 0000. ”
It should be emphasised that any non-agricultural product without an
HSE number is non-approved and must not be used, sold, stored,
supplied or advertised.
63 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
IR R I T A N T
KEY POINTS~ CHECK LIST
Make sure that an approved pesticide is being used,
Do not use a multi-purpose product if a specific
product is available to treat the problem you have
identified. Remember: there is no such thing as a
‘safe’ pesticide. All are designed to kill or control living
organisms - but they can be used safely by complying
with their conditions of use.
Read every part of the label carefully.
Take all precautions listed in the instructions.
Use protective clothing or equipment as directed.
If the product needs to be diluted, do so carefully and
precisely.
Keep up-to-date with product approvals by consulting
Pesticides 1991 (and subsequent annual editions),
and the Pesticides register.
Read the Consents in Pesticides 1991 (and subsequent
annual editions) to ensure compliance with the
standard conditions which apply to all pesticide
products.
Identify any need to comply with other legislation.
(see page 35 for details of publications)
SAFE AND RESPONSIBLE TIMBER TREATMENT
64
65
66
67
68
If, after assessment of the risk to the property, it is considered necessary
to use wood preservatives in remedial timber treatments, work must be
planned and carried out in a way which minimises risks to workers, the
public and the environment.
There are legal requirements embodied in the Health and Safety at
Work etc Act 1974, the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR)
and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regula-
tions 1988.
The following guide to on-site remedial work reviews important
precautions which must be taken to ensure the safe use of wood
preservatives in timber treatment. However, the guide is not compre-
hensive and those involved in organizing, supervising or carrying out
remedial work must, by law, familiarise themselves with all relevant
standards and regulations.
The guidance is set out in typical site work order and includes:
TRAINING, PLANNING & PREPARATION, WORKING WITH
WOOD PRESERVATIVES, CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF
WOOD PRESERVATIVES.
TRAINING
Before any remedial work can start, there is a legal requirement (in
particular Section 2 of the Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974;
Regulation 12 of COSHH; and the general Consents relating to the
storage and use of pesticides under COPR) that supervisors and
operatives must be adequately and properly trained in remedial
treatment and, as a minimum requirement, understand and deal with
the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Recognise situations before, during and after treat-
ment when the use of wood preservatives might pose
a risk to operatives, other site workers, the public or
the environment.
Implement safety procedures which ensure that wood
preservatives are used safely at all times. These
include the safe transport, storage, handling, applica-
tion and disposal of wood preservatives.
Select the most appropriate wood preservatives and
use them strictly according to their labelled instruc-
tions. This will ensure that the products are used
responsibly and correctly.
Identify the potential effects of exposure to the wood
preservatives and be able to deal with any emergency.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
In particular, know how to provide first aid and
recognise when and how to seek specialist help.
Identify any risks in working in confined spaces.
Identify and practice appropriate personal hygiene,
Select and use appropriate protective clothing and
equipment when needed, and ensure it is well main-
tained. Any need for protective clothing or equipment
will be specified on the instruction label of the wood
preservative product to be used.
Identify the relevant legal requirements which apply to
the storage, use and disposal of wood preservatives.
PLANNING AND PREPARATION
69 The potential risks of using wood preservatives can be safely controlled
if supervisors and operatives organise the remedial work in a way
which systematically eliminates or minimises known risks.
70 The following safety measures - in typical work order - must be
implemented before timber treatment starts:
TRANSPORT OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71 Drivers transporting wood preservatives to and from site must clearly
understand the nature of the products and know their responsibilities
under the relevant regulations, In particular, they should note that:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Only the amount of wood preservative required to
carry out the remedial work should be transported to
the worksite.
Wood preservatives should not be carried in the same
compartment as the driver or passengers, if reasonably
practicable.
Any wood preservative containers must be made safe
and secure from damage or spillage.
An effective fire extinguisher must be to hand.
The vehicle must be locked in the driver’s absence.
S T O R A G E OF WOOD Preservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72 It is essential that proper arrangements are made for the safe and secure
storage of wood preservatives. The storage of pesticides and hazardous
materials is covered by various pieces of legislation including the
Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR). Guidance on the
73
storage of wood preservatives in buildings is given in HSE Guidance
Note CS19 (see page 35). See also paragraphs 111 to 113.
For smaller stores of wood preservatives, or stores used on site during
timber treatment, the following measures must be taken:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
PROTECTING THE PUBLIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Wood preservatives must be stored with security and
spill-containment in mind, using chests, bins, vaults or
cabinets which meet the requirements set out in HSE
Guidance Note CS19.
The store must be lockable and safe from damage by
impact. It must also be able to contain any possible
amount of leakage or spillage.
The store must be capable of resisting significant
damage from fire for at least 30 minutes.
The store must not be sited near offices, any type of
foodstore or food processing area, or in a residential
property directly accessible from the property receiv-
ing remedial treatment.
The store’s contents must be easily accessible to a
person standing just outside it.
Pesticide storage warning signs must be displayed.
74 Unless appropriate safety measures are taken in advance, the public or
site workers may risk exposure to wood preservatives - including any
solvents used - when timber treatment is carried out. To eliminate or
minimise this risk, the following precautions must be taken.
NOTIFYING OCCUPANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75 The owner/occupier of the property to be treated must receive in
writing -
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
before work starts - the following information:
An outline of the method of treatment to be used.
Details of the wood preservatives to be applied.
The potential risks of the treatment to the public, the
contractor and the environment.
Precautions to be taken by the contractor before,
during and after treatment.
Precautions which must be taken by the occupier after
treatment has been completed, including details of
adequate ventilation and the minimum property re-
entry time after work stops (see Cleaning Up and
disposal of wood preservatives, page 30).
76 If potential risks extend to owners/occupiersof adjoining or nearby
properties, they must be given identical information.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS AND EVACUATION PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
78
79
80
81
If treatment is to be carried out in occupied buildings, it will be
necessary to evacuate and isolate the affected areas in advance. Access
during the treatment and for a period afterwards should be limited to
operatives with suitable personal protective equipment. For most
treatments, re-entry should not be recommended before a minimum of
48 hours - in some cases longer.
Special precautions will be needed for people with respiratory prob-
lems, or for the very old and very young. Specialist advice should be
sought from the medical practitioner responsible for occupants before
work starts.
When wood preservatives are to be used in flats, semi-detached or
terraced houses, it may be necessary to evacuate adjoining properties
if there is potential exposure to occupants.
The supervisor must check whether other occupants of the building,
or in nearby properties, suffer from respiratory conditions or allergies
which might be triggered as a result of remedial work being under-
taken,
If, despite all safeguards, a potential health risk remains and evacuation
is impossible, the supervisor must seek non-pesticidal alternatives for
remedial work.
W ARNING NOTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82 Notices must be clearly posted around the worksite warning that
chemicals are in use, and prohibiting smoking, eating or drinking in
treatment areas. These notices should be displayed before, during and
after treatment.
FISH, PETS AND BATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83 Certain wood preservatives are harmful to fish and other pets. Check
the product’s instruction label for specific warnings. In any case, it is
generally advisable to remove fish, fish tanks and pets from the
property being treated.
84 Bats are protected by law. If remedial work is planned, the supervisor
must establish whether there is evidence that bats use the area which
is to be treated, If there is, he must notify the local office of English
Nature (or Scottish or Welsh equivalent) that remedial work is planned
- and should allow reasonable time for it to offer advice.
W ATERCOURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85 Great care must be taken to avoid contamination of watercourses as
even small quantities of concentrated or diluted wood preservatives,
including seepage from contaminated material, packaging or contain-
ers or from treated surfaces, can cause serious damage to aquatic life.
WATER TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
87
Water storage tanks in, or near, the worksite must be sealed tightly with
plastic sheeting or similar impervious material, then overlaid with a dust
sheet before remedial work starts. Refer for specific guidance to the
instruction labels of wood preservatives to be used.
Pipes made of metal or plastic must be protected from contact with
wood preservatives, to avoid contamination or degradation of the pipes
by acids or organic materials including solvents
SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
89
90
91
If soil is contaminated by a spillage of wood preservative, or water
contaminated by chemicals, the local waste disposal authority and the
National Rivers Authority (in Scotland, the local River Purification
Board) must be informed.
PROTECTING OPERATIVES
Under the COSHH Regulations, employers must ensure that
treatment operatives, and others who may be affected, are
from exposure to hazardous substances.
The first step is to make certain the correct wood preservativ
are selected, and used strictly in accordance with their
labelled instructions. This subject is covered in detail in
paragraphs 49 to 63.
This highly important measure must be supported by
attention to detail covering three broad areas (covered
below): ensuring safe access, exits and ventilation of worksites;
the provision of protective clothing and equipment; minimis-
ing the risk of fire or explosion.
ACCESS. EXITS AND VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92 A safe working environment and means of access and exit must be
provided for all operatives. In particular:
(a) Roof spaces and attics with fragile floor coverings must
be fitted with suitable boarding.
(b) If there is a risk of falling more than 2 m, a stable
working platform with guardrail and toe boards should
be provided across the area to be worked.
(c) If wood preservatives are to be applied in a confined
space, such as a loft or between floors, a safe working
environment must be created which provides good
ventilation and minimal risk from fumes or fire.
(d) If injection techniques are to be used, effective
splash back guards must be used to prevent accidental
skin contact with chemicals.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93 Engineering controls, such as provision of good ventilation and safe
systems of work, must be used to prevent or at least minimise exposure
to hazardous substances. If these controls cannot prevent absorption
of a chemical through the skin or by inhalation during handling and
application, it will be necessary to provide suitable protective clothing
and, if needed, respiratory protective equipment.
94 If a COSHH assessment demonstrates the need for personal protective
clothing and equipment, the requirements may include:
(a) A coverall complete with hood, such as a laminated
disposable coverall with elasticated wrists and ankles.
In some situations protective helmets may also be
necessary.
(b) Protective anti-slip and chemical resistant footwear.
Leather shoes or synthetic trainers should not be worn
when applying wood preservatives.
(c) Impervious gauntlets made of material such as viton,
neoprene, nitrile rubber or PVC should be worn,
preferably with separate cotton liners. Seek the manu-
Pacturer’s advice,
(d) Suitable respiratory protective equipment (RPE) will
be required if a COSHH assessment, or pesticide
product label, identifies a need. This should be
capable of providing the protection needed, and be
properly fitted. If filters or canisters are used with RPE,
they must be replaced at intervals recommended by
their manufacturer’s instructions. The HSE booklet
Respiratoy protective equipment -a practical guide for
users gives advice in these areas (see page 35).
(e) Face masks, goggles or visors should be worn when
appropriate. Check the pesticide product label for
specific advice.
MAINTENANCE OF CLOTHING AND EquIpment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95 Protective equipment must be maintained in good working order, It
should be cleaned regularly and stored separately from personal
clothing and effects in a clean, well ventilated, secure locker. Respira-
tory protective equipment should be cleaned and disinfected before use.
F IRE , ELECTRICAL AND EXPLOSION RISKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
97
Solvents associated with many wood preservatives are often flammable.
The risks are highest during handling, application and drying. They
increase when the product is being used in a confined space -
particularly if the timbers to be treated are made of highly absorbent
material such as fibre board which might retain the solvents.
It is vital that appropriate measures are taken at all times to minimise risk
of fire. In particular:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
The labels on all wood preservatives should be read
carefully and note taken of any fire risk and necessary
safety precautions.
Effective, readily accessible fire extinguishers must be
kept on site. They should be of the dry powder or
carbon dioxide type and must be rmintained strictly in
accordance with manufacturers’ instructions, as
required by BS 5306 Part 3.
Electrical circuits in the remedial treatment area must be
isolated, typically by removal of fuses. If necessary a
qualified electrician should remove circuits temporar-
ily. Current must not be restored for at least 36 hours
after all remedial work has been completed.
Wires, cable ends and junction boxes must be protected
from contact with wood preservatives, using polythene
sheeting or sealants such as mastic putty.
Remedial treatment electrical equipment must be cor-
rectly earthed and, when possible, extra safety devices
such as earth leakage circuit breakers or residual
current devices used. The use of double insulated or
reduced voltage equipment operating from a mains
transformer outside the area being treated is
recommended.
All electrical wiring and equipment used by remedial
contractors must be checked by a competent profes-
sional at appropriate intervals. Defective equipment
must be repaired or replaced immediately.
SAFE ELECTRICAL WORK
98 Advice about the safest
way to isolate electric cur-
rent in the remedial work
area should always be sought
from a fully qualified electri-
cian, or tim the local elec-
tricity company.
(g)
(h)
(i)
Care must be taken to ensure that electric and gas fires,
cookers, oil heaters, open fires and solid fuel heaters
are extinguished and cold before treatment starts.
After work has been completed, these appliances
should not be used again for at least 36 hours.
All naked lights, such as pilot lights, must be switched
off before remedial treatment starts, and left off for at
least 36 hours after all work is completed.
Care must be taken to avoid damaging gas pipes - for
example, by drilling. The local gas board should be
consulted if pipes need to be disconnected.
FIRST AID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99 The supervisor must be able to act swiftly and effectively should
accidents and emergencies occur on site. This subject is covered in
paragraphs 114 to 118.
DUST , FIBRES ETC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 Dust, glass and asbestos fibres, mould spores, micro-organisms and dirt
in the air caused by preparatory work on the treatment site can cause
skin and respiratory problems. The COSHH Regulations require the
control of exposure to dust preferably by a dustless method such as a
Type H vacuum cleaner.
SUPPLY OF FRESH WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
102
103
Fresh, clean running water and washing facilities must be made
available on or near the site so hands and skin can be washed
immediately after work shifts, or before eating, drinking or smoking,
and following accidental exposure, such as by splashing. Eye-wash
facilities must also be available.
WORKING WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVES
After initial planning and preparation has been completed, the supervisor
must ensure that operatives apply wood preservatives intelligently and
safely. Particular attention must be paid to the application rates stated
on product instruction labels, and chemicals must only be applied to
the specific areas of timber or masonry to be treated. Careless,
unnecessary treatment of adjacent areas, or fittings, must be avoided.
There are a number of ‘good practice’ points that must be followed. In
particular:
(a) Use a wood preservative approved for the specific
problem identified in the property. Where such a
specific product is available, do not use multi-purpose
products, or mixtures of products, to tackle problems
that are neither evident nor likely.
Good ventilation should be maintained throughout
the treatment period.
Wood preservatives should, if possible, not be poured
or diluted in a confined space or near the general
public. Any spills must be treated using an absorbent
material such as sand, and the spill area washed with
detergent.
Wood preservative containers into which a diluted
product is poured must be clearly labelled, to distin-
guish them from containers holding the concentrate.
The work must be organised so that operatives do not
have to crawl over any areas already treated.
Brushes or spray nozzles must be kept as far away from
operatives’ bodies and faces as possible
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
If a COSHH assessment reveals that protective clothing
and equipment is necessary, the supervisor must
ensure that appropriate items are used, even if they
may be uncomfortable - for example, in very hot or
humid working conditions.
There must be no smoking, eating or drinking in
treatment areas when work is being carried out.
Clothing heavily contaminated with wood preserva-
tives must be replaced promptly and cleaned.
Should a fire occur, the supervisor or contractor must
call the fire brigade, even if the fire appears to have
CHECK LIST: THE MAIN POINTS
104 Before remedial work starts, make sure that the following safety
measures are in place on the worksite:
(a) Warning notices have been posted.
(b) Owners/occupiers, neighbors and all site workers
have been told that timber treatment is about to start,
and how work is to be carried out - and people
evacuated if necessary.
(c) Water tanks have been sealed.
(d) Electricity circuits have been disconnected.
(e) Heating and cooking appliances on or near the
worksite have been shut off.
(f) Pets and fish have been removed to a safe place
(g) Washing and first-aid facilities are readily to hand.
CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AFTER TREATMENT.....................................................................
105 The protection of the public, site workers and the environment after
timber treatment is completed is of paramount importance. Safety
measures must remain in force until treated areas are dry and
substantially free of volatile vapours.
106 The treated area(s) must be ventilated to the open air where practica-
ble. Occupants and others should be warned not to re-enter the treated
area for at least 48 hours, or until treated surfaces are dry - whichever
is the longer period. Refer to the product label for guidance. Warning
signs should be posted at entrances, timed and dated to show when
remedial work was completed, and state when it will be safe tore-enter.
107 In addition to the measures referred to in paragraphs 69 to 101, covering
matters such as ventilation and disconnection of electricity, supervisors
must ensure the following procedures are followed:
(a) Remedial operatives must take a bath or shower after
completion of each day’s work, and wash before
eating, drinking or smoking.
(b) Contaminated clothing should be removed and cleaned
thoroughly with detergent and water.
(c) All contaminated equipment should be cleaned and
carefully stored.
(d) If solvent-based products have been used, carpets
should not be re-laid until the solvent has evaporated.
(e) Electrical circuits, power units, heating and cooking
appliances in the treatment area must remain shut off
until all risk of fire or explosion has passed - at least
36 hours.
(f) Smoking must be prohibited in or near any area which
has been treated with wood preservatives.
D ISPOSAL OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108
109
110
Wood preservatives or contaminated water must not be poured away
into drains or watercourses, or allowed to seep into them. If there is
an accidental spillage, the local waste disposal authority and the
National Rivers Authority (or local River Purification Board in Scotland)
must be informed immediately.
Unused concentrates, diluted solutions and empty containers must be
removed from the site and stored safely or returned to a central depot
for re-use, or collection and correct disposal. The local waste disposal
authority will advise cm how to dispose of unwanted surplus pesticides
and containers. They must never be left for householders or others to
clear up.
From April 1992 all producers or holders of waste will be under a
statutory duty (the duty of care) to take all reasonable measures to
prevent its illegal or unsafe treatment or disposal.
DEALING WITH SPILLAGES AND FIRE
BE PREPARED
111 Accidents may cause spillages or fire. Therefore, super-
visors must prepare themselves to deal with these emergen-
cies before work starts. In particular, they must:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Keep a list of local emergency services phone numbers,
both on site and at the contractor’s headquarters or local
depot.
Keep details of all wood preservatives and other flamma-
ble or toxic materials to be used on site. Details should
include chemical formulations of individual wood pm.
servetives their quantities and details of the product
name and HSE number. Again, there must be one up-to
date list on site and a duplicate et the contractor’s
heedquarters or local depot.
Keep stocks of absorbent material, such as send and
earth, available.
Ensure that access to the site is always kept clear so
emergency services can take rapid action.
112 Having prepared for potential spill or fire emergencies, there are a
number of actions which can be taken should they occur.
IN CASE OF FIRE..................................................................................................................
(a) Call in the fire brigade straight away if the fire cannot
be extinguished immediately. The fire brigade should
be called even if a fire appears to be fully extinguished.
(b) Cut off the electricity supply to the worksite.
(c) When the fire brigade arrives, give details of the
preservative products, and quantities, involved in the
fire.
IN CASE OF SPILLAGE........................................................................................................
(a)
(b)
(c)
WARNING . . . . . . . .
Prevent it entering sewers or watercourses by clam-
ming it with earth, sand or other heavy absorbent
material. Sawdust is not suitable.
If the spillage, m-water used to extinguish a fire, enters
a watercourse, the supervisor must inform the National
Rivers Authority (or the relevant River Purification
Board in Scotland). In addition, depending on the
scale of the incident, he may need to inform the police,
fire brigade, waste disposal authority and the Health
and Safety Executive.
If the spillage, or water used to extinguish a fire, enters
a sewer the supervisor must inform the same authori-
ties listed in the paragraph above, including, in Scot-
land, the relevant regional council drainage depart-
ment. In addition, he must contact the control room
of the local water services company.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113 The supervisor must consult the waste disposal authority and the
supplier of pesticide products involved in spillage or fire before
attempting to reclaim or dispose of it. This proviso applies to any
materials used to dam or soak up spillages and any damaged
containers, ash or chemical-contaminated debris.
FIRST AID ON SITE
THE RISKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114 Careless contact with wood preservatives can cause ill health, either
through short-term exposure to higher concentrations of some prod-
ucts, or longer-term exposure to lower concentrations of others,
WHEN MEDICAL HELPARRIVES
118 It is vital that the doctor
or ambulance crew who deal
with the casualty be given full
details about the pesticide
products being used, and any
advice already received. The
relevant product labels or
supplier’s health and safety
data sheet will provide the
necessary information.
115 The product’s label instructions will explain if there is a specific health
hazard. There are three ways in which wood preservatives, or other
pesticides, can be absorbed by the body:
Inhalation of fumes or spray mist;
Through the skin;
Swallowing. This can happen, for example, if an
operative eats, drinks, smokes or puts his fingers in
his mouth without washing his hands and face first.
IF PEOPLE BECOME UNWELL...........................................................................................................................................
First aid
116 There are a number of basic first-aid steps that can be taken if an
operative appears to become unwell while working - though they
should not be regarded as complete medical treatment.
117 Some or all of these steps can be taken:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Take the affected operative to an airy place well away
from the work site.
Call in competent medical assistance, such as a doctor
or ambulance, as necessary.
While help is arriving, carefully remove any clothing
from the operative which has been contaminated by
wood preservatives.
Wash any contaminated skin with clean water; and if
eyes have been affected, continue washing them for
ten minutes.
Cover the operative with a blanket, but take care not
to overheat him.
If the operative is unconscious, lay him on his side with
his face down. Make sure his tongue is in a normal
position. Remove anything in his mouth, such as food
or dentures.
If the operative’s breathing slows significantly, or
stops, roll him onto his back, make sure his mouth and
nose are clear and loosen any tight clothing around
the neck.
Tilt the head back and start mouth-to-mouth resusci-
tation. If the mouth is contaminated with pesticide
product, do not use this form of resuscitation. Instead,
try external heart massage.
If the operative suffers convulsions, use gentle
restraint and lie him on his side in the recovery position
once the convulsions have stopped.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
COVERALL
GLOVES
HOOD
OPERATIVE(OR OPERATOR)
PRODUCTAPPROVAL
PROTECTIVE
RESPIRATORYPROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (RPE)
SUBSTANCE
A protective garment, or combination of garments, offering These terms are taken from
no less protection than a single garment, close fitting at theneck
(a)
(b)
(c)
and wrist which; THE SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES
covers the whole body and all clothing other than thatFOR NON-AGRICULTURAL
which is covered by a hood, face-shield, suitable eyeprotection, respiratory protective equipment, footwear PURPOSES - APPROVED CODEand gloves, and which minimises thermal stress to theoperative (operator) when worn; OF PRACTICE, the Health andwhen required to be worn in connection with the useof a pesticide in the form of a granule or dust, has all Safety Commission 1991.
its internal pockets covered and has its sleeves over thetops of gloves being worn;is white or of a colour which produces a clearlynoticeable contrast if contaminated with pesticide
Protective gloves not less than 300 mm in length measuredfrom the tip of the second finger to the edge of the cuff
A hat or other covering to the head so designed as to protectthe forehead, back and sides of the head and neck fromcontamination by pesticide in the circumstances in which itis being used
Includes an employee or a self-employed person and issometimes used to refer to the person carrying out theapplication of pesticides or an activity directly related to suchwork such as loading a sprayer for another operative(operator)
Approval given under the Food and Environment ProtectionAct 1985 for each pesticide product, to which certainconditions are attached
Means made of a material or substance which impedes thepassage of pesticide such that a wearer is protected fromcontamination in the normal circumstances of use
Any respirator or breathing apparatus of a type approved by,or conforming to a standard approved by, the Health andSafety Executive
Any natural or artificial substance, whether in solid or liquidform or in the form of a gas or vapour (including micro-organisms)