Bungadevaya Ghatanavali (Historical Diary of Red Matsyendranath) by Ravi Shakya

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu:gftsf]Q/ tlu+, lgu"u' bF, lemu"u' kq

clen]v ;Dkfbgof kf7\o kl/k"lt{ ofo\sy+ GXoAjMu'

clen]v ;Dkfbg

GXoAjMDx

/lj zfSo

5l;+ NofM %

k'rM @)^!÷)^@

a'+ub]jof 36gfjnL

g];+= !!@& lrNnf lj;+= @)^# kmfu'0f O{;+= @))& dfr{

l;kmfl/; kf}l;kmfl/; kf}l;kmfl/; kf}l;kmfl/; kf}l;kmfl/; kf}

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfo cGtu{t g]kfnefiff :gftsf]Q/

lgu"u' bF, lemu"u' kq clen]vlj1fgof cf+lzs kf7\o kl/k"lt{ ofo\sy+ efh' /lj zfSo+ a'+ub]jof 36gfjnLa'+ub]jof 36gfjnLa'+ub]jof 36gfjnLa'+ub]jof 36gfjnLa'+ub]jof 36gfjnL

clen]v ;Dkfbg lhu' lgb]{zgo\ ofMu' vM . Yj clen]v ;Dkfbg :gftsf]Q/ tlu+oft NjMu' tfo\sfM

d"NofÍgof lg+lt+ l;kmfl/; ofgfRjgf .

ltly M g];+ !!@&

zf]w lgb]{zszf]w lgb]{zszf]w lgb]{zszf]w lgb]{zszf]w lgb]{zs

sfzLgfy tdf]6;xk|fWofks

g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu

cg'df]bg kf}cg'df]bg kf}cg'df]bg kf}cg'df]bg kf}cg'df]bg kf}

lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;+sfo

g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefu

g]kfnefiff :gftsf]Q/ tlu+ lgu"u' bF, lemu"u' kq …clen]v lj1fgÚ ljifoof cf+lzs kf7\okl/k"lt{ ofo\sy+ z}lIfs ;q lj= ;+= @)^!÷^@ of 5l;+ NofM % of ljBfyL{ /lj zfSo/lj zfSo/lj zfSo/lj zfSo/lj zfSo efh'+ GXoAjofbLu'…a'+ub]jjof 36gfjnLÚ…a'+ub]jjof 36gfjnLÚ…a'+ub]jjof 36gfjnLÚ…a'+ub]jjof 36gfjnLÚ…a'+ub]jjof 36gfjnLÚ clen]v ;Dkfbg cg'df]bg ofgfu' h'n .

cg'df]bg ofgfbLlk+cg'df]bg ofgfbLlk+cg'df]bg ofgfbLlk+cg'df]bg ofgfbLlk+cg'df]bg ofgfbLlk+

sfzLgfy tdf]6 -zf]w lgb]{zs_

xl//fd hf]zL -afXo kl/Ifs_

;'Gb/s[i0f hf]zL -ljefuLo k|d'v_

g]kfnefiff s]Gb|Lo ljefuonWjfvf, on .

lGxNofM –

s[t1tf s[t1tf s[t1tf s[t1tf s[t1tf

g]jfMto\;+ xgLu' oSj gvMrvM hfqft dWo] a'+uBMof hfqf ljZjo\ x] gf+hfMu' clts+ dxTjk"0f{u' hfqfvM . hfqfof ‰jno\ h'Ou' yL yL 36gf, b'3{6gf cflbofclen]v to\u' rng Gxfkf+lg;]+ GXofgfjofRj+u' vg]b' .…a'+ub]jof 36gfjnLÚ g+ a'+uBM ;DaGwL 36gft NXooftMu' pHjMu' x] Yof;k"m vM . g]kfnefiff :gftsf]Q/ tlu+lgu"u' bF, lemu"u' kq …clen]v lj1fgÚ ljifoof cf+lzs kf7\o kl/k"lt{ ofo\sy+ lh+ y'u' Yof;k"m ;Dkfbg ofgfu'h'n .

bsn] Gxfkf+ clen]v ;Dkfbg ofo\t :jLs[lt laofbLDx ljefuLo k|d'v k|f= 8f= ;'Gb/s[i0f hf]zLh'k|lt s[t1 h'ofRjgf . ;Dkfbgof Hofo\ dfMsy+ ;Nnfx ;'emfj laofM nF SogfbLDx zf]w lgb]{zs u'? sfzLgfytdf]6h'oft cfkfn+ ;'efo\ laofRjgf . cy]x] cWoog ;fdu|L r"nfs]t UjfxfnL ofgfbLlk+ u'? t'n;Lnfnl;+x j cg';Gwfgstf{ 5qaxfb'/ sfo:yh'lk+t g+ ;'efo\ laofRjgf . ljefuof sd{rf/Llk+ lglh/f]; >]i7,bLks l;+h]n j nIdL ttfoft g+ ;'efo\ b' .

yLyL sy+ Ujfxfln ofMlk + kf;flk + /fh ]Gb | zfSo, ls/0f zfSo, 1fgLd }of F dxh{g,/lZd dfgGw/, ;'wf k|wfg j /flhtaxfb'/ >]i7oft g+ ;'efo\ laofRjgf .

/lj zfSoOvf5]F, on .

wnMwnMwnMwnMwnMAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/ro

!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro

!=! GXovF !

!=@ ;d:of GXoygf !

!=# k"j{sfo{ ;dLIff @

!=$ p2]Zo @

!=% dxTj @

!=^ cg';Gwfg ljlw #

!=& ;Ldf+sg #

@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro

@=! kl/ro $

@=@ g]kfnefiff jfª\doo\ y'u' u|Gyof yfo\ %

@=@=! 36gfjnL jfª\doof kl/ro %

#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro

#=! lnlkof ljsf;qmd *

#=@ NoMu' clen]vof lnlk kl/ro (

#=@=! df cfvM (

#=@=@ af cfvM (

#=@=# ‰jMlnlk -af¥xv/L_ of dfqf k4lt !)

#=@=$ ;+lnlk !!

#=@=% lnlk cfvM k|0ffnL !!

#=@=^ NofMlnlk !@

#=@=& lrXg k|0ffnL !@

#=@=* lnlksf/of å+ljb+ !@

$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro

$=! a'+uBMof P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld !$

$=@ 36gfjnL u|Gyof ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog !^

$=@=! a'+uBMof Gxj+ !^

$=@=@ /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutf !^

$=@=# a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5f !*

$=@=$ cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t !(

$=@=% b'3{6gf @!

$=@=^ b}jL 36gf @@

$=@=& d]d]u' 36gft @#

$=@=* a'+u+ BM ;fnfxMu' @$

%= pk;+xf/%= pk;+xf/%= pk;+xf/%= pk;+xf/%= pk;+xf/ @%

^= lnwF;f^= lnwF;f^= lnwF;f^= lnwF;f^= lnwF;f

&= lntF;f&= lntF;f&= lntF;f&= lntF;f&= lntF;f

!= dg"to\u' gf+ wnM

@= yfo\of gf+ wnM

#= ono\ a'+uBM ;fnLu' nFk'of gSzf

Aj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|Gy

!= b]jgfu/L cfn]vg

@= u|Gyof k|ltlnlk

Aj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/roAj ! M kl/ro

!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro!= cg';Gwfg kl/ro

!=! GXovF!=! GXovF!=! GXovF!=! GXovF!=! GXovFg]jfMt gvMrvM j hfqfo\ tMldlk+ vM . g]jfMto\;+ xgLu' oSj hfqft dWo] a'+uBMof hfqf gf+hfM .

g]kfno\ ;xsfnof BM wsfM xgftMDx a'+uBMof tMu'dl5 gf+ b' . a'+uBM, s?0ffdo, nf]sgfy, kb\dkfl0f nf]s]Zj/,n:sMB, dT:o]Gb|gfy cflb yLyL gfd+ ;Daf]wg ofo\u' rng b' . a'+uBMoft af}4to\;+ cjnf]lst]Zj/ sy+xgL;f z}jto\;+ dT:o]Gb|gfy sy+ xgL . pls+ a'+uBMoft wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfof k|tLs sy+ g+ sfo\u' ofM . bFo\bF;+rf}nfufM kf?v'Gx' Gxj+ ofgfM a5nfYjM kf?v'Gx' a'+uBMoft /yo\ tnls g]kfMof x] bsno\ tfxfsMu' /yhfqfGXofO . j+zfjnL sy+ lnR5ljsfno\ !@ bF ts jf djofM :jlguno\ xfxfsf/ h'n . uf]/vgfy+ gjgfuoftcf;g bo\sfM ;dfwL nLg h"u'ln+ y'u' ;d:of jMu' vF cfrfo{ aGw'bQ+ h'h' g/]Gb|b]joft sg . y'u' ;d:ofHo+s]t a'+uBMoft :jlguno\ xo\dfMu' vF cfrfo{+ h'h'oft sg . t:;s+ b'Mv l;ofM wfld{s ljlw k"j+sfMln h'h',cfrfo{ j /yrqm Hofk' hfgfM a'+uBMoft sfd?k+ -yf}+sGxo\of cf;fd+_ :jlguno\ xo\t tfMnft . ha a'+uBM:jlguno\ Yog, uf]/vgfy yM u'?oft n;s'; ofo\t j xgfagf to\t b+an] gjgfut :jtGq h'n, u'ls+ ofgfMjf jofM ;xsfn jn . Yj O{ slnut ;+jt\ #^)) -O{= $((_ of hMvM h"u' wsfM GXoygftMu' b' . Yjx] nf]ssNof0fsf/L Hofoft n'd+s] sy+ a'+uBMof hfqf GXofsftMu' vM wsfM wfO . Yj afv+ b'g] ;'nfRj+u' tYooftljZn]if0f ofo\u' Hof ljåfg\to\;+ ofMu' b' . Oldu' ljrfMsy+ Gxfkf yg Rj+lk+ dg"t cfsfz+ jOu' jfof e/o\ a'FHofofOlk+ vM, wM Dx'ofM l;+rfO ofgfM jf ;o\s] d;M . 5Dx s[lif ljz]if1 jofM wM Dx'ofM l;+rfOof Joj:yf ofgfMa'FHof ofo\u' :ogfjg . sfnfGt/o\ pDx s[lif ljz]if1oft x] jiff{, s[lif j cGgof BM sy+ gfnfM k'Hofo\u' oft,a'+uBM÷dT:o]Gb|gfyof gfd+ ;Daf]wg ofo\u' oft .

a'+uBMof /y hfqf :jof+ GXoM yg Gxo\u" /y hfqft GXofgfRj+u' vM . plk+ dWo] r'sfMBM, wfnf5]Fofnf]s]Zj/ j :jFyof gf/fo0fBMof /yhfqf k|d'v h'ofRjg . a'+uBMof /yhfqf GXofs]t r'sfBMof /yhfqf 5u"afx]s d]u' v'u" /yhfqfoft g+ a'+uBMof /yo\ Njfs5\ofgf5\jMu' w}u' ls+jbGtL j+zfjnLO pNn]v ofgftMu' b' .

:jLlgs' tfxfsMu' a'+uBMof lzv/ z}nLof ljzfn /y bo\sLan] wft'of k|of]u dofM;] l;F, kf} j lvkMhs 5\onLu' vM . t/ yf}+sGxo\ cfl;F wft'of 5\on]u' ofgfxMu' b' . k"Rjof /yVono\ xfDjMsL tfgfM /y bo\sL .a5nfYjM $ v'Gx' k"Rj+ /y ;fnfM ufMaxfno\ ofM Gofo\sL . yg aGw'bQ cfrfo{+ k"hf ofMu' wsfM o]Fo\ Rj+lk;+hfqf xgL . ufMaxfn+ g'uno\ Yo+sLan] h'h' g/]Gb|b]j+ k"hf ofMu' wsfM Vjko\ Rj+lk+;+ hfqf xgL . nu+Vono\Yo+sLan] /yrqm Hofk'+ k"hf ofMu' wsfM ono\ Rj+lk+;+ hfqf xgL . !@ bFo\ 5sM a'+uo\ x] /y bo\sfM ;fn]u' ofO . GxfkfGxfkf a'+uBMof /y bFo\b;+ a'+u+ x] ;fn]dfMu' rng b'u' vM;f+ Yj Hof t:;s+ yfs'u'ln+ >Llgjf; dNnof kfn+lg;]+ltlg !@ bFo\ 5sM hs a'+u+ ;fn]u' Joj:yf ofMu' vM w}u' wfk" b' .

!=@ ;d:of GXoygf!=@ ;d:of GXoygf!=@ ;d:of GXoygf!=@ ;d:of GXoygf!=@ ;d:of GXoygfOltxf;of cWoog ofo\u' bsl;a] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg x] clen]v vM . g]kfno\ b'u' clen]vt

dWo] oSj x] clen]vof cWoog cg';Gwfg h"u' db'lg . Yjx] ‰jno\ a'+uBM ;DaGwL 36gfjnLt yLyL dg"to\;+yLyL Ono\ k|sflzt ofMu' bM;f+ plsoft Jojl:yt j ljZn]if0ffTds 9+u+ cWoog ofMu' db'lg . 36gfjnLof;km'tL pNn]v h"u' vFoft d]u' P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lln;] t'ngf ofgfM k|dfl0ft ofo\u' s'tM g+ h"u' db'lg . a'+uBM;DaGwL :jb]zL j ljb]zL oSj ljåfg\to\;+ cg';Gwfg ofo\w'+s"u' b';f+ d'Ss+ 36gfjnLoft hs sM3fgfMcg';Gwfg ofMu' vg]db'lg . pls+ yg 5u" x] ;km'tL d'Ss+ a'+uBM ;DaGwL hs 36gfjnL d'+sfM RjoftMu';km"oft ljZn]if0ffTds ?k+ ;Dkfbg ofgfM GXoAjo\u' h'O .

!

!=# k"j{sfo{ ;dLIff!=# k"j{sfo{ ;dLIff!=# k"j{sfo{ ;dLIff!=# k"j{sfo{ ;dLIff!=# k"j{sfo{ ;dLIffa'+uBMof af/] oSj x] :jb]zL j ljb]zL ljåfg\lk;+ cg';Gwfg ofo\w+'s"u' b' . Yjx] ‰jno\ a'+uBMln;]

;DalGwt 36gfjnLt g+ oSj x] k|sflzt h'Ow'+s"u' b' . lj=;+ @)@) ;fno\ z+s/dfg /fhj+zL+ ;DkfbgofgfbLu' …P]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLÚ ;km'tL g]=;+= &*^–*!! tsof 36gfof l6kf]6 ofgftMu'nL a'+uBM ;DaGwL36gft g+ b'YofM . uf}tdjh| ah|frfo{+ …k"l0f{dfÚ klqsfo\ lksofbLu' …ck|sflzt 7\of;km'Ú -lj=;+= @)@#, cÍ !@_j …P]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLÚ -lj=;+= @)@% cÍ !* j !(_ ; g+ a'+uBM ;DaGwL 36gft b'YofgfRj+u' b' .l8NnL/d0f /]]UdLof ;g\ !(^^ ; lkb+u' ;km" Medieval Nepal, vol.3 ; ljleGg v08o\ JaynftMu' Yof;km"t5fk] ofgftMu' b' . psL g+ a'+uBM ;DaGwL tMu'dl5 36gft b'YofgfRj+u' b' . g]=;+ !)(( ;/Tg/fh jh|frfo{h'+ RjofbLu' …a'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFÚ ;km'tL a'+uBM g]kfno\ xMu' afv+ ln;ln;]+ yMu' ;+sngo\b'u' x:tlnlvt u|Gyof cfwf/o\ g]=;+=&!( lg;]+ g]=;+= !)(( -lj=;+= @)#^_ tsof a'+uBM ;DjGwL 36gftGXoAjofbLu' b' . hf]g s] ns+ yMu' Karunamaya ;km'tL yLyL ;k'mtL k|sflzt h'Ow'+s"u' clen]v, j+zfjnLj 36gfjnLoft d'+sfM Chronology of Cult cWofo gf+ tofM lksofbLu' b' .

g]kfMof Oltxf; Vono\ t:;s+ dxTjk"0f{ gfnftMu' …uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLÚ b'g] g+ yLyL 36gft l6kf]6ofo\u' ‰jno\ a'+uBM ;DaGwL cfkfn+ dxTjk"0f{ 36gft g+ l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' . cy]x] ;g\ !((( ; Uj;fM UjMu'Henry Ambrose Oldfield h'+ RjofbLu' lrqsnfof AjHof h"u' n;tfo\ lkb+u' kl/rofTds ;km"'Sketches from Nipal' ; df]xgk|;fb vgfnof …lj=;+ !()) tfsfsf] g]kfnÚ zLif{sof Rj;' lkb+u' b' .pu' Rj;'O jo\sn+ /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] 36gfjnL gf+of 5u" ;km"of cfwf/o\ tTsfnLg O{ j a'+uBM ;DaGwL36gfjnLoft g+ b'YofsfbLu' b' . 5qaxfb'/ sfo:yh'+ …g]kfn ;+:s[ltÚ no\kf}of c+s !^^, !^*, !&)–!&( tsd'Ss+ !@ c+so\ …a'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnLÚ zLif{s tofM 36gfjnL GXoAjofbLu' b' .

y'sy+ a'+uBM ;DaGwL oSj 36gft lkbg] w'+s";f+ /Tg/fh ah|frfo{ j 5qaxfb'/ sfo:y afx]s d]lk;+d'Ss+ a'+uBMof 36gfjnL hs d'+sfM lky+u' vg]db'lg . psL;g+ Jojl:yt t/Lsf+, ljZn]if0ffTds 9+u+ a'+uBM;DaGwL 36gfjnL lkb+u' db'lg .

!=$ p2]Zo!=$ p2]Zo!=$ p2]Zo!=$ p2]Zo!=$ p2]Zoy'u' 36gfjnL u|Gy cWoogof d" p2]Zo Sjo\ GXoygf sy+of vM –s_ k|rlnt g]kfnlnlk+ RjoftMu' u|Gyoft ;s:of+ Ajg] kmOsy+ kbof]u–ljof]u ofgfM ;Dkfbg ofgfM GXoAjo\u' .v_ u|Gyo\ 5\onftMu' g]kfnlnlk j lrGx k|0ffnLof cWoog ofo\u' .u_ y'sL pNn]v h"u' 36gfoft ljifout ?k+ AjynfM d]d]u' j+zfjnL, 36gfjnL, clen]vo\ pNn]v ofgftMu' 36gfln;] t'ngfTds cWoog ofo\u' .3_ pu' O{of g]kfnlnlkO vg]b'u' b]jgfu/Lof k|efj ;Ls]u' .

!=% dxTj!=% dxTj!=% dxTj!=% dxTj!=% dxTjy'u' 36gfjnL u|Gyof ;Dkfbgof dxTj Sjo\ GXoygfsy+of b' –s_ a'+uBMk|lt /fHoof gLlt uHofMu' vM wsfM ;Ls]kmO .v_ tTsfnLg O{of /fhg}lts cj:yf, :j+u" /fHo by'of kf/:kl/s :jfk" ;Ls]kmO .u_ u'an], u'sy+ a'+uBMof /y b'3{6gf h'n, pu' b'3{6gf+ dg"to\t u'sy+ lnRjM nft wsfM ;Ls]kmO .3_ pu' O{of dg"to\u' wfld{s ljZjf;, BM ;fnLu' t/Lsf, BM ;fnLu' nFk'O nfMu' yfo\afo\of hfgsf/L bO .

@

!=^ cg';Gwfg ljlw!=^ cg';Gwfg ljlw!=^ cg';Gwfg ljlw!=^ cg';Gwfg ljlw!=^ cg';Gwfg ljlwy'u' 36gfjnL ;km"of cWoog ofo\t k|fylds j låtLos lgu'ln+ sy+of ;|f]t k|of]u h"u' b' . ;km"s'ly

5\onfM ;DalGwt ;km", kqklqsfo\ lkb+u' n]vto\u' cWoog h"u' b' .;Dkfbg ofo\u' Hofo\ t'ngfTds cg';Gwfg ljlwof k|of]u h"u' b' . 36gfjnL u|Gyo\ pNn]v h'ofRj+u'

36gfoft d]d]u' 36gfjnL, j+zfjnL j clen]vo\ pNn]v h"u' 36gfln;] t'ngfTds ?k+ k|:t't ofo\u' Hof h"u'b' .

!=& ;Ldf+sg!=& ;Ldf+sg!=& ;Ldf+sg!=& ;Ldf+sg!=& ;Ldf+sg36gfjnL u|Gyo\ b'YofgfRj+u' yLyL 36gfto\u' kl/lw b'g] RjgfM ;km"of ;Dkfbg h"u' b' . 36gfto\t

ljifout ?k+ yLyL zLif{so\ AjynfM d]lk+;+ lksoftMu' 36gfjnL, j+zfjnL j clen]vln;] t'ngf ofgfM :jo\u'Hof h"u' b' . t/ 36gf kfMu' cj:yfo\ u'u'ktL ;To vM wsfM SjM5Lu' Hof h"u' db' .

cy]x] a'+uBMofyfo\ h'Ou' u'ly+, k"hfcfhfof af/] AofVof ofo\u' j b]jgfu/L lnlkof j0f{ af/] cWoogh"u' db' .

#

@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro@= u|Gy kl/ro

@=! kl/ro@=! kl/ro@=! kl/ro@=! kl/ro@=! kl/ro

5'+ g+ dxTjk"0f{ 36gf h'Oan] plsof l6kf]6 ofgfto\u' rng Gxfkf+lg;]+ x] GXofgfjofRj+u' vM . psy+

l6kf]6 ofgftMu' 36gfjnL u|Gyt /fli6«o clen]vfno\, cfzf ;km"s'ly, s]z/ k':tsfno\ j JolQmut ;+u|x b'g]

;+slnt h'ofRj+u' b' . /fli6«o clen]vfno; ;+u|x h'ofRj+u' 36gfjnLof u|Gyt dWo] …a'+ub]jof 36gfjnLÚ g+

5u" vM .

Yj u|Gyoft g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlvt u|Gy ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf+ ;"rLs/0f ofMano\ …dT:o]Gb| j+zfjnLÚ

wsfM gf+ laofM af}4 sd{sf08 ljifo b'g] toftMu' vM . t/ Yj ;km" j+zfjnL dv;] 36gfjnLof ;km" h"u'ln+ gf+

lxnfM g]=h=x=;"rLs/0f kl/of]hgf+ …a'+ub]jof 36gfjnLÚ wsfM gf+ Ao"u' h'n . Yj u|Gyof /fli6«o clen]vfno

nut NofM k+rd &^%@ vM . g]kfn–hd{g x:tlnlvt u|Gy ;+/If0f kl/of]hgf+ ;g\ !(*$ cui6 @ tf/Lvv'Gx'

y'lsof dfOqmf]lkmNd sfMu' vM . Yj u|Gyof dfOqmf]lkmNd /Ln g+= A (@@÷& vM . g]kfnefiff+ g]kfnL Dxf;'EjFto\

RjoftMu' Yj u|Gy Yof;km" vM . ;km"of ;"rLs/0f ofMano\ y'lsof kq ;+Vof @( wsfM GXoygftM;f+ y'sL d'Ss+

@* kq hs b' . kqof ;fOh !*=& x * ;]=dL= b' . ;km"of cj:yf af+nfM, k"j+ . t/ bsno\ clGtd kqof cfvM

erf a'n';] Rjg]w'+sn .

Yj ;km" u'an] ;'gf+ NXoMu' vM pNn]v ofgftMu' db' . t/ a'+uo\ Rj+Dx OGb|d'lg w}Dx dg"ofs] Rj+u'

;km"kfv]+ NXoofu' vM wsfM kq $^M& j $*M! ; pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . bsno\ clGtd kqo\ cf]s'axfM gfk

;DalGwt 36gft GXoygftMu'ln+ cf]s'axfno\ Rj+Dx dg'v+ x] NXoMu' nf dv'nf wsfM z+sf ofo\u' yfo\ b' .

;km"of cfvM :jo\ano\ ;km" NXoMDx dg" 5Dx hs dh";] tMDxdl5 x] b' wsfM ls6fg ofo\km' . ;km" NXoMlk+

Dxf]lt+ g+ % Dx vg]b' . cfvMof :j?k :jofM Yj ;km"oft GofAjo\ Ajyn] l5+ .

s_ kq !–$^

v_ kq $&

u_ kq $*

3_ kq %$ j %%

ª_ kq %^

y'u' 36gfjnL ;km'tL g];+ &&$–(&! tsof 36gft b'ltgftMu' b' . ;+jt\ Rjo\ Sjo\ nfsftMu'ln+ 5u"

x] Ono\ NXooftMu' vOdv' . pls+ g];+ (^& of sf]tkj{ w'+sfM h+uaxfb'/ zlQmzfnL h'ofM lkxf+jMu' Ono\ Yj

;km" NXoMu' wsfM lglZrt ofo\km' .

;km" NXoMDx dg" Jofj;flos dv' . pls+ ;km'tL yfo\yf;o\ cz'l4 j c:ki6tf vg]b' . u'lnv] yf;o\

5' wfo\To+u' w}u' x] k|i6 dh" . d]d]u' ;fdu|Lln;] t'ngf ofgfM :jofM ltlg vF y'Os]dfMu' k|;+ut g+ b' . 36gfof

l6kf]6 ofo\t g]kfn ;+jt\of k|of]u ofgftMu' b';f+ kq $* ; …>L;+jtÚ wsfM ljqmd ;+jt\ g+ gfkgfk+ 5\onftMu'

b' . 36gfjnL l6kf]6 ofMDx dg" g]jfM h"u'ln+ g]jfM k/Dk/f cg';f/ cdfGt k4lt sy+ dlxgf j kIfof pNn]v

ofgftMu' b' . Yjx] sf/0f+ Gxj+ ofOu' lb+ g];+ sy+ rf}nfufM ! oft lj;+ sy+ k"l0f{dfGt k4lt sy+ a}zfv s[i0f

! dRjM;] g]jfM kxn+ x] r}q s[i0f ! RjoftMu' b' .

$

æuBfTds z}nL+ Oltxf; Rjo\u' k/Dk/fb'u' ef/tLo k|foåLkof sd hs efifftdWo] k'nf+u' g]kfnefiff g+ 5u" vM . ;+:s[tofk|frLg jfª\do b'g] g+ uB+ Oltxf; Rjo\u'k|rng db' . zfob g]jfMto\t ltAatLOltxf; n]vg jf lrlgof j[QfGt Rjo\u'k/Dk/fkfv] + k|efj nfMu' vo\km' .Æ!

@=@ g]kfnefiff jfª\doo\ y'u' u|Gyof yfo\@=@ g]kfnefiff jfª\doo\ y'u' u|Gyof yfo\@=@ g]kfnefiff jfª\doo\ y'u' u|Gyof yfo\@=@ g]kfnefiff jfª\doo\ y'u' u|Gyof yfo\@=@ g]kfnefiff jfª\doo\ y'u' u|Gyof yfo\

g]kfnefiff jfª\dooft ;[hgfTds jfª\do j /rgfTds jfª\do ofgfM lgAjo\ Ajyn] l5+ . ;[hgfTdsjfª\do b'g] sNkgf zlQm 5\onfM RjoftMu' ;flxlTos /rgft b'YofO wfM;f /rgfTds jfª\do b'g] ;flxToafx]sof /rgf b'YofO . /rgfTds jfª\dooft g+ kq jfª\do j u|Gy jfª\do ofgfM Ajyn]l5+ . kq jfª\do b'g]5kf} 5kf} ofgfM RjoftMu' jf 5kfM 5kfM ofgf lsoftMu' tf8kq, tfd|kq, lznfkq cflb nfO . u|Gy jfª\dowfo\ano\ 5kf} :jof+ cKjM kf} b'u' u|Gy wsfM y'OsL .

u|Gy jfª\doof vFo\ g]kfnefiffof w's" tMld h" . g]kfno\ ;+VofTds j ljifo ljljwtfof b[li6sf]0f+;+:s[t w'+sfM bsno\ cKjM u|Gy b'u' efo\ g]kfnefiff vM . g];+ $($ of lrlsT;fzf:qof ;km" …x/d]vnfÚlg;]+g]kfnefiffof jfª\do z'? h'n . u|Gy jfª\do cGtu{t Hof]ltifzf:q, lrlsT;fzf:q, Gofozf:q, zAbsf]z,Oltxf;, sd{sf08, jf:t'zf:q, ;+uLtzf:q, tGq cflb ljifoof ;km"t b'YofM . y'lk+ dWo] yg cWoog h'OTo+u'…a'+ub]jof 36gfjnLÚ ;km" Oltxf; cGtu{t nfM .

g]kfnefiffof k|frLg jfª\do wsfM n'ofjMu' ;km"t dWo] clwsf+z df}lns dv' . Olk+ tTsfnLg O{ofd]d]u' ef;+ RjoftMu' gf+b+u' ;km"of cg'jfb jf 6Lsf sy+ hs vg]b' . g]kfnefiffof yMu' x] df}lns ljz]iftf b'u'ljifo sy+ Oltxf; ;DjGwL ;km"t vg]bMjO . Oltxf; ljifoof ;km"t d]u' ef;+ RjoftMu' ;km"of cg'jfb dv';]Gxfkf h'ofj+u' 36gfof ljj/0f :jtGq 9+u+ cleAoQm ofgftMu' vg]b' . g]kfnefiff+ RjoftMu' Oltxf; ljifoof;km'tL uBof k|of]u h'ofRj+u' b' . Yj af/] 8f= sdnk|sfz dNnof wf/0ff /f]rs h" .

g]kfnefiffof Oltxf; jfª\dooft j+zfjnL, w/Mkf} j 36gfjnL ofgfM :jAjo\ AjynftMu' b' .@

j+zfjnL wfo\ano\ h'h'lklg j+zof wnM, /fHoef]u jif{, hGd, d[To, Oldu' ljlzi6 b]g cflbof j0f{g bO .g]kfnefiff+ RjoftMu' j+zfjnL b'g] cGbfhL g];+ %)( kfv] RjoftMu' uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLof gf+ jO . y'sL @%k|ltzt ;:s[t j &% k|ltzt g]kfnefiff+ RjoftMu' b' . Oltxf; cWoog ofo\t bsno\ ljZj;gLo u|Gy sy+y'lsoft x] gfnftMu' b' . w/Mkf} wfo\ano\ h'h'lk;+ ;+u|x ofgftMu' ;km"of wnM, Olds] b'u' k'/ftflTjs ;fdu|LofwnM, 5'+ b]uM lgdf{0f ofOan] k|of]u h"u' ;fdu|L, sfdbf/, Hofnfof wnM j 5'+ wfld{s HofvF ofOan] 5\onLu'k"hf ;fdu|Lof wnM cflb nfO .

@=@=! 36gfjnL jfª\doof kl/ro@=@=! 36gfjnL jfª\doof kl/ro@=@=! 36gfjnL jfª\doof kl/ro@=@=! 36gfjnL jfª\doof kl/ro@=@=! 36gfjnL jfª\doof kl/ro36gfjnL w}u' 8fo/L y]+ k|d'v 36gft NXooftOu' ;km" vM . yhfMu' 36gft Yof;km'tL NXooftOu'ln+

36gfjnL ;km"oft x] …Yof;km"Ú wfo\u' rng g]kfnLefifL j ljb]zL Oltxf;sf/to\s] vg]b' . t/ 36gfjnLofkof{ojfrL zAb Yof;km" dv' . emLu' ef;+ Yof;km"of cy{ YofgftMu' ;km" vM . Yof;km'tL 36gfjnL afx]s

!_ Kamal P. Malla, Classical Newari Literature: A Sketch, Kathmandu: Educational Enterprise Pvt. Ltd, 1982, p. 51@_ k|]dzflGt t'nfw/, g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;, o]FM g]kfnefiff Ps]bld, g];+ !!@), k[= @*

%

d]d]u' ljifo gfk ;DalGw vFt g+ Rjo\km' . pls+ 36gfjnLoft Yof;km" wfo\u' pko'Qm dh" .lnkfts+ No+sfto\dfMu' vFt cnu–cnu kqo\ Rjo\an] tgLu' ;Defjgf b'u'ln+ tfxfsMu' Ej+oft x]

nYofgfM ;km"of ?ko\ 5\onLu' vM . Yof;km"of k|of]u ljz]iftM u'lyO h"u' vg]b' . bFo\bF;+ u'ly ;DaGwL vFtYof;km'tL x] NXoOu' vM . 5u" x] Yof;km'lt+ aL;f}+ jif{ ts Hof laofRjgLu'ln+ Yj nf]s+XjfMu' vM . 36gft l6kf]6ofo\u' Hof ljz]if?k+ Hof]ltifto\;+ ofMu' vg]b' . tTsfnLg Ono\ h'Ou' 36gfof l6kf]6 ofo\u' Hof /fhg}ltsb[li6sf]0f+ dofM;] Hof]ltifto\;+ hGdldlt cflbof nfuL j k'/f]lxto\;+ kf7k"hfof ljlwljwfg j ltlyldltn'd+sfto\t 36gft NXooftOu' vM . uf]kfn/fh+jzfjnLof lnkf+u' Aj g+ 36gfjnL x] vM . y'lsof kq #)vM%; :jl:tM e"t j[QfGt/\ lnlvt~r >[0f' :jl:tM e"t j[QfGt/\ lnlvt~r >[0f' :jl:tM e"t j[QfGt/\ lnlvt~r >[0f' :jl:tM e"t j[QfGt/\ lnlvt~r >[0f' :jl:tM e"t j[QfGt/\ lnlvt~r >[0f' -cfM h'Ow'+s"u' RjoftMu' GoF_ wsfM 36gfjnLof z}nL+ ltlyldlt laofMj0f{g ofgftMu' b' . j+zfjnLsf/+ y'u' Ajoft e"tj[QfGt/ gf+ Ao"u'ln+ 36gfjnL jfª\dooft x] e"tj[QfGtwfo\dfM wsfM ts{ aLlk+ g+ b' . t/ …36gfjnLÚ zAb x] cKjM k|rngo\ jofRj+u' b' .

36gfjnL ;km'tL b'YofsftOu' ljifoj:t' –s_ h'h', /fgL, o'j/fh, ef/bf/, ;dfhof k|ltli7t JolQmlklg hGd, d[To', ljjfxv_ Old;+ ofOu' wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts j ;fdflhs Hofu_ tTsfnLg Ono\ h"u' /fhg}lts 36gfqmd j åGb3_ b]zo\ h"u' e'vfo\, dxfdf/L y]+hfMu' clgi6sf/L 36gfª_ cljZj;gLo 36gft, uy]ls – BMof Vjfno\ rMlt, lx jOu', BMof ldvf+ Vjla jOu', b]uM b'g]+ VjM;M jOu' cflb .

36gfjnL ;km'tL yMu' b]z b'g] h"u' 36gft hs dv' g]kfn+ lkg] ljb]zo\ h"u' 36gfof l6kf]6 g+ofgftMu' b' . uy]ls, 5u" 36gfjnL ;km'tL g];+ &*( efb| s[i0f rt'yL{v'Gx' ef/tof sfzLO Rj+u' ljZj]Zj/dlGb/o\ d';ndfg zf;s cf}/+uh]j+ cfqmd0f ofMu' 36gfof l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' .#

36gf h'Oj+ t'?Gt x] ltlyldlt tofM l6kf]6 ofgftOu'ln+ yHffMu' ;fdu|Lkfv]+ Oltxf; bo\s]t cfkfn+Ujfxfln h"j+u' b' . psL NXooftOu' oSj 36gft clen]vkfv]+ k|dfl0ft h"u'ln+ j+zfjnLof j0f{g l;a]+ cKjMljZj;gLo h" . 36gfjnL jfª\doof d]u' ljz]iftf d'Ss+ g]kfnefiff+ RjoftOu' vM . pls+ g]kfnefiffof eflifsljz]iftfof cWoog ofo\t g+ clts+ pkof]uL h" .

36gfjnL ;km"oft Oltxf; bo\s]u' Hofo\ k|of]u ofMu' oSj db'lg . lj;+ @)!! j}zfvo\ of]uL g/xl/gfy+ lyld lgjf;L rGb|dfg hf]zLofs] Rj+u' Yof;km" sofx;]+ln Yjkfv] ;sl;of ldvf j+u' vM . yf}+tsof b'g]cfkfn+ 36gfjnLof ;fdu|Lt k|sflzt h'Ow'+s"u' b', cem u'ln ck|sflzt x] ltlg cg'dfg ofo\ yfs' . k|sflzth'Ow'+s"u' 36gfjnLof ;"rL y'sy+ b' –

!_ z+s/dfg /fhj+zL, P]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnL, sf7df8f}+M jL/ k':tsfno, lj;+ @)@)@_ D.R. Regmi, Medieval Nepal III, Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1966#_ uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{, ck|sflzt 7\of;kck|sflzt 7\of;kck|sflzt 7\of;kck|sflzt 7\of;kck|sflzt 7\of;k'mmmmm, k"l0f{df, k"0ff{+s !@, lj;+ @)@#$_ uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{, P]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnL, k"l0f{df, k"0ff{+s !*, lj;+ @)@%%_ uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{, P]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnL, k"l0f{df, k"0ff{+s !(, lj;+ @)@%^_ P]Zjo{w/ zdf{, clu+dyMof P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lclu+dyMof P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lclu+dyMof P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lclu+dyMof P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lclu+dyMof P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|L, o]FM k'ikf~hnL k|sfzg, g];+ !!)$&_ r'Gbf jh|frfo{, dWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoogdWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL 5u" cWoog, o]FM ;km" w's", g];+ !!)&*_ /Tg /fh jh|frfo{, a'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvF, onM /Tg /fh jh|frfo{, g];+ !)((

#= D.R. Regmi, Medieval Nepal Part III, Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay 1966, p. 80

^

(_ wgjh| jh|frfo{, jif{s[ltM Ps ck|sflzt 7\of;kmjif{s[ltM Ps ck|sflzt 7\of;kmjif{s[ltM Ps ck|sflzt 7\of;kmjif{s[ltM Ps ck|sflzt 7\of;kmjif{s[ltM Ps ck|sflzt 7\of;km", Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1987!)_ /fhf zfSo, hgaxfBMof zflGt;km"hgaxfBMof zflGt;km"hgaxfBMof zflGt;km"hgaxfBMof zflGt;km"hgaxfBMof zflGt;km", o]FM k|]dwd{ lkygf, g];+ !!@%!!_ of]u]z /fh, eQmk'/ dNn /fhb/jf/;+u ;DaGw /fVg] Pp6f l6kf]6eQmk'/ dNn /fhb/jf/;+u ;DaGw /fVg] Pp6f l6kf]6eQmk'/ dNn /fhb/jf/;+u ;DaGw /fVg] Pp6f l6kf]6eQmk'/ dNn /fhb/jf/;+u ;DaGw /fVg] Pp6f l6kf]6eQmk'/ dNn /fhb/jf/;+u ;DaGw /fVg] Pp6f l6kf]6, kf;"sf, jif{ $, c+s $, lj;+ @)%^!@_ of]u]z /fh, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gfjln, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gfjln, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gfjln, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gfjln, clxn];Dd k|sfzdf gcfPsf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gfjln, kf;"sf, jif{ $, c+s %, lj;+ @)%^!#_ 5qaxfb'/ sfo:y, a'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnLa'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnLa'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnLa'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnLa'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnL, g]kfn ;+:s[lt, c+s !^^, !^*, !&)–!&(

&

#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro#= lnlkut kl/ro

#=! lnlkof ljsf;qmd#=! lnlkof ljsf;qmd#=! lnlkof ljsf;qmd#=! lnlkof ljsf;qmd#=! lnlkof ljsf;qmd

n]vgsfnof k|f/Deof ;DaGwo\ ljåfgto\;+ k|fu\dfgjof u'kmfo\ Rj+u' lrqto\t x] lnlkof hggL wsfM

gfnftMu' b' . plk+ lrqt x] ljsl;t h''h'+ jgfM ;f+s]lts lnlk z'? h'n . j w'+sfM WjGofTds lnlk j j0ff{Tds

lnlkof z'?jft h"u' vM . ;Eotfof z'?of Ono\ dg"to\;+ j0ff{Tds lnlkof cfljisf/ dofMlgu' vM .

O{k" ()) kfv] ltlg u|Lsto\;+ j0ff{Tds lnlkof cfljisf/ ofMu' vM wsfM wfO . cy]nf l;Gw'jf;Lto\;+ O{k"

@%)) kfv] x] Rjo\Ajg] ofo\;M wsfM ljåfg\to\;+ bfjL ofM . t/ l;Gw'3f6LO k|fKt h"u' lrGxt lnlk x] vM wsfM

;j{;Ddt h'Okm'u' db'lg . ef/tjif{o\ n]vgsnfof z'?jft u'an] h'n wOu' ;DaGwo\ ljåfg\to\u' by'O tMw+u'

jfbljjfb h'ofjofRj+u' b' . ef/tLo pkdxfåLkof ljåfg\to\;+ ygof n]vgsnf t:;s+ k'nf+ h"u' j j|fDxL lnlk

j|Dxf+ cfljisf/ ofMu' wsfM bfjL ofgfRj+u' b' . t/ o"/f]kLo ljåfg\to\;+ wfM;f Yj If]qo\ n]vgsnfof ljsf;

dh"lgu'ln+ j]b cflb u|Gyt syg–>j0fo\ hs ;Lldt h"u' vM, n]vgsnf oSj lnkf ltlg ;o\s"u' vM wsfM

ts{ laofRj+u' b' .

t/ k|fdfl0fs ?k+ :jo\ano\ ;d|f6 czf]s -O{k" @&#–@#!_ of clen]v+ lg;]+ n]vgsnfof ljsf; h"u'

vg]bMjO . pu' Ono\ hj+ vjo\ RjOu' v/f]i7L lnlk j vj+ hjo\ RjOu' a|fDxL lnlk 5\onfa'nfo\ jofRj+u' vM .

g]kfno\ n"u' bsno\ k'nf+u' clen]v g+ a|fDxL lnlkof czf]s+ toftMu' clen]v x] vM . g]kfMof lglUnxjf,

uf]l6xjf j n'lDjgLO ofgfM :jyfo\ czf]s+ :tDe :yfkgf ofMu' vM;f lglUnxjf -O{k" @%%_ j n'lDagL -O{k"

@$(_ of :tDeo\ hs clen]v k|fKt h"u' b' . Yj lnlkoft czf]s a|fDxL g+ wfo\u' ofM . t/ :jo+ czf]s+ rflx+

Yjoft wDdlnlk -wd{lnlk_ woftMu' b' .

czf]sof clen]v w'+sfM d]u' clen]v zs ;+= !)& of ho jdf{of vg]bMjO, u'sL 5\onftMu' lnlkoft

s'zfg a|fDxL woftMu' b' . lnR5ljsfno\ jofM a|fDxLlnlkkfv]+ x] kl/jlt{t h''h'+ jMu' u'Ktlnlk, s'l6nflnlk

k|of]u h'n . g]kfnLs/0f ofgfM g]kfn ;/sf/, k'/ftTj ljefu+ u'Ktlnlkoft k"j{lnR5ljlnlk j s'l6nflnlkoft

pQ/lnR5ljlnlk gfds/0f ofgftMu' b' .

dWosfn z'? h'Oj+ lnR5lj lnlkof x] kl/dflh{t ?k sy+ g]kfnlnlkof ljsf; h'n . g]kfnlnlkof

bsno\ k'nf+u' b;' g];+ @* of n+sfjtf/ u|Gy vM . g]kfnlnlkof x] yLyL e]b sy+ k|rlntlnlk, /~hgf,

e'lh+df]n, Sj]+df]n, s'+df]n, uf]ndf]n, kfr'df]n, lx+df]n cflb lnlkof ljsf; h'n . t/ d"n ?k+ k|rlnt, /~hgf

j e'lh+df]n ofgfM :j+u" hs e]b b' .

Yj 36gfjnLof u|Gy k|rlnt g]kfnlnlk+ RjoftMu' vM;f+ y'sL b]jgfu/L lnlkof k|efj oSj vg]b' .

g]kfnlnlk b'g] b]jgfu/Lof j0f{ :jrfs]u' hs dv', 5u" kq -kq $&_ b]jgfu/L+ x] RjoftMu' b' . b]jgfu/L+

RjM;f+ g+ by'O by'O g]kfnlnlkof j0f{ g+ 5\onftMu' b' . y'ls+ pu' Ono\ g]kfnlnlk+ RjofRj+lk+ g]jfMto\u'

dfgl;stfo\ b]jgfu/Lof u'lnts k|efj nfo\w'+sn wsfM So+ . lnlksf/+ rf x] drfo\s b]jgfu/Lof j0f{ k|of]u

h"j+u'of 5u" b;' kq $$M@ oft sfo\km' . ;km" NXoMDx]l;of sfrfSs …0fLÚ b]jgfu/L+ Rjo\nfMu'ln+ kqof hjo\

xfsg+ g]kfnlnlk+ …0fLÚ RjofM le+sftMu' b' . Yj ;km"of lnlk cWoog ofo\an] g]kfnlnlkoft b]jgfu/L+ u'sy+

lj:yfkg ofof+ jgfRjg wsfM oRr's ;LbO .

*

#=@ NoMu' clen]vof lnlk kl/ro#=@ NoMu' clen]vof lnlk kl/ro#=@ NoMu' clen]vof lnlk kl/ro#=@ NoMu' clen]vof lnlk kl/ro#=@ NoMu' clen]vof lnlk kl/ro

#=@=! df cfvM#=@=! df cfvM#=@=! df cfvM#=@=! df cfvM#=@=! df cfvM

j0f{j0f{j0f{j0f{j0f{ vFUjMvFUjMvFUjMvFUjMvFUjM 5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\

cg -&M%_

cfj]z -@M^_

Ogfon+Gx] -!!M%_

–

t+psf]; -&M^_

–

–

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c+ufjf/ -@!M%_

–

#=@=@ af cfvM#=@=@ af cfvM#=@=@ af cfvM#=@=@ af cfvM#=@=@ af cfvM

j0f{j0f{j0f{j0f{j0f{ vFUjMvFUjMvFUjMvFUjMvFUjM 5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\

nf]sgfyfo -!M!_

v+kf]of -!M@_

u+uf/fd -!M#_

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lnAjfªfj -!M@_

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y+y5]v]n; -#M%_

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(

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kflgjb]tf] -!)M!_

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y'u' u|Gyo\ 5\onftMu' af¥xv/L dfqf k4lt Sjo\ GXoygfsy+of vg]b' .

#=@=#=! 5\o+ b'u'#=@=#=! 5\o+ b'u'#=@=#=! 5\o+ b'u'#=@=#=! 5\o+ b'u'#=@=#=! 5\o+ b'u'

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!)

#=@=$ ;+lnlk#=@=$ ;+lnlk#=@=$ ;+lnlk#=@=$ ;+lnlk#=@=$ ;+lnlk

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psf/

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df c cg -&M%_

df O Ogfon+Gx] -!!M%_

dfdf cf]F gjfsf]7of -%$M^_

afdf / /y -@M$_

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afafdf a| a|Dxef]h -!(M@_

afafdf Hof laHofªfj -@M$_

afafafdf øof{ køof{o; -#^M@_

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y'u' u|Gyo\ NofMlnlk sy+ c+s hs 5\onftMu' b', zAbf+s j cIf/f+s 5\onftMu' db' .

#=@=& lrXg k|0ffnL#=@=& lrXg k|0ffnL#=@=& lrXg k|0ffnL#=@=& lrXg k|0ffnL#=@=& lrXg k|0ffnL

g]kfnlnlk+ ;km" Rjo\ano\ psL GXoygftOu' lr+of ljz]if dxTj j cy{ bofRjgL . k|:t't clen]v

u|Gyo\ 5\onftMu' lrXg k|0ffnL Sjo\ GXoygf sy+of b' .

#=@=&=! lj/fd lr+

.. -$=$_

#=@=&=@ sfskfb -tF;f lr_

-#$M@_ -#&M%_

#=@=&=# cg'R5]b kl/jt{gof lr+

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#=@=&=$ cfvM x'oftMu' lr+

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>L # -!=^_

#=@=&=^ rLxf gf+

s[ – s[i0f -!M!_

z'– z'Sn-(M#_

kmf – kmfu'0f -*M^_

#=@=* lnlksf/of å+ljb+#=@=* lnlksf/of å+ljb+#=@=* lnlksf/of å+ljb+#=@=* lnlksf/of å+ljb+#=@=* lnlksf/of å+ljb+

Rjo\ano\ u'sy+ Rjo\dfM wsfM nF Sog]u' Hof Jofs/0f+ ofO . Jofs/0f+ efiffoft lgodj4 ofgfaL u'ls+

ofgfM Rjo\ano\ Ps?ktf jofM efiffo\ :t/Lotf bO . t/ Yj ;km" NXoMu' Ono\ g]kfnefiffof Jofs/l0fs

r]tgfof lj:tf/ dh"lgu'ln+ oSj yf;o\ ågfRj+u' b' .

#=@=*=! j0f{ e]b dtMu'#=@=*=! j0f{ e]b dtMu'#=@=*=! j0f{ e]b dtMu'#=@=*=! j0f{ e]b dtMu'#=@=*=! j0f{ e]b dtMu's_ …7Ú j …yÚ 7fs'/ -@M$_ yfs'/ -@$M!_v_ …1Ú j …UoÚ cf1f -##M@_ cfUof -##M#_u_ …vÚ j …ifÚ vKj -!#M%_ ifKj -!#M#_3_ …jÚ j …cf]Ú Sjf75]d"ngj -@&M!_ nf]b]s'08jd"ngcf] -@&M!_ª_ …bÚ j 8 ab] -!!=%_ a8] -!!=%_r_ …0fÚ j …gÚ dl0f -!@M$_ dlg -!!M$_

5_ …/Ú j …nÚ l;afxfn -@@M!, @_ uf8afxf/ -@@M@_

!@

#=@=*=@ cfvM Rjo\ TjMô"u'#=@=*=@ cfvM Rjo\ TjMô"u'#=@=*=@ cfvM Rjo\ TjMô"u'#=@=*=@ cfvM Rjo\ TjMô"u'#=@=*=@ cfvM Rjo\ TjMô"u'

lnlksf/+ ;km" NXoOan] drfo\s x] cfvM TjMkmL km' . y''u' clen]v u|Gyo\ cfvM TjMô"u'of 5'+ gd"gf

Sjo\ GXoygf sy+of b' .

h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u' h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu' TjMô"u' cfvMTjMô"u' cfvMTjMô"u' cfvMTjMô"u' cfvMTjMô"u' cfvM 5\onf5\onf5\onf5\onf5\onf

holgjf dNnb]j ho>Llgjf; dNnb]j >L, ; !@M%

;+ ;+lt lt !$M#

#=@=*=# g]kfnlnlkof lgod k"0f{?k+ kfng dh"u'#=@=*=# g]kfnlnlkof lgod k"0f{?k+ kfng dh"u'#=@=*=# g]kfnlnlkof lgod k"0f{?k+ kfng dh"u'#=@=*=# g]kfnlnlkof lgod k"0f{?k+ kfng dh"u'#=@=*=# g]kfnlnlkof lgod k"0f{?k+ kfng dh"u'

;km" NXoMDx lnlksf/oft b]jgfu/L lnlkof cfkfM x] k|efj nfo\w'+s"u' h'ofM g]kfnlnlkof bSj

lgodoft kfng ofo\ yfs' rfMu' vg]b' . pls+ g]kfnlnlkof lgodoft k"0f{ kfng dofM;] ;km" NXooftMu' b' .

h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u'h'ofRj+u' h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu'h'OdfMu' 5\onf5\onf5\onf5\onf5\onf

laHoft -#&M!_

cflbTojf/ -!*M^_

#=@=*=$ ;Ddfgaf]ws …>LÚ of unt k|of]u#=@=*=$ ;Ddfgaf]ws …>LÚ of unt k|of]u#=@=*=$ ;Ddfgaf]ws …>LÚ of unt k|of]u#=@=*=$ ;Ddfgaf]ws …>LÚ of unt k|of]u#=@=*=$ ;Ddfgaf]ws …>LÚ of unt k|of]u

dNnsfno\ h'h'lk+t …>L>LÚ j BMlkGt …>L>L>LÚ 5\onLu' vM . t/ Yj u|Gyo\ …>LÚ of k|of]u plrt 9+u+

ofgftMu' db' . h'h'oft >L # j BMoft >L % 5\onftMu' b' . y'sL tTsfnLg /fhg}lts cj:yfof k|efj nfMu'

vg]b' . h+uaxfb'/oft >L % ;'/]Gb|+ ;g !*%^ cui6 ^ tf/Lvv'Gx' sf:sL j ndh'+uof >L # dxf/fh 3f]if0ff

ofMu' vM . Yjx] sf/0f+ lnlksf/oft h'h'lklg nfuL >L @ j BMlklg nfuL >L # 5\on]u' kof{Kt dh" wsfM dx;";

h'n h'O .


>L # l;l4g/l;+x dNnb]j >L @ l;l4g/l;+x dNnb]j $M!

>L % s?0ffdo >L # s?0ffdo %$M!

#=@=*=% cz'4 ;+jt\#=@=*=% cz'4 ;+jt\#=@=*=% cz'4 ;+jt\#=@=*=% cz'4 ;+jt\#=@=*=% cz'4 ;+jt\

;km" NXoMDx]l;of c;fjwfgLof sf/0f+ ;+jt\of k|ljli6 cz'4 h'ofRj+u' g+ b' . d]d]u' P]ltxfl;s

;fdu|Lln;] t'ngf ofgfM :jo\an] Yj k|i6 ;Lb' .


g]=;+= **^ g];+= &*^ !(M$

g]=;+= *#* g];+= *#^ $#M$

#=@=*=^ vFUjM b'g] j0f{ cz'l4#=@=*=^ vFUjM b'g] j0f{ cz'l4#=@=*=^ vFUjM b'g] j0f{ cz'l4#=@=*=^ vFUjM b'g] j0f{ cz'l4#=@=*=^ vFUjM b'g] j0f{ cz'l4

lnlksf/+ ;km" NXoMan] uNtLjz cz'4 h'Os vFUjMt NXooftMu' b' . 36gfof k|;+u y'nls lnlksf/of

å+ljå+ ofpFs y'OsfM sfo\km' .


yl/ ylt %@=^

lhgg] kmn] lhdg] kn ##=$

!#

$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro$= ljifout kl/ro

$=! a'+uBMof P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld$=! a'+uBMof P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld$=! a'+uBMof P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld$=! a'+uBMof P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld$=! a'+uBMof P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldg]jfMto\;+ xgLu' oSj gvMrvM hfqft dWo] a'+uBMof hfqf /fhsLo ;Ddfg k|fKt h"u' g]kfMof x]

bsno\ tfxfsMu' hfqf vM . a'+uof dfgb]j ;+jt\ @( -O{= ^)%_of c+z'jdf{of clen]vo\ jMu' …a"ufo"dLÚkfv]+…a'+uÚ vFUjM jMu' j a'+u w}u' yf;o\ Rj+Dx BM h"u'ln+ …a'+uBMÚ wsfM gf+ Rj+j+u' vM . Yj hfqfo\ ån+åM hg;d"xof;xeflutf bO . :jLlgs' tMhfMu' /yoft 6f}bxof ssf]{6s gfu/fhfof k|tLs wMdf tofM ;fn]u' ofO . a'+uBMof/y GXoftls ttM;n+ sfM k'ofM lwdo\ e':ofM yfO, :jofRj+lk+ eQmhglk+ efjljef]/ h'O . clts+ pNnf;k"j{sGofo\sLu' a'+uBMof hfqfof j0f{g kl;{ a|fpg+ y'sy+ ofMu' b' –

y'sy+ clt xif]{fNnf;k"j{s Gofo\sLu' a'+uBMof hfqfof Oltxf; af/] oSj j+zfjnLsf/to\;+ yyMu' kxn+pNn]v ofgfj+u' b' . j+zfjnL sy+ lnR5lj h'h' g/]Gb|b]jof kfno\ g]kfno\ !@ bF ts jf djofM xfxfsf/ h"u'ln+h'h' g/]Gb|b]j, cfrfo{ aGw'bQ j nlntHofk' -/yrqm_ :jDx hfgfM sfdf?sfdfIff÷ sfd?k+-yf}+sGxo\of cf;fd_ a'+uBMoft yg xMu' vM . a'+uBM yg xMu' O{ u'an] vM wofu' af/] yL yL j+zfjnLO yL yL;+jt\ pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' . dl0f/Tgdfnf cjbfgo\ slnut ;+jt\ #^))@, /fO6 j+zfjnLO slnut ;+jt\ #^@##,kb\dlu/L j+zfjnLO slnut ;+jt\ #%$*$, efiff j+zfjnLO slnut ;+jt\ #^&^% sf7df08"–pkTosfsf] PsPs /fhj+zfjnLO slnut ;+jt\ @^&^^ wsfM GXoygftMu' b' . lnR5lj h'h' g/]Gb|b]jof zf;gsfn O{= ^$#–^&( ts vM . O{ZjL ;+jt\ j slnut ;+jt\ by'O #!)! bFof km/s b'u' Nofv+ :jo\an] 5'+ g+ j+zfjnLO laoftMu';+jt\ g/]Gb|b]jof /fHosfn b'g] dnfM . Oltxf; cWoogof Vono\ bsno\ ljZjf; ofo\axMu' j+zfjnL wsfMgfnftMu' uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLO /fhf g/]Gb|b]j j cfrfo{ aGw'bQ hfgfM a'+uBMof hfqf GXofsn wsfM RjoftMu'b' .& g]kfMof Oltxf;o\ g/]Gb|b]j gf+of h'h'lk+ tMDxdl5 b' . t/ psL ;+jt\ laofdtMu'ln+ plk+ dWo] u'Dx g/]Gb|b]j+a' +uBMof hfqf GXofsn wsfM k|i6 dh" . cy];f+ cKjMl;of ljrfM sy+ lnR5ljsfnof h'h'g/]Gb|b]j+ x] a'+uBMof hfqf GXofs"u' vM . y'Dx g/]Gb|b]j z}j wdf{nDjL vM . clen]vo\ yMt …eujt\kz'klte§f/–skfbfg'u[lxtÚ -eujfg kz'kltgfyof t'ltof cg'u|x k|fKt h"Dx_ wfo\u'nL uj{ ofODx vM . jof a'4wd{k|ltg+ plts+ cf:yf vg]b' . lznfn]vof lz/f]efuo\ a'4wd{of k|tLs wd{rqm j d[u c+lst ofs]u' ln;ln;]+leIf';+3oft cfo:tfof Joj:yf ofgfys"u' b' . tfª\ j[QfGt cg';f/ g/]Gb|b]j+ hFo\ rLu' k]6LO a'4of d"lt{ c+lst

!$

!) Percy Brown, Picturesque Nepal (Reprint) New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, 1971, pp. 108-9@_ cfzfsfhL jh|frfo{, a'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' vF,a'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' vF,a'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' vF,a'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' vF,a'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' vF, -lgu"u' ;+:s/0f_ onM cfzfsfhL jh|frfo{, g];+ !)*&, k[= *$#_ Daniel Wright (ed.), Nepal, New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1983, p. 152$_ Bikram Jit Hasrat (ed.), History of Nepal As Told By Its own and contemporary chroniclers, Hoshiarpur: 1970. p. 45%_ b]jLk|;fb n+;fn -;+=_, efiff j+zfjnL efu @efiff j+zfjnL efu @efiff j+zfjnL efu @efiff j+zfjnL efu @efiff j+zfjnL efu @, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno, lj;+ @)@#, k[= !@^_ afnrGb| zdf{ -;+=_, sf7df08"–pkTosfsf] Ps /fhj+zfjnLsf7df08"–pkTosfsf] Ps /fhj+zfjnLsf7df08"–pkTosfsf] Ps /fhj+zfjnLsf7df08"–pkTosfsf] Ps /fhj+zfjnLsf7df08"–pkTosfsf] Ps /fhj+zfjnL, k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof $, k[= !#&_ Dhanavajra Vajracarya and Kamal P. Malla, The Gopalarajavamsavali, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1985, kq @#s

æljzfn hxfh+ dkm'dkm' cyfx ;d'b| 5L y]+, GXoMg] e}nMBMof VjfM b'u'rfMt"u' wMdf Rjsf+ yMt 5rfVo/+ e'gfRj+lk+ dg"to\u' ljzfn 5fnoftrLsfM a'+uBj+ ljzfn /yo\ RjgfM yMu' bFo\bF;+of ofqf GXofsL . 5'+ eRrfhxfhof sMl; n;LjMu' yf;o\ kf~h't pu' w]w]r"u' /yo\ axfb'/Lk"j{ssQfSs aMsofRjgL . ===afh+YjMto\;+ z+v k'ofM, lv+, sfM, e':ofM yfgfMGXoOk'u' t/ 5'+ eRrf h+unL kxM jMu' ;+uLt GXoAjofRjgL . ln;]+ HjMnfMu'j;to\ :jf+dfM HjgfjMlk+ Nof;]to\u' Do] j Kofvg+ /yhfqf emMemM wfofRjgL .=== y'sy+ sf]nfxn j ;+uLt ln;] wfld{s pT;fx j Ejo\ Gofo\sfM y'u'ljlrqu' j hl6n hfqf SjrfO . Sjrfo\sfM BM onof b]uno\ laHofsL .Æ!

ofgftMu' b' .*

/fli6«o clen]vfno\ Rj+u' nut $, NofM !^&^, Oltxf; ljifo NofM @# ; b'u', dfOqmf]lkmNd NofMaL @#(÷$ ; ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' 5u" Yof;km"of kq $* ; g/]Gb|b]j h'h'+ g];+ z'? h'O:jof+ #)% jif{ GXoMa'+uBM yg xMu' 36gf l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' –

…g]kfn ;+jT;/; #)% Yjg tg], >Lg/]Gb|b]j /fhfg >La'ub]j o/; laHofrs' h'/f] ..Ú(

g]/Gb|b]jof /fHosfnoft g];+ sy+ wfo\u' vM;f g];+ k"j{ @#&–g];+ k"j{ @)! h'O . 36gf l6kf]6 ofMDx]:of+Gogf e/o\ RjMu' h'ofM @)) oft #)) bF GXoM wsfM e|d h'n h'O wsfM gfnfsfM;f a'+uBM g]kfno\ xMu' g];+k"j{ @)% cyf{t\ g/]Gb|b]jof /fHosfno\ b'g] O{= ^&% h"jO . t/ g/]Gb|b]jof 5'+ g+ clen]vo\ a'+uBMof af/] rrf{ts+ ofgftMu' db' .

a'+uBMoft lxGb" j af}4 lgu'ln+ ;Dk|bfoof dg"to\;+ yyMu' cf:yf cg';f/ k'HofgfRj+u' b' . af}4to\;+a'+uBMoft cjnf]lst]Zj/ sy+ sfo\u' ofM . cjnf]lst]Zj/of cjwf/0ff ;d|f6 czf]sof kfno\ O{k" # u"u'ztfAbL GXoM x] ljsf; h"u' vM;f u'Ktsfno\ jofM cem 7f]; ?k sofM ljleGg d"lt{to\u' lgdf{0f h'n .!)

nf]s]Zj/of pNn]v h"u' g]kfMof bsn] k'nf+u' clen]v h'h' /fdb]jof kfno\of h'Okm'u' wsfM cg'dfg ofgftMu'cGbfhL O{= %$% of clen]v j a|Dx6f]nof zs ;+= $&( -O{= %%&_ of clen]v vM .!! g/]Gb|b]jof 5o\hob]jof kz'ktL Rj+u' dfgb]j ;+jt\ !%& -;g\ &##_of clen]vo\ s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/of pNn]v jMu'ofta'+uBM wsfM cy{ 5\ofOlk+ g+ b' . t/ clen]vo\ s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/of pNn]v h'Oj+ a'+uBMoft x] wfMu' vM wsfMls6fg ofgfM wfo\dl5+ .

lxGb" wdf{jnDjLlk+;+ a'+uBMoft dlR5Gb|gfyof gfd+ k'HofgfRj+u' b' . dlR5Gb|gfy af/] bsno\ k'nf+u'tYo sf}n1fg lg0f{o ;km'tL jMu' b', u'lsoft !! u"u' ztfAbLof gfnftMu' b' .!@ dWosfno\ a'+uBM jdlR5Gb|gfyoft ;dfgfyL{ zAb sy+ 5\on]u' oft .

j+zfjnL j c8\snafhLoft 5v] rLsfM k|fdfl0fs ?k+ a'+uBMof Oltxf; dfn]u' vM;f k"j{dWosfno\ltlg n'ofjO . Yj jx] sfnv08 vM u'ano\ g]jfMto\u' RjGXofMu' ;Eotf ;+:s[lt :ki6 ?k+ af+n'ofjMu'vg]bofjO . pls+ Yj O{oft …g]jf/sfnÚ wfo\dfM wfOlk+ ljåfg\t g+ b' . k|fdfl0fs ?k+ a'+uBMof bsno\ k'nf+u'pNn]v ;g\ !)&! ; RjoftMu' k]l/;o\ ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' 5u" x:tlnlvt ;km'tL jMu' b', u'sL …g]kfn]a'Udnf]s]Zj/Ú wsfM Xof+u' /+uof bgfRj+Dx kb\dkfl0f nf]s]Zj/of lrq c+lst ofgftMu' b' .!# a'u+BMof k|frLgtfofd]u' b;' ltAatL leIf' wd{:jfdLof hLjgL vM . ;g\ !@@^–!@#$ ts yg Rj+Dx wd{:jfdLof sy+ ef/to\ ts+k|Voft h"Dx j bFo\bF;+ z/b Ct'O hfqf h'ODx a'+uBMof d"lt{ % kmL6 tMlwsM h'Os rGbgof l;Fkfv]+ bo\sftMu'vM .!$ k"j{dWosfno\ a'+uBMof hffqf h'Oan] gf6s g+ SogLu' vM . g]=;+ $%& >fj0f z'Sn s[i0f !@ v'Gx'/fhf cl/dNnof kfno\ on pQ/ljxf/of dxfkfq hol;+x dNnof cf1f+ a'+uBMof hffqfo\ Sog]t wsfM sljhot+ ;+:s[t efiffof gf6s …dxL/fj0fjwÚ RjMu' vM .!% Yj sfnv08o\ a'+uBMk|lt >4fefj tofM h'h'lk+ x]hfqfo\ ;l/s h'Ou' k|rng bo\w'+s"u' vM . pQ/ dWosfno\ jofM a'+uBM /fli6«o BM h"jg . :jlguMof :jDx+h'h'lk+ ;xefuL h'ofM Ajlt sfo\u' k/Dk/f h'n . a'+uBMoft cg]s u'ly tofM bfgaLu', j:t't b]5fo\u', a+'uBMofgfdo\ d'b|f lksfo\u' ts+ h'n . t/ zfxsfno\ jofM a'+uBMk|lt /fHoof ;Ddfgo\ lzlyntf vg]bt . yf}+sGxo\jofM a'+uBMk|lt /fhsLo ;Ddfg cf}krfl/stf k"j+s]t hs h'ofRj+u' vg]b' .

!%

*_ l;Nef+ n]eL, g]kfng]kfng]kfng]kfng]kfn, cg'jfbsM l8NnL/fh pk|]tL, nlntk'/M lxdfn lstfa, ;g\ @))%, k[= !)$(_ sfzLgfy tdf]6, g]kfn;+jT;; tg] -g];+= k"j{_ 5\onfof 5u" b;'g]kfn;+jT;; tg] -g];+= k"j{_ 5\onfof 5u" b;'g]kfn;+jT;; tg] -g];+= k"j{_ 5\onfof 5u" b;'g]kfn;+jT;; tg] -g];+= k"j{_ 5\onfof 5u" b;'g]kfn;+jT;; tg] -g];+= k"j{_ 5\onfof 5u" b;', b]zo\d? ‰ofM, bF &, NofM !&, Yo+NofM #!), g];+ !!@), k[= #!)_ Benoytosh Bhattacharya, The Indian Buddhist Iconography, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1993, pp. 51-52!!_ wgjh| jh|frfo{, lnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]v -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lj;+ @)%#, k[= !&&–&*, !*%!@_ John k. Locke, Karunamaya, Kathmandu: Sahayogi Prakashan, 1980, p. 423!#_ Mary Slusser, Nepal Mandal, Vol 1 (Reprint) Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 1998, p. 369. y'lsof km]f6f] :n;/+ Nepal Mandal, vol 2 ; Plate 594 sy+ lksofbLu' b' .!$_ D.R. Regmi, Medieval Nepal Vol. 1, Calcutta: firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1965, p. 560!%_ :joflb;F – 1fgdl0f g]kfn -;+=_, dxL/fj0fjw gf6sdxL/fj0fjw gf6sdxL/fj0fjw gf6sdxL/fj0fjw gf6sdxL/fj0fjw gf6s, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lj;+ @)$)

$=@ 36gfjnL u|Gyof ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog$=@ 36gfjnL u|Gyof ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog$=@ 36gfjnL u|Gyof ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog$=@ 36gfjnL u|Gyof ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog$=@ 36gfjnL u|Gyof ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog

$=@=! a'+uBMof Gxj+$=@=! a'+uBMof Gxj+$=@=! a'+uBMof Gxj+$=@=! a'+uBMof Gxj+$=@=! a'+uBMof Gxj+a'+uBMof Gxj+an] g]s"to\u' dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf b' . Oldt /fhf g/]Gb|b]jof sfG5fDx sfo\of ;Gtfg wfO .!^

Gxj+of nfuL tMaxfn+ nu+v]no\ ts s'laofM o+s]u' j Gxj+an] k+rfd[t+ n'Ou' Oldu' st{Ao vM . t/ g];+ &&$of Gxj+ano\ Vjk+ jo\dfMlk+ g]s"t djMu'ln+ GXoMg] b'lk+ sf]axfMof u+uf/fd lgSj j d]Dx 5Dx lgSj hfgfMa'+uBMoft s'lan . No"g]+ a'+uof xfs'b]j gfos ofsMrf+ s'lan . Gxj+ ofMu' Ono\ g+ KoDx g]s" dfMyfo\ lgDx hsg]s"to\;+ ofsn . yy] h"u'of d'Vo sf/0f on j Vjk by'O /fhg}lts :jfk" :ogfRj+u'ln+ vo\km' . Vjk jo]Foflk+;+ >Llgjf; dNnoft UjfsfM lsk'nL ljb|f]xL ;/sf/ bo\s]la;]+ln onof Vjk j o]Fln;] ;DaGw VjfpFofj+u'vM . g];+ &&@ cflZjg z'Sn ^ v'Gx' l;l4g/l;+x dNnof sfo\ Hof]ltg/l;+x dNn ;Lan] o]F j Vjkof nFdrfMu'ln+ gv' v'l;O o+sfM bfx;+:sf/ ofo\dfMu' vM .!&

g];+ &*# of Gxj+an] g+ yy] x] h"u' b' . y'an] Gxj+of nfuL Vjkof g]s"t dAj+;] onof j klGtof g]s"td'+sfM Gxj+ oft . Yj Ono\ hutk|sfz dNnln;] >Llgjf; dNnof b'ZdgL h'ofRj+u' vM .

g]=;+ &*% ; Gxj+of ltly uf]ndfn h"u' vg]b' . lzj/fd k'grf gf+of Hof]ltifof cg';f/ låtLof ltlyt't h"u', d]lk+ ;sl;u' u0fgfo\ kf? t't h"u'ln+ avlgDx afa'h'ofs]!* ;Nnfx sfMjg . . avlgDx afa'h'of;Nnfx cg';f/ k'lGx -rf}nfYjM !%_ v'Gx' Gxj+ oft .

a'+uBMof Gxj+ ofo\an] h'h' clgjfo{ ?k+ pkl:yt h'OdfM . >Llgjf; dNnof g]=;+= &(# of ;+jT;/NjxFto\ Yj af/] lgod RjoftMu' b' . pu' lgod sy+ a'+uBMof Gxj+, /yhfqf, a'Fuo\ lnto+sLan], a'+u+ ono\xOan] GXofy]+ hfMu' Hof TjMtf M h";f+ h'h' pkl:yt h'Ox]dfM .!( Gxj+oft h'h' dbo\s+ dufMu'ln+ g]=;+= *@( r}qz'Sn k'lGxof rfGxo\ h'h' OGb| dNn ;Lan] sGxo\v'Gx' Gxj+ h"u'ln+ h'h' dbo\s+ dufgfM uf]/vf+ of]ug/]Gb| dNnofdYofMDx sfo\ dx]Gb| dNnoft AjgfxofM h'h' ofo\w'+sfM Gxj+ oft, cn] ltlg ;LDx ygfo+sn .@) t/ g]=;+ *#@of Gxj+an] h'h' dx]Gb|| dNn Gxj+ h"yfo\ dj+;] df+Dx /fh]Zj/Lb]jL ln;]+ o]Fo\ jgfRj+u' vM . Gxj+oft h'h' dbo\s+dufMu'ln+ o]Fo\ ;Mts] 5\jt . t/ >Ldfh' -efis/ dNnof df+ e'jgnIdL_ j >Lh'h'-efis/ dNn_ lk+;+ dx]Gb|dNn Gxj+ano\ jOdv' wsfM va/ 5\jofxMu'ln+ h'h' dbo\s x] rfGxo\ ltlg Gxj+ oft .@!

$=@=@ /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@ /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@ /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@ /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@ /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutfa'+uBMoft g]kfno\ xo\u' Hofo\ g/]Gb|b]j h'h' yMx] k|ToIf ;xefuL h'ofM clts+ b'Mv l;ofM xMu' afv+

hgdfg;o\ k|rf/ h'ofRj+u' b' . pls+ hfqfo\ Gxfkf+lg;]+ x] h'h'lk+ ;xefuL h'ofjofRj+u' b' . uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLOg+ Yj af/] pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' . g]=;+ $%& ; a'+uBMoft a'+uo\ lnto+sLu' hfqfo\ /fHok|d'vof k|ltlglwTj ofgfMttMw+lk+ ef/bf/tln;] b]jnb]jLof sfo\ hutl;+x+ Ajlt sfMj+u' vM .@@ g]=;+ %)& a}zfv z'Sn rt'yL{v'Gx'hol:yltdNn yM :jDx+ sfo\lk+ -wd{dNn, Hof]ltd{Nn, sLlt{dNn_ AjgfM a'+uBMof hfqfo\ j+u' j !$ Gx'

!^

!^_ s'nrGb| sf]O/fnf, >L dT:o]Gb|gfy,>L dT:o]Gb|gfy,>L dT:o]Gb|gfy,>L dT:o]Gb|gfy,>L dT:o]Gb|gfy, sf7df8f}+M u'7L ;+:yfg, lj;+ @)%@, k[= %)!&_ Wright, 1983:240.!*_ avlgDx afa'h' w}Dx onof avlgDx -alnd Tjfno\ Rj+Dx h'h'of /fhk'/f]lxt ljZjgfy pkfWofo vM . tTsfnLg Ono\ tMw+u' dxTj b'Dx y'Dx dg" g];+ &(! efb| s[i0f ^ v'Gx' db'u' vM . (D.R. Regmi, Medieval Nepal vol. 3, Calcutta: firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1966, P. 83)!(_ /fdhL t]jf/L j d]lk+ -;+=_, clen]v ;+u|x efu !), clen]v ;+u|x efu !), clen]v ;+u|x efu !), clen]v ;+u|x efu !), clen]v ;+u|x efu !), sf7df8f}+M ;+zf]wg d08n, lj;+ @)@), k[= &@)_ uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{, ck|sflzt 7\of;kmck|sflzt 7\of;kmck|sflzt 7\of;kmck|sflzt 7\of;kmck|sflzt 7\of;km", k"l0f{df, k"0ff{+s !@, @)@#, k[= #! j Regmi III, 1966:53@!_ Yj 36gfoft uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{+ lksfMu' 36gfjnLO y'sy+ RjoftMu' b' –

æ;+= *#@ r}q s[i0fM .. kfb' a'u Gxjg;, Pnof h'h, o; rf]ªfcf] /fhf dbos+ a'u Gxjg oft .. a'u oftg djª, /fhf dbos+ oftoft .. b]jlk;f/] Hof k/oftg+ djª .. >fj0fs[i0f .. t[tLof z'qmjf/ .. Yjs'Gx' onof h''h' on jg, u'/ftf] oF; rf]gª .Æ (jx], k[= ##)

@@_ Vajracarya and Malla, 1985: kq $( v

RjgfjMu' vM .@# pQ/ dWossfno\ g+ Yj rng GXofgft'+Rjg . dWosfnof pQ/fw{o\ lqmlZrog wd{ k|rf/ofo\t yg jMDx kmfb/ lh;]kof j0f{g cg';f/ hfqfof Ono\ a'+uBMof 5rfMv]/+ h'h' j d"d"lk+ af+8ft RjgLu' vM .@$

$=@=@=! onof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=! onof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=! onof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=! onof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=! onof h'h'lklg ;xeflutfg]=;+ &&% ; a'+uBMof hfqf h"an] >Llgjf; dNn yMx] jofM BM ;fMjMu' vM . t/ y+y5]v]no\

-yl;Vono\_ ;n+ s't'+jofM 3fMkfM h"u'ln+ l;l4g/l;+x dNn jofM BM ;fMjMu' vM . Yj Ono\ l;l4g/l;+x dNn j>Llgjf; dNnof peo/fHo GXofgfRj+u' vM . g]=;+ &%@ of on afns'df/Lof b]uno\ lgk' uh" 5fMu'ofclen]v+lg;]+ x] peo/fHo GXofgfRj+u' pNn]v b';f g]=;+ &^! of rf]efMof clen]v, g]=;+ &^( of lsk"ofclen]v j g]=;+ &&# of onof clen]vo\ g+ peo/fHoof pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' .@%

a'+uBMof hfqfo\ h'h'lklg pkl:ylt clgjfo{ h";f+ g]=;+= *#@ of hfqfo\ h'h' dx]Gb| dNn pkl:yt dh" .pano\ h'h' o]Fo\ jgfRj+u' vM . va/ 5\jM;f+ lnxf+djMu'ln+ h'h' dbo\s x] Gxj+ oft, h'h' dbo\s x] hfqfSjrfo\sn .

g]=;+ *#^ of hfqfo\ a'+u+lg;]+ BM ;fMan] Cl4g/l;+x dNn yMx] jofM BM ;fMjMu' vM .

$=@=@=@ o]F j Vjkof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=@ o]F j Vjkof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=@ o]F j Vjkof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=@ o]F j Vjkof h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=@ o]F j Vjkof h'h'lklg ;xeflutfg]=;+ &*# of hfqfo\ Vjkof hut\k|sfz dNnoft dAj+;]+ o]Fof k|tfk dNnoft hs b+8ufxf -/fhb08

HjgfjgLlk+_ j v+8ufxf -/fhv8\u HjgfjgLlk+_ 5\jofM lgdGq0f oft . k|tfk dNn+ lgdGq0ff :jLsf/ ofgfMAjlt sfMjn .@^ Yj Ono\ hut\k|sfz dNnln;] >Llgjf; dNnof b'ZdgL h'ofRj+u' vM . Yj bFof Ho]i7ci6dLv'Gx' k|tfk dNn j >Llgjf; dNn hfgfM Vjko\ cfqmd0f ofgfM huHHof]lt dNn+ bo\s"u' Gx"k'v" :o+sfMcg Rj+u' jf;'sL gfuof 5\o+ j n'Fof uh" n'6]ofgfM o+s"u' vM .@&

g]=;+ &*% of hfqfo\ hut\k|sfz dNn pkl:yt h'ofM hfqf GXofs"u' vM . hut\k|sfz dNnof/fgLlk+ g+ hfqf :jo\t jMu' vM . t/ tMw+u' jfkmo\ jMu'ln+ BM ;fn]u' lbsfM /fgLlk+t rf}Sjf7o\@* af; lan .Yj Ono\ on j Vjkof ;DaGw af+nfMu' vg]b' . g]=;+ &*# ; o]F j on hfgfM Vjko\ cfqmd0f ofgfM n'6kf6ofo\w'+sfM Vjkof cfly{s cj:yf t:s+ sdhf]/ h'n . Vjkoft sdhf]/ ofo\w'+sfM k|tfk dNn+ onoft g+ yMMu'Nxfto\ sfo\u' :jn . >Llgjf; dNnoft yMyfo\ ;MtfM 5nk"j{s aGbL bo\s]u' Uj;fM Ujn . t/ 5Dx dg"of Dxo\a'+uBM b'lagfM k|tfk dNnof bSj of]hgf >Llgjf; dNnoft sgfaLj+ >Llgjf; dNn t+rfofM Vjkof hut\k|sfzdNnln;] ldn]h"jg . hut\k|sfz dNnoft ono\ ;MtfM yDx+ n'6] ofgfxofu' bSj lnt lan . 5'+ lbg yMu' b/jf/o\ ;Ddfgk"j{s tn . >Llgjf; dNn+ g+ Gxfkf ;'oft+ bz{g+ ofsL dv'u' Vjkof tn]h'of bz{g oft .@(

hfqf :jMjMlk+ /fgLlk+ ;' ;' vM ;Ldb' . hut\k|sfz dNnof oSj /fgLlk+ b' . plk+ dWo] k|d'vDxcGgk"0f{nIdL vM, u'Dx]l;of gf+ Vjkof ejfgLz+s/of b]uno\ Rj+u' g]=;+ &*& df3 s[i0f !) of clen]vo\pNn]v ofgftMu' b' .#) hutk|sfz dNn ;Lan] (Dx /fgLlk+ ;tL j+u' vM .

!&

@#_ ibid, kq ^#s–^#v@$_ Father Giuseppe, Account of the kingdom of Nepal, (Reprint), New Delhi: The India offset press 1970, p. 3@%_ Peter Burleigh, A chronology of the Later Kings of Patan, Kailash, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1976, pp. 33-35@^_ hfqfo\ Ajlt sfo\t jMDx k|tfk dNn+ j}zfv z'lb !@ ljlxjf/ tMaxfno\ b]uno\ $ k' uh" 5fMu' vM . cy]x] >Llgjf; dNn+ a'+uBMoft rfs'dl/ @ bfnf, oMdl/ ! bfnf j g}+SofM lkrf+ -k+afnfrf+ yfgftMu' alhBf+_ & lkrf n't . (Regmi III, 1966: 101)@&_ nLnfeQm d'g+sdL{, dNnsfnLg g]kfn,dNnsfnLg g]kfn,dNnsfnLg g]kfn,dNnsfnLg g]kfn,dNnsfnLg g]kfn, sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts e08f/, lj;+ @)@%, k[= $@@*_ onof nfo\s"oft Gxfkf rf}Sjfy wfOu' vM . Yj af/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lof nfuL :joflb;F – wgjh| jh|frfo{, rf}sf}6b/jf/rf}sf}6b/jf/rf}sf}6b/jf/rf}sf}6b/jf/rf}sf}6b/jf/, k"l0f{df, jif{ !, c+s #, lj;+ @)@! k[= $^–%!@(_ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; /fhef]udfnfg]kfnsf] Oltxf; /fhef]udfnfg]kfnsf] Oltxf; /fhef]udfnfg]kfnsf] Oltxf; /fhef]udfnfg]kfnsf] Oltxf; /fhef]udfnf, k|frLg g]kfn, c+s !), k[= $#)_ D.R. Regmi, Medieval Nepal-vol.2 , Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1966, p. 222

$=@=@=# zfx h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=# zfx h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=# zfx h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=# zfx h'h'lklg ;xeflutf$=@=@=# zfx h'h'lklg ;xeflutfk[YjLgf/fo0f zfx+ g]kfMufM Tofs] w'+sfM zfxj+zof /fHo GXoft . t/ dNn h'h'lk+;+ y]+ >4felQm tofM

tofM zfx h'h'lk+ hfqfo\ GXoRo"u' vg]db' . Olk+ yMlklg zfg Ajo\t hs hfqfo\ jOu' vg]b' . hfqfo\ h'h', dGqLj ef/bf/t lt;fj;t+ 5fo\lkofM lsl; uofM, 3f]8r9L l;kfxLto\u' nZs/ No"g] tofM hfqf :jMjOu' vM .#!

g]=;+ (%% of hfqfo\ w+df j cfl;F TjMw'ofM ofM dGofMu'ln+ a}zfv z'Sn @ a'wjf/v'Gx' /fh]Gb| ljqmd zfx yMx]jofM :jMjMu' vM . sGxo\v'Gx' ljlxjf/ /fh]Gb|ljqmd zfx, :jDx o'j/fhlk+, sfhL eLd;]g yfkf j lkm/+uL-c+u|]h_ ;d]t jofM BM ;fo\sMjn .#@

/fh]Gb| ljqmd zfxof % Dx sfo\lk+ b' – ;'/]Gb|ljqmd, pk]Gb|ljqmd, /0f]Gb|ljqmd, jL/]Gb|ljqmd j b]j]Gb|ljqmd . y'lk dWo] ;' ;' hfqfo\ jMu' vM ;Ldb' . cy] x] c+u|]h wsfM ;'oft wfMu' vM ;Ldb' . ;g\ !*##–$#ts /]lh8]G; h'ofjMDx a|fog xh;goft wfMu' vo\km' .

$=@=# a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5f$=@=# a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5f$=@=# a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5f$=@=# a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5f$=@=# a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5fdNnsfno\ a'+uBMoft /fli6«o BM sy+ ;Ddfg ofgftMu'ln+ a'+uBMoft Ono\Aono\ yL yL a:t't b]5fo\u',

b]uno\ lgdf{0f Hof ofgfaLu' k|rng h"u' vg]b' .g]=;+ &*% kmfu'g z'Sn * /f]lx0fL gIfq ;f]djf/ a'+uBMof b]uno\ k|tfk dNn+ 5foftMu' 5qof BMg]

>Llgjf; dNn+ 5q b]5fn . Yj cj;/\o Vjkof h'h' hut\k|sfz dNn g+ pkl:yt h"u' vM .g]=;+ &*^ df3 z'Sn !) cfOtjf/v'Gx' tMaxfno\ Rj+u' a'+uBMof b]uMof Sjo\ Rj+u' tFo\ :jf+dfM ;lxt

n'Fkf} toflan .## Yj Hofo\ ykfMh' h'ofRj+Dx ab]+ x] xf]dsd{ oft . Vjkof af]bfg ofgftMlk+ ;sl;t a|Dxef]hgsn . >Llgjf; dNn j rf}tf/f /fhs'nefh'of#$ kfno\ Yj Hof h"u' vM .

g]=;+ &(@ df3 z'Sn v'Gx' a'+uo\ Rj+u' b]uno\ >Llgjf; dNn+ yf+, vn' ;lxt n'Fof tf]/0f bo\sfM toflan .#%

g]=;+ *$^ j}zfv z'Sn !! ljlxjf/of lbgo\ a'+uBMof b]uM 5rfMv]/+ xfs'NjxFt+ ;Lu' Hof h'n .#^ Yj Hof ;'gf+oft wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' db' . t/ h'h' of]uk|sfz dNn+ -g]=;+ *$@–*$(_ ofs"u' vo\dfM .

g]=;+ *%! cfiff9 s[i0f % ;f]daf/v'Gx' h'h' lji0f' dNn+ a'+uBMoft jxMof a|DxSj+ b]5fn .#& Gxj+ofOan] a'+uBMof hLjGof; lnsofM Yjx] a|DxSjo\ to\u' ofgfjofRj+u' b' .

#!_ H. Ambrose Oldfield, Sketches from Nepal, (Reprint) Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1974, p. 337#@_ Yj :jof+ lgbF GXoM g];+ (%# j}zfv z'Sn ^ a'wjf/v'Gx' g+ sfhL eLd;]g yfkf nufot c+u|]h ;d]t jofM BM ;fo\sMjMu' vM . æ===;Djt\ (%# === j}zfv z'Sn ifi7L a'wjf/ Yjs'Gx' h'h' sflh s0f]{/ lkmn+lu k|eLlt cf]ofcf] === b]cf] ;fns' s6s+ cfkfn+ b' .Æ df]xgk|;fb vgfn, lj;+ !()) tfsfsf] g]kfnlj;+ !()) tfsfsf] g]kfnlj;+ !()) tfsfsf] g]kfnlj;+ !()) tfsfsf] g]kfnlj;+ !()) tfsfsf] g]kfn, Sketches from Nipal, Lalitpur: Himal Association, 1999, k[= !@##_ efiff j+zfjnL j /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnLO Yj 36gf b', t/ psL by'O Rj+u' tNnfo\ n'Fkf} tofAo"u' wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . efiff j+zfjnL –ækm]l/ dlR5Gb|gfysf] b]jfnosf dfem tnfdf ;'gsf 5fgf agfO{ 5q;lxt u/L agfO{ uh"/ /flvlbof .Æ -n+;fn, @)@#M^^_ /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL –æoxL ;fn -g];+ &*^_ tjaxfnsf b]jfnosf lartnfdf ;'gsf 5fgf 5fO{ ;'gsf 5q ;'gsf k'ik dfnf r¥xfofÆ -/fhef]udfnf, !)M%_#$_ rf}tf/f /fhs'nefh' wfMDx rf}tf/f sLlQ{l;+ vM . g];+ &*^ cflZjg z'Sn dxfgjdLof lbgo\ d"nrf]sof hL0ff]{4f/ ofMu' 36gf l6kf]6 ofgftMu'nL ærf}tf/f sLlQ{l;+ /fhs'n efh'+Æ wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . -/fhj+zL, @)@)M !–@, Regmi III, 1966:77) . j+zfjnL sy+ sLlQ{l;+ w}Dx l;l4g/l;+x dNnof dYofMDx sfo\ vM .#%_ efiffj+zfjnL -n+;fn, @)@#M&)_ j /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL -/fhef]udfnf, !)M%_ ; g+ Yj af/] pNn]v b' . t/ /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnLO g];+ &)@ laoftMu' b', u'u' ;+jt\ kfo\l5 dh" . a'+uof b]uno\ y'lsof tfd|kq x] b' –

!= >Lnf]s]Zj/fo gdM .. dT:o]Gb| of]lugf] dVof zfQmf zlQm jblGto+ af}4fnf]s]Zj/+ t:d} gdf] a|Dx :j?lk0f] .. g]kfnf@= Ab] nf]rg l5b| ;Ktf} >L k~rDof+ >Llgjf;;]gM /f1f . :j0f{åf/+ :yflkt+ tf]/0f]g ;fw{ >LdNnf]sgfy:y u]x]#= ;+= &(@ df3 z'Sn k~rDofd\ . -sf]O/fnf, @)%@M&(_

#^_ efiff j+zfjnL j /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL lgu'nL g+ Yj af/] ;dfg ?k+ pNn]v ofgftMu' b' t/ psL kIf, ltly j af/ laoftMu' db' –æ;+jt\ *$^ j}zfvdf dl5Gb|gfysf b]jfnodf rf/}tkm{ 9'+uf a;fO{ ldnfO{ k|lti7f u/fofÆ -n+;fn, @)@#M&% j /fhef]udfnf, !)M(_

#&_ efiff j+zfjnL -n+;fn, @)@#M&^_ j /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL -/fhef]udfnf, !)M(_ ; Yj af/] pNn]v b' .lji0f' dNn+ a|DxSj+ b]5fMu' vF dg"to\;+ lnkf ts+ n'd+sftMu' vg]b' . lj;+ !(() of e'vfr+ a'+uBMof b]uM b'gfM y'u' a|DxSj+ g+ HofVon]

dbo\s :o+u'ln+ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL h'4zd;]/+ r}q dlxgfo\ hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfAo"u' vM . a|DxSjgo\ lsoftMu' clen]vo\ g];+ (%! ; lji0f' dNn+ b]5fMu' vFof g+ pNn]v ofgftMu' b' . -sf]O/fnf, @)%@M^*–^(_

!*

!(

$=@=$ cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t$=@=$ cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t$=@=$ cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t$=@=$ cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t$=@=$ cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t;+;f/o\ pHjMu' oSj 36gft h'ofRjgL u'lsoft 5Sjn+ kTofM ofo\kmOdv' . yf}+sGxo\of lj1fgof o'u

wofRj+u' Ono\ x] dg"to\;+ y'HjMu' 36gfoft ljZjf; ofgfM AjfFo\ h'ofRj+u' vg]b' . emg\ ;n+;M bF GXoM lzIffofk|rf/ dh"lgan] pHjMu' 36gf h'Oan] kTofM dofOu' vF x] db' . kTofM ofo\ yfs'u' 36gft l6kf]6 ofo\u' rngoSj GXoMlg;]+ x] vg]b' . uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL j d]d]u' 36gfjnLO g+ pHjMu' oSj 36gft l6kf]6 h'ofRj+u' b' .cy]x] yMlklg cf:yfof s]Gb| h'ofRj+u' b]j:yno\ 5'+ cz'e 36gf h'nls clgi6 h'Ou' eo+ wfld{s ljlwk"j{szflGt:jl:t ofs"u' g+ vg]b' . y'u' 36gfjnL ;km'tL g+ yhfMu' cfkfn+ 36gft b'YofgfRj+u' b' .

g]=;+ &&& ; HofjnfVono\ ofM GofgfM sGxo\v'Gx' Ho]i7 z'Sn !# of lGxgo\ BM ;fMlk+ x] db';f+ /yof3MrfM t'nfM /y GXoft wsfM vF h'n . sGxo\v'Gx' kfg]h'lklg kfn+ ofMj+an] /y :jsM Nx's'Nx's' ;g . Yj b[Zon'+u'l;+x o+Ujfn+ v+u' vM . cg+ln BM a'+uo\ o+s]dToMlgan] r'sfMBMof wMdf Sj5'gf jj+ uns+ aFo\ x] lyofRjg .Yjl;a]+ Gxfkf yy] h"u' dg"to\;+ d:o"lg . a'+uBM a'+uo\ lnt o+s]t lt;f TjsfM :jMan] a'+uBMof slrngo\toftMu' gfudl0f db' . vju' Gxfo\kgo\ Rj+u' tlnsf -Gxfo\kgo\ tLu' 5tflh lt;f_ of ;"o{/yo\ Rj+Dx ;nofDx j t'lt 5kf g+ db' . ngo\ Rj+Dx u?8 j eQ'of TjfM g+ db' . y'an] ono\ >Llgjf; dNn+ zf;g ofgfRj+u'h'n . cy]x] a'+uBMof /ykfMnfMt ljdnl;+x gfos j bLk+s/ gfos w}lk+ a'+uof kfg]h'lk+ vM . Ogfon+Gx]-Onf+glg_ of ?kl;+x ab]+ cgx] Rj+Dx xfs' ab]oft Piffn+v' -Ovfnv'_ of dfnl;+x t]kf]hof 5o\g+ pu' dl0fc+u'nL to\s] xMu' yMDx]:of+ vgfM Nxfto\ x] sofM :jofu' wsfM sg . Yj vF loltn+Gx] -ONxg]÷gfuaxfn_ oflgjf;"o{ ab]+ h'h'ofyfo\ hfx]/ oft . cg+ln Ho]i7 s[i0f !$ v'Gx' a'+uBMof BMkfMnfto\ kfM lxnfRj+an] >Llgjf;dNn g+ BM bz{g ofMj+u' h'n . y'an] nfSs t+u' gfudl0f tlnsfo\ x] :jrfgfRj+u' n'ofjn . >Llgjf; dNn+pu' dl0foft by'O tofM 5rfv]/+ d]u' !@ uM dl0f+ rfx'OsfM a'+uBMoft b]5fgflan . dv'u' vF NxfMu'ln+ ?kl;+xab]of ;j{:j sfn, lgjf;"o{ ab]of 5]Fof kfvf+ lkg]Rj+u' bSj ;DklQ hkmt oft .#*

g]=;+= &** kf}if s[i0f ^ lalxjf/v'Gx' tMaxfno\ toftMDx a'+uBMof ldvf+ Vjla jn . GofGx'tsk+r/Iff kf7 ofsfM oKkf -j}i0fjL_, y+y5]F -dxfnIdL_, Sjfy5]F -afns'df/L_ dft[sf BMlk+yfo\ aln ;lxtk"hfkf7 ofsn .#(

g]=;+= *)) Ho]i7 z'Sn % v'Gx' a'+uBMof VjfM AjnfjMu'ln+ g]s"to\;+ /+uk"hf ofgfM GofGx'ts k+r/Iffkf7 ofsfM rfGxo\ aln lan .$)

g]=;+ *)& Ho]i7 s[i0f qof]bzL k| rt'b{zL cfOtaf/v'Gx' rfGxo\ a'+uBMoft /y+ SjsfMu' Ono\ kfGh'lk+tlvrf+ lyn, t/ BMoft dlyn . BM s'laofxMu' vMoft lvrf+ :jrfM rfx'n .

g]=;+ *)& gi6 cfiff9 s[i0f gjld lalxjf/v'Gx' a'+uo\ a'+uBMof uy$! b'g] lvrf b'xf+jgfM hfls j£oMb]jfo\ Rj+u' £oM gofjg . pls+ Nj8]Sj8] -glGbs'GbL_ e}/jofyfo\ Do]o\ 5Dx aln laofM k+r/Iff kf7 ofsn .

g]=;+ *)* r}q s[i0f # cfOtaf/ a'+uBMofyfo\ Rj+u' j;M 5'+ gofRjg . y'an] pkfWofolk+ GofDx]l;t

#*_ Yj bSj 36gf /fO6 j+zfjnLO pNn]v ofgftMu' 36gfln;] HjMnfM . (wright, 1983:243-44)#(_ /]UdL j /fhj+zLlk+;+ lksfMu' 36gfjnLO g+ Yj 36gfof pNn]v b' . t/ psL j x] lbgof rfGxo\ BMyfo\ VjM;M jMu' 36gf g+ l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' –

æ;+ &** kf}if s[i0f ltn;+qmflGt a'+ub]j tjafxf/; rf]ª b]jof vf]la jj lGxg;Gx;]g+ py rfGx; vf]j ;/ jj h'/f]Æ(Regmi III, 1966:80 j /fhj+zL, @)@)M#_efiffj+zfjnL / /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnLO g+ Yj 36gfof pNn]v ofgftMu' b';f+ dlxgf j ltly laofdtM . t/ zflGt:jl:t ofMu'of

ltly laoftMu' b' –æ-;+= &**_ >Ldl5Gb|gfysf] cfFvfaf6 cfF;' axf cfof] === /fhf >Llgjf; dNnn] ;+jt\ &** kf}ifjlb !) sf lbg oyfqmdn] zflGtu/fof .Æ -n+;fn, @)@#M^( j /fhef]udfnf, !)M%_

$)_ Yj 36gf /]UdL j /fhj+zL+ g+ lksfMu' b' . t/ psL j}zfv s[i0f !@ wsfM GXoygftMu' b' –æ;+ *)) j}zfv s[i0f !@ >La'+ub]jof Vjfn af]nf jj y+lt; n+uk"h ofs/ yg+ sf]sfofjÆ (Regmi III, 1966:71 j /fhj+zL, @)@)M!)_

$!_ u|Gys"6of ;+lIfKt ?k . lzv/s"6 b]uMoft u|Gys"6 g+ wfo\u' ofM . (Slusser, 1998:127)

@)

Goftf kf7 ofsfM Dxlt+ % Dx ;f bfg lan .g]=;+= *!) ; a'+uBMof afo\DjM s't'+j+an] xltu| afxfn -xf}uMaxfM_ of 5Dx ab]ofs] BM jo\sfM on

nfo\s"of d"r's GXoMg] RjgfM vfgfRjg . BM b'lagfRj+Dx pDx dg'v+ h'h' of]ug/]Gb| dNnoft ;Mts] 5\jn .h'h' jo\j+ yM s?0ffdo h"u' j h'h'+ yMt jf:tf dof;] h'ofRjg wsfM AjMlan . h'h'+ b]zo\ Rj+lk+ hgtfto\ jfkL dvgfM b'Mv h'ofRjg wsfM lalGt ofMano\ s?0ffdo+ 5'+ x] wGbf sfo\DjfM, lhu' ;]jf af+nfs of, SjMbMu' /y g+ 5' x] h'Odv' wsfM wfn . h'h'+ olb cy] h'n wfM;f !@ kn n'Fof l;vM bo\sfM b]5fo\ wsfM sa"n oft . wfTy]+/y y+ano\ 5'+ x] dh'n . h'h'+ g+ sa"n ofgf y]+ n'Fof l;vM bo\sfM a'+uBMoft b]5ft .$@

g]=;+ *!@ a}zfv s[i0f $ v'Gx' nu+ofM Gofo\s] w'+sfM KoGx' lnkflg;]+ wMdfof Vjfn+ nM ltlsltlsjofRjg . Ho]i7 z'Sn @ v'Gx' BM lk;fnfM sGxo\v'Gx' ts+ nM ltlsltls jofRjg .$#

g]=;+ *#% a}zfv z'Sn ^ v'Gx' g'uMofM GofMu'of rfGxo\ a'+uBMofyfo\ b]v] rfo\s]To+u' Ono\ 5'+ x]dofo\s+ cy]+ cfl;F TjMw'n .

g]=;+ *$$ ; a'+uBMof Tjfsno\ Rj+u' jxMof rfsM :jAofgfjg . sGxo\v'Gx' cg]s kf7 ofs';]+ ;fbfgofgfM o1;lxt aln laofM a|fDx0f, hf]zL, jh|frfo{lk+kfv]+ lj;h{g oft .

Yjx] bFo\ Ho]i7 z'Sn & v'Gx' a'+uBMoft a'+uo\ lnto+s]t /y+ SjsfMan] lvrf+ lyn, a'+uo\ Yo+an] kmf+ lyn .GofGx' ts o1, kf7 ofsfM z'l4 oft .$$

g]=;+ *%% j}zfv si0f % lalxjf/ pQ/fiff9 gIfqv'Gx' Gxj+ba" - n+uv]nof÷a'+uof ;Ldb'_ Sj;+lg;]+lxwfM xfofRjg .

$=@=% b'3{6gf$=@=% b'3{6gf$=@=% b'3{6gf$=@=% b'3{6gf$=@=% b'3{6gfa'+uBMof /y lgdf{0f k|ljlw k/Dk/fut vg]b' . ug+ x] wft' d5\oM;]+ l;F, kf}, lvkM hs 5o\nfM #@ s'

tfxfsMu' /y bo\sLu'ln+ t:;s+ ‰oft'O . KorfM 3Mrfn+ plndl5 ‰oft'u' af]em kmo\dfnLu'ln+ a'+uBMof /yhfqfGXofan]+ hf]lvdk"0f{ h'ofRjgL . pls;g+ rLAofu' nFo\ ;fnfM kmMlxs] dfnLu'ln+ GXofan]+ x] /y SjMbnLu';Defjgf bofRjgL . /y lgdf{0fof k'nf+u' z}nL j u'u'+ g+ Ono\ tMw+u' b'3{6gf h'Okm'u' ;Defjgf+ ofgfM x] blIf0fPlzofof d]d]u' /yofqf dWo] a+uBMof /yofqf k[ys j ljz]if h'ofAo"u' b' .$%

$@_ Yj 36gfof pNn]v d]d]yfo\ g+ h'ofRj+u' b' . t/ b]jdfnf j+zfjnLO h'h'+ b]5fMu' l;vMof tf}n $* tf]nf wsfM laoftMu' b' . Gxfkfof gfk cg';f/ ! kn Ö !* tf]nf h'O . (Regmi II, 1966:521)

æcl3 ;Djt\ *!) ;fn of]ug/]Gb|sf kfnfdf >L dT:oGb|gfysf] ofqfsf] /y 9Nof] / /fhfn] ;f]rul//x]sf lyof] ToxL jvt cf]+ >LdT:o]Gb|gfy ! dflg;sf] z/L/df k|j]z e} b/jf/df cfO{ ltdLn] sf]xL ;'tf{ glng' /y cfkm} p7\5 egL uof] / /fhfn] of] s'/f kSsfxf] eg] ;'g tf]nf $* sf] uxgf r9fpFnf egL efsn u¥of] / b]jtf lemsL af6f]df /fvL sf7sf] 6]jf /fvL 8f]/Ln] tfGbf ;2] e} p7LcfP ofqf klg rnfPkl5 cfkm"n] efsn u/]sf] tf]nf $* ;'gsf] l;lqm agfO{lbP .Æ-of]uL b]jLgfy -;+=_, b]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnL, sf7df8f}+M ;"/zD;]/ h=af=/f=, lj;+ @)!#, k[= #&_

t/ 5qaxfb'/ sfo:y+ lksfMu' 36gfjnLO BM jMDx dg" HofaxfMofDx wsfM laoftMu' b' . -5qaxfb'/ sfo:y -GXoM_, a'+uBf]of /yhfqfofa'+uBf]of /yhfqfofa'+uBf]of /yhfqfofa'+uBf]of /yhfqfofa'+uBf]of /yhfqfof

3636363636gggggfjnLfjnLfjnLfjnLfjnL– #, g]kfn ;+:s[lt, NofM !&!, g];+ !!@$, k[= &_$#_ efiffj+zfjnL – æoxL ;fn -;+jt\ *!@_ dlR5Gb|gfysf af+Uofd'9fsf] e}/jsf d'vaf6 kl;gf r'x'Fbf rf}yf] lbgdf ;x/sf pQ/kl§ clUgk|j]z e} w]/} 3/ hnfof .Æ -n+;fn, @)@#M&@_ /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL – æoxL ;fn -g];+ *!@_ dl5Gb|gfysf 9ndfsf] e}/jsf d'ifaf6 kl;gf r'xLof] .Æ -/fhef]udfnf, !)M&_$$_ æ;+jt\ *$$ Ho]i7 z'Sn & sf lbg dlR5Gb|gfysf /yaf6 cf]¥xfNbf s's'/n] 5f]of] . km]l/ a'ª\dtL k'Uofkl5 ;'+u'/n] 5f]of] / k|folZrt u/fof .Æ -n+;fn, @)@#M&% j /fhef]udfnf, !)M*_$%_ Bruce Owens, The Politics of Divinity in the Kathmandu Valley: The Festival of Bungadya / Rato Matsyendranath, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1989, p. 180

@!

$=@=%=! /yof b'3{6gf$=@=%=! /yof b'3{6gf$=@=%=! /yof b'3{6gf$=@=%=! /yof b'3{6gf$=@=%=! /yof b'3{6gf/yhfqfof ‰jno\ bsn] cKjM b'3{6gf h'Ou' x] cfl;F -lgrfM 3MrfM :jfOu' w'/f÷Axle_ TjMw'Ou' vM .

yf}+sGxo\ wft'of cfl;F 5\on]u' ofM;f+ Gxfkf wft'of k|of]u ofo\dHo"u' dfGotf+ ofgfM l;Fof cfl;F tOu' vM . BM;fnLu' nFk' -rf+un_ of cj:yf af+dnfMu'ln+ 3MrfM t'gLu' j /y e]ta'nLu' -Eon'ofM jgLu'_ 36gf g+ oSj h"u'vg]b' . g]=;+ &&% ; BM a'+uo\ lnto+s]t ;fnfo+s"an] Ho]i7 z'Sn !@ d+unaf/ gv' v'l; lnSs /y yfgfM GXoMg]g+ ;fn] dkm't, No"g] g+ ;fn] dkm't . cy] h"u'ln+ sGxo\v'Gx' a'waf/ BMoft /y+ SjsofM vto\ tofM a'+uo\ o+s]dfn .g]=;+= &*^ -;km" NXoMDx]:of uNtL+ g]=;+ **^ RjoftMu' _ Ho]i7 s[i0f !) v'Gx' HofjnVono\ BMlk;fMu' Ono\ $k'cfl;+ TjMw'n . cfl;F TjMw";f+ BM n'ofo+sfM h";f+ ofM Gofo\sn .

afo\DjM s't'+jgLu' 36gfoft cz'e nIf0f sy+ sfo\u' ofM . afo\Djn+ aFo\ lynls b]zo\ pynk'yn h'Ow}u' hgljZjf; b' . g]=;+= *!) of /yhfqfo\ ylt+ HofjnfVono\ ;fnfo+s"ano\ tMkmfMNjx+ k'nfM jg]w'+sfM /yEon'ofM afo\DjM s't'+jg . :jMjMlk+ dg"t ;sn]+ ttM;n+ xfn, u'ln+ Vjn . ;sn]+ cfM 5' h'O wsfM Uoft . BMoft/y+ SjsofM /3'gfy w}Dx]:of kmNrfo\ blIf0fkfv] :jsfM toftn . kmNrfof 5rfMv]/+ sfkt+ v'oftn .

g]=;+ *!! a}zfv z'Sn !@ ; BM ;fnfM g'uno\ Yo+sfM kmMxLs"ano\ w]r'nfM /yof ;fxf bSj :o+u'lnsGxo\v'Gx' /y x] kLdfn . BMoft /y+ SjsofM g'uMlxlt km';o\ Rj+u' kmNrfo\ tofM xfsg+ /y bo\sn . /y tof/h'Ow'+sfM k"hfkf7 ofsfM aln lan .$^

cfl;F Tjw'nfM pano\ oSj x] b'Mv Ao"u' vg]b' . g]=;+ *!) ; a'+u+ ;fnfxMano\ yfo\yf;o\ oSj x] cfl;FTjMw'n . nu+Vono\ Yo+ano\ $$ Gx' lat .

g]=;+ *#^ ; a'+u+ ;fMan]lg;]+ lnto+s"u' cjlw b'g] d'Ss+ #) k' cfl;F TjMw'n .g]=;+ *$^ ; ylt+ HofjnfVono\ ts ;fMu' Ono\ #) k' cfl;F TjMw'n .$& cfl;F TjMw'ofM a'+uBMof d"lt{

GXoMg] Ej;'ofM r'Nof+ r'ofRjg, BMof jf lkxf+jn .g]=;+ *$& ; /yhfqfof cjlwO #$ k' cfl;F TjMw'n ./y :ogfM ofM dGofMu' sf/0f+ Ono\Aono\ aln Ao"u', kf7k"hf ofs"u' 36gft g+ b' . g];+ *)@ ; BM

;fnfxofM j+nfaxfM -phf]tb]j ljxf/_ GXoMg] Yo+an] cfl;F TjMw'n . sGxo\v'Gx' 5s"rf hs ;fn]j+ xfsg+ cfl;FTjMw'nfM ofM dGoft . sGxo\v'Gx' Do]o\ 5Dx aln lan . nu+Vono\ d+fl;df rfMxLs] w'+sfM cfl;F TjMw'ofM /y :og .>Llgjf; dNn+ ljåfg\to\s] ;Nnfx sofM dl0fd08ko\ gju|xof bfg lan . cfOtjf/, d+unjf/ j zlgjf/ ;fbfg lan . afns'df/L, dxfnIdL j nf]8]sf]8] e}/jofyfo\ b'u' aln laofM r08L, k+r/Iff kf7 ofsn .

g];+= *%% ; lji0f' dNnof /fHosfno\ /y SjMbMan] ^$ aln laofM ;x;|fx'lt o1 ofsfM a'+uofjh|frfo{ leIf' GofDx]l;t #!÷@ /f]kgL a'F bfg laofM k+r/Iff kf7 ofsn .

$=@=%=@ /yof sf/0f+ Hofg j+u'$=@=%=@ /yof sf/0f+ Hofg j+u'$=@=%=@ /yof sf/0f+ Hofg j+u'$=@=%=@ /yof sf/0f+ Hofg j+u'$=@=%=@ /yof sf/0f+ Hofg j+u'a'+uBMof /yhfqf hf]lvdk"0f{ h"u'ln+ Ono\Aono\ /y+ SonfM, /y+ dg" s't'+jofM Hofg j+u' 36gft h"u' b' .

g]=;+ &*& ; a'+uBM HofjnfVono\ ;fnfo+s"an] 3Mrfn+ SonfM y+a' h'luh'of sfo\ u'0f l;+Tof/of 5o\ jvfnf5]F -vf5]F_of kfsMof sfo\ ofgfM :jDx dg"t l;t . d]lk+ !# Dx 3fMkfM h'n .

g]=;+ &(@ r}q s[i0f !! zlgjf/ /yo\ Hof ofgfRj+Dx rnkf]t -rkt TjfM_ of o+UjfM 5Dx /yof aft+s't'+jofM 5\o+ tHofgfM l;t .

$^_ Yj 36gfof af/] /]UdL+ lksfMu' 36gfjnLO g+ GXoygftMu' b' . t/ 36gf h"u' yfo\ ufMaxfM laoftMu' b' –æ;+= *!! j}zfv z'SnM .. åfbzL x:tgIfq a'waf/ .. Yjs'Gx' `nof a'ub]j uf/afxf/; e]ta't/, b]j vtg sf]sfofj, /y lkofcf],xgf]+ /ylrªfcf] b]jk't tofcf] b]j/y; yªfcf] oftªfos/ ..Æ (Regmi III, 1966:35)

$&_ /Tg/fh jh|frfo{of 36gfjnLO cfl;F TjMw"u'of NofM d]sy+ x] laoftMu' b' –æy'u' ;fn -g];+ *$^_ a'+u b]zg+ onb]z nu+hfqf tsof cfsl; !) tf]w'n a'+u] hfjnf hfqf tsof h+df @# tf]s w'n cfMl;+ ===Æ

-jh|frfo{, !)((M#*_

@@

g]=;+ &(* a}zfv z'Sn k+rdL k| ifi7L d+unaf/ k"Rjo\ a'+uBMof 3Mrfn+ !@ Dx]l;t Son . plk+ dWo]gMaxfMof /fdrGb|, a'axfMof hv] aGb], clbsf aGb]of sfo\, l;axfM sn+5]Fof sgsHof]lt ab], ufMaxfMof u'0fb]jofgfM GofDx l;t, d]lk+ dl;t .

g]=;+ *!! a}zfv z'Sn ! a'+uBM /yo\ tMu' lbgo\ 3MrfMoft Ao"u' aln k"hfo\ Rj+u' g;f gofRj+Dxdflvrf 3Mrfn+ SonfM l;t . t/ lvrfof lx 5km'lt x] djM .$*

g]=;+ *@! Ho]i7 s[i0f -a5nfufM_ ! v'Gx' ;'y Gxfkg+ BM ;fMan] lvrf 5Dx 3Mrfn+ SonfM l;tM .g]=;+= *@* of hfqfo\ a'+uBMoft /yo\ to\w'+sfM ktfM 5fMu' Ono\ dl/+ -oMdl/+_ n"an] o+UjfM 5Dx

s't'+jofM l;t .$(

#=@=%=# r'sfMBM ld+gMu'#=@=%=# r'sfMBM ld+gMu'#=@=%=# r'sfMBM ld+gMu'#=@=%=# r'sfMBM ld+gMu'#=@=%=# r'sfMBM ld+gMu'g]=;+ *#^ ; Cl4g/l;+x dNnof kfno\ a'+uBMof /y HofjnfVono\ lk;fn] :jof+ :jGx' GXoM r'sfMBMof

/y ld+ gofM BM toftMu' sf]7f :jof+ Rjo\of Aj bSj+ 5|\jn .%)

$=@=^ b}jL 36gf$=@=^ b}jL 36gf$=@=^ b}jL 36gf$=@=^ b}jL 36gf$=@=^ b}jL 36gfg]=;+ &&% ; ;'yo\ jfkmo\ jofM a'+uBMof blIf0fkfv] Rj+u' by'O nfMu' srfb]uno\ uh"oft s'OsftMu'

:jtF 5q dWo] Rjo\Rj+u' 5q s't'+jn . Yjx] bFo\ u|fdv]no\ Yo+an] cfl;F TjMw'nfRj+u' Ono\ g+ jfkmo\ jn .g]=;+ &&^ kmfu'g s[i0f #) v'Gx' tMaxfno\ Rj+u' a'+uBMof b]uno\ g;+rf Ono\ x] Odf h"u'ln+ uh'nL

Rj+u' uhf+s'z j rqm TjMw'nfM s't'+jn .%!

g]=;+ &*% ; BM ;fnfxofM tjb]j/%@ Sj;+ Yo+an] cfl;F TjMw'n]j+ tMw+u' jfkmo\ jofM pTkft h'n . BMof/y ts+ t:jfs] dkm't .

g]=;+ *!% of Gxj+an] dxfljsf/ kmo\ jofM lbsktfM lgk' km;+ k'Osf o+sn, Onf+ g+ KjfMug . Yj 36gfof]ug/]Gb| dNnof kfno\ h"u' vM .

g]= ;+ (%( a5nfYjM $ ; >L % /fh]Gb|ljqmd zfxof kfno\ a'+uBMof /y ;fn]j+ KjF uft .

$*_ 5qaxfb'/ sfo:y+ GXoAjofbLu' 36gfjnLO Yj af/] cem :ki6 h'Os laoftMu' b' –æ>of]:t' ;+jt\ *!! j}zfv z'Sn ! s[ltsf gIfq, zf]eg of]u, cflbToaf/ Yjs'Gx' >L # cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/ /y; yª lbg h'/f] . ===;fnt'g+ laHofgfj 3nrfsf] jln Gxy'rfsg gnf], lny'rfsg dgjlg, ctn; ªfj, 3n; xfs' lvrfg gofj rf]ª a]n; ;fnfjlny'rfsg lvrf gofj sf]xf h'sf] jg .Æ -sfo:y, !&!M*_

$(_ uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{+ lksfMu' Yof;km'tL ktfM 5fMDx dg" s't'+jofM ;Lu' wsfM GXoygftMu' b' –æ;+ *@* j}zfv z'Sn .. kfb' zg}Zr/af/ .. Yjs'Gx' Pnof a'ub]jof /y; ktfk 5f/ jªDx /yg s'ltªfcf] 5Dx l;s ..Æ

-jh|frfo{, @)@#M@(_%)_ 36gfjnL ;km" NXoMDx]:of+ Yj 36gf lgyfo\ GXoygftMu' b' . kq #( ; g];+ *#^ laoftMu' b';f kq $#–$$ ; g];+ *#* laoftMu' b' . Cl4g/l;+x dNnof kfno\ Yj 36gf h"u'ln+ g];+ *#* wsfM laoftMu' kfo\l5 dh" . 5fo\ls g];+ *#& Ho]i7 s[i0f cdfOv'Gx' Cl4g/l;+x dNn ;Lu' vM . /Tg/fh jh|frfo{of 36gfjnLO g+ g];+ *#^ x] laoftMu' b' .

æ*#^ j};fv s[i0f cdfO{ k/ h]i7 z'Sn kf? j[x:kltaf/] Yj v'Gx'of /fqLof k|yd kx/ hfj a]n; >L h6fwf/L nf]s]Zj/of /yMld+gn yFlt tf]n; >L @ Cl4g/l;+xof kof{o; ===Æ -jh|frfo{, !)((M#&_

%!_ /fO6 j+zfjnLO dnM h'gfM Yj 36gf h"u' j uh'nL Rj+u' uhf+s'z j rqm s't'+j+u' dv;] Wjhf s't'+j+u' wsfM pNn]v ofgftMu' b' –'In N.S. 776, early in the morning of the 15 th of Phagun Badi, the gajura of the temple of Bug-devata in

Tava-Bahal was struck by lightning and the flag fell down.' (wright, 1983:242)%@_ u?8gf/fo0fof Yj b]uM g];+ &&^ ; l;l4g/l;+x dNn+ bo\s"u' vM . (wright, ibid) Yj b]uM yf}+sGxo\ dbo\w'+s";f+ lrlsrfUjMu' 6]/fsf]6fof b]uno\ Yj wM toftMu' b' . Yj b]uM yf}+sGxo\ on d+un+ xf}un\ jg]u' nFl;yo\ vjo\ k'nf+u' on gu/kflnsfof 7Ls klZrdo\ b' . -t'n;Lnfn l;+x, g];+ &&^ ; a'+uBf] ;DalGwt h"u' lgu" 36gfg];+ &&^ ; a'+uBf] ;DalGwt h"u' lgu" 36gfg];+ &&^ ; a'+uBf] ;DalGwt h"u' lgu" 36gfg];+ &&^ ; a'+uBf] ;DalGwt h"u' lgu" 36gfg];+ &&^ ; a'+uBf] ;DalGwt h"u' lgu" 36gf, s'nf+, !(M%*_

@#

$=@=& d]d]u' 36gft$=@=& d]d]u' 36gft$=@=& d]d]u' 36gft$=@=& d]d]u' 36gft$=@=& d]d]u' 36gftYj ;km" d"ntM a'+uBMof hfqf ;DaGwL ;km" vM;f+ a'+uBMln;] ;DalGwt 36gft afx]s d]d]u' g+ 5'+ 5'+

36gft l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' . t/ plk+ 36gfto\u' l6kf]6 ;km"of cGtkfv] hs ofgftMu' b' .g]=;+ &*& >fj0f z'Sno\ >Llgjf; dNnof nflu ho>L dxfljxf/ -hf]yfaxfM_ of hf]wfh'+ n'Fof

l;+xf;g b]5fn . ;'oft+ Yj l;+xf;g dfn wfM;f afn+ sfo\kmOu' Joj:yf ofgftMu' b' .%#

g]=;+ *!@ of l;lygvMv'Gx' lGxgo\ onof rf]e' -O{axL lnSs Rj+u' yfo\_ lg;]+ Rof;MTjfM ts ld+ gofM# Dx dg" l;t . y'v'Gx' x] uf]s0f{of Sjf7, xftkft BM ;lxt alR5 Onfsfo\ ld+ gofM !! Dx l;t .%$

g]=;+ *@$ ; nu+Vono\ Rj+u' df+l;dfyfo\ bf]n+dfh'of b]uM bo\sn . nfo\s"of r'so\ NjxFt+ l;ofMNjx+vftf, n'Flxlt, Njx+b]uM j n'Fof BM g+ bo\sn . Yjx] bFo\ onof rfvfafxf -rfaxfM_ ; afb{nL bo\sn .

g]=;+= *#^ ; Cl4g/l;+x dNnof kfno\ dxfdf/L Gogfjg . dxfdf/Lof sf/0f+ NofMvfgfM NofMVofo\dkmo\s dg"t l;t .%%

g]=;+= (#& ; tMw+u' kmo\ jofM :joDe"of oMl;+ TjMw'n .g]+ ;+= *$$ ; SjlGtof uf}/Ls'08+ nfkfFo\ yxfFjn .%^

g]=;+= (^) a}zfv z'Sn $ ; lGxgo\ tMw+u' jfkmo\ jofM Goftkf} b]uMof klnO toftMu' n'Fof lgu" wf]/km;+ k'Osn . vfl:t r}Toof rs'/L -xld{sf_ dWo] lgyfo\of n'Fkf} k'Osn . g'jfsf]6of e}/j dlGb/o\ Rj+u' n'Fkf}g+ km;+ km'Osn . Yjx] bFof cIfo t[tLofof lbgo\ /fhf ;'/]Gb|ljqmd zfxof Olxkf lgDx /fgLlk+ln;] Nx'ltO h'n .%&

g]=;+= (^& efb| z'Sn $ ;f]daf/v'Gx' a'+uBMoft /y+ SjsfMu' yf;o\ efn' jofM 3M SonfRj+Dx ld;f5Dx]l;t GofgfM :ofgflan . pDx efn'oft rfkfkfif wfMu' yf;o\ aGb"s+ so\sfM :ofgflan .

g]=;+= (^* d+;L/ z'Snof ;lgno\ cf]s'axfno\ ld;fDx lvrf 5Dx j ldh+Dx lvrf lgDx ofgfM :jDx+uyM lrgfRjg . Yj 36gf v+lk+ !)÷@) Dx dg"t Gxfkf yy] h'n wfMu' Gog]dv+lg, :jo\dv+lg wsfM cfZro{rfofRjg .

%#_ 36gfof l6kf]6 ofMDx]:of+ Yj af/] GogftMu' b';f+ k"j+s hfgsf/L db'u'ln+ ck"0f{ h'Os l6kf]6 ofgftMu' b' . l;+xf;gof clen]vo\ y'lsof af/] af+nfs pNn]v ofgftMu' b' –

!= >]of]s:t' .. ;Djt\ &*& >fj0fdf; z'SnkIf] ci6DoflGtyf}+ u'?lbg] .. yf] sf]Gx' >L>Lho>Llgjf;dNn k|e' 7fs'/oft, js'afxf/ dxfaf]lwu[x .. ;fSoj+z >Lhf]wfh';g lk08kfq bfg ofªg ;'j0f{/lrt l;+xf;g, sbDaj[If;lxt b'+tf .. ;'gfgf]+ Yj l;+xf;g ª/;f Dx+ ljBf afn laofj sfo bf] .. z'e+@= k'g efiff l;hqmld, l;+qmld, g]if/soft laodf/ df] 6+ @ -t]jf/L efu ^, @)!(M!@_

Yj l;+xf;g kf6g ;+u|xfno; AjoftMu' b' . bFobF;+ Hofk'lGxv'Gx' s[i0f dlGb/ Sj;+ l;l4g/l;+x dNn+ RjoftMu' kf}efM gfkgfk+ Yj l;+xf;g g+ Ajo\u' rng b' .%$_ /]UdLof 36gfjnLO g+ Yj 36gfof pNn]v b';f+ onof ld+ gMu' TjfMof gf+ j dfgjLo Iflt af/] GXoygftMu' db' –

æ;+ *!@ Ho]i6 z'Sn .. ifi6L k'iogIfq, a'waf/, Yjs'Gx' uf]s0f{ afb]z ldbª, xftkftb]j ldgofcf] d?j .. on; k]6jf/ ld+gcf] ..Æ (Regmi III, 1966:36)%%_ /]UdLof 36gfjnLO Yj af/] lj:t[t j0f{g b' –

æ;+jt\ *#^ r}q+lg;]+, ob]z; stsl;t, dxfdf/L laHofªfj, Yjg+ln cfiff9 >fj0f, lGxgDx+ !)) ztl5 ztl5 gLoDx !@) Tj+l;twfn o+; .. Yjg+ln on; cfiff9+lg;]+, 5]vfln;] ;se]+tªgs l;s .. cflZjg sflt{sg+, lGxg ztl5j RofDx !)* lhDx !!) wfn]l;s .. Yjg+ln ifKj;l;s, ygl;s Yo+, kf}ufla og+dkmf], k'n'laog+ dkmf], Jojxf/ larf/ ;+rf/ 5tfofs+ db:o jj .. yly+Uj pTkft,l;of wfj ª]gf wfj+db' . === Æ (Regmi III, 1966:128)

%^_ efiffj+zfjnL -n+;fn, @)@#M&%_ j /fhef]udfnf j+zfjnL -/fuhf]edfnf, !)M*_ ; g+ Yj af/] pNn]v b' .%&_ vfl:t r}Toof rs'/L -xld{sf_ cMkf+ bo\sftMu' j xld{sfof Rjo\ tf]/0f g+ toftMu' db' . r}Toof qof]bze'jg g+ cMkf+ x] bo\sftMu'ln+ 36gf l6kf]6 ofMDx]:of+ rs'/Lof n'Fkf} k'Osn wsfM 5' wfo\To+u' vM k|i6 dh" . 5u" j+zfjnLO Yjx] 36gf GXoAjoftMu' b', t/ psL kmo\jMu' lbg r}q z'Sn k"l0f{df laoftMu' b' –

æ-;Djt !*(& r}q z'Sn_ k"l0f{dfsf lbg 7"nf] atf; cfO{ g'jfsf]6sf e}/jsf] ;'gsf] 5fgfsf] ;'gsf] kftf b'a}kl§sf ;d]t atf;n]p8fO{ nuL ^÷& kftf p8fO{ c;f} af/L;Dd k'¥ofof . j}zfv z'Sn t[tLof ;f]djf/sf lbg ;'/]Gb|ljqmd zfxsf ljjfx ug{ sflGtk'/b]lv ;fOt u/L afnfHo" k'uL hGtL k;{g tof/ eofsf] j]nfdf 7"nf] atf; cfO{ 7"nf 7"nf c;Lgf kfgLk/L w"dwfd eof] . === km]l/vf:tL r}To k"j{ / blIf0f b'Okl§ pv]nL v;flnlbof] . === Æ -zdf{, ^M@!_

@$

$=@=* a+'u+ BM ;fnfxMu'$=@=* a+'u+ BM ;fnfxMu'$=@=* a+'u+ BM ;fnfxMu'$=@=* a+'u+ BM ;fnfxMu'$=@=* a+'u+ BM ;fnfxMu'j+zfjnL sy+ Gxfkf+ bFo\bF;+ a'+uo\ x] /y bo\sfM ono\ ;fnfxOu' j xfsg+ a'+uo\t'+ lnto+sLu' vM . ono\

hfqf l;wofM lnto+sLu' O{ h'Oan] jf jOu'ln+ gv'v'l; l5s] yfs'ofM g/]Gb|b]jof sfo\ j/b]j+ !@ bFo\ 5sM hsa'+u+ ;fn]u' Joj:yf ofgflan . t/ pknAw k|df0fof cfwf/o\ ljZn]if0f ofgf:jo\an] Yj wfk" kfo\l5 dh" . y'u'36gfjnL u|Gyo\ a'+u+ ;fMu' wsfM laoftMu' ldlt y'sy+ b' –

!_ g];+ &&% -kq !_@_ g];+ *)! -kq @@_#_ g];+ *!# -kq #^_$_ g];+ *@! -kq #&_%_ g];+ *#^ -kq #( j $#_^_ g];+ *$* -kq $&_&_ g];+ (%% -kq %!_

yg g]=;+= *)! w'+sfM g]=;+ *!# j g]=;+ *#^ w'+sfM g]=;+ *$* of hfqfo\ hs kfo\l5 !@ bF lnkf a'+u+;fnfxMu' vg]b' . d]d]u' Ono\ k|To]s !@ bFo\ 5sM a'+u ;fn]u' lx;fa+ jofRj+u' vg]db' . zfob pu' Ono\ bFobF;+x] a'+u+ ;fnfxOu' h'OdfM . !@ bFo\ 5sM hs a'+u+ ;fn]u' k|rng u'an]ln;]+ h'n w}u' vF ;Ldb'lg . d'gLGb|Tgjh|frfo{of sy+ >Llgjf; dNnof kfno\ g]=;+ *)! lg;]+ !@ bFo\ 5sM a'+u+ ;fn]u' k/Dk/f GXofMu' vM .%* t/g];+ *!# w'+sfM g];+ *@! ; x] xfsg+ a'+u+ ;fnfxMu' k|df0f b'u'ln+ jo\sMof wfk" kfo\l5 dh" .

%*_ d'gLGb|/Tg jh|frfo{, g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/, sf7df8f}+M k|df]bxif{ jh|frfo{, lj;+ @)%*, k[@!

@%

pk;+xf/pk;+xf/pk;+xf/pk;+xf/pk;+xf/

g]jfMto\;+ xgfjofRj+u' oSj gvMrvM hfqft dWo] a'+uBMof hfqf clts+ k|l;4u' hfqf vM . a'+uBMof

/yhfqfof ‰jno\ h'Ou' yLyL 36gf+ b]o\of eljio uy] h'O wsfM ;+s]t ofO w}u' wf/0ff hgdfg;o\ JofKt

h'ofRj+u' b' . Yjx] wf/0ff cg'?k hfqfof ‰jno\ h'Ou' lrrLw+u' 36gfof ts+ l6kf]6 ofgfto\u' rng h'n . psy+

x] l6kf]6 ofgftMu' ;km"t dWo] …a'+ub]jof 36gfjnLÚ ;km" g+ 5u" vM .

/fli6«o clen]vfno; ;'/lIft h'ofRj+u' y'u' Yof;km'tL d'Ss+ %^ kq b' . ;km'tL b]jgfu/L lnlkof

k|efj oSj x] vg]b' . ;km" NXoMDx dg" j RjMu' ldlt laoftMu' db';f+ a'+uof OGb|d'lgofs] Rj+u' ;km'lt+

cf]s'axfno\ Rj+Dx ;'+ 5Dx]:of+ NXoMu' vo\km' wsfM cg'dfg ofo\l5+ . ;km'tL g];+ &&$–(&! tsof d'Ss+ !(&

bFof 36gf b'YofgfRj+u' b' .

a'+uBMof 36gfln;] ;DalGwt oSj ;fdu|Lt lkbg] w'+s"u' b' . t/ plk+ ;fdu|Lto\u' plrt 9+u+ JofVof

ljZn]if0f h'ofRj+u' db'lg . pls+ yg a'+uBMln;] hs ;DjlGwt 36gft d'+sfM RjoftMu' Yof;km"of ljZn]if0f

ofgfM ;Dkfbg ofo\u' Hof h"u' vM . ;Dkfbg k|lqmofo\ t'ngfTds cg';Gwfg ljlwof k|of]u h"u' b' . ;km'tL

b'YofgfRj+u' 36gft d]d]u' 36gfjnL, j+zfjnL j clen]vo\ pNn]v h"u' vFln;] t'ngf ofgfM kfMu' yf;o\

lgu"of by'O b'u' leGgtf GXoAjo\u' Hof h"u' b' . 36gfto\t …a'+uBMof Gxj+, /yhfqfo\ h'h'lklg ;xeflutf,

a'+uBMoft h'h'lklg b]5f, cljZj;gLo, cz'e 36gf j zflGt:jl:t, b'3{6gf, b}jL 36gf, d]d]u' 36gf j a'+u+

BM ;fnfxMu'Ú ofgfM * u" ljifoo\ AjynfM ljZn]if0f h"u' b' .

Yj ;km'tL df}lnstfof cefj vg]b' . oSj y]+ 36gft d]d]u' j+zfjnL j 36gfjnL ;km'tL pNn]v

h'ofRj+u' vFln;] HjMnfM . ;km" NXoMDx dg'v+ oSj yf;o\ uNtL ofgftMu' b' . ;+jt\ Rjo\u'nL uNtL, g]kfnlnlkof

j0f{o\ cz'4tf ln;ln;]+ ljifout 1fg db'u'ln+ oSj yf;o\ c:ki6 h'Os NXooftMu' b' . ;km"of cWoog lnkf

vg]b'u' tYot y'sy+ b' –

!_ yf}+sGx] a'+uBMof /y ylt Tjfno\ Yog] w'+sfM g}Sofn+ n'Ou' rng b';f+ ;km'tL ug+ x] g}+Sofn+ n"u'

36gfof l6kf]6 h'ofRj+u' db' . t/ g];+ *@! ; nu+ofM GofMu'of sGxo\ j}zfv z'Sn !% v'Gx' dl/+

n"u' 36gf pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' . yg dl/ wsfM …oMdl/ j rtf+dl/Ú oft wfMu' vo\dfM . dl/of yf;o\

g}+Sofn+ n'Ou' rng u'an]lg;]+ h'n w}u' vF ;Ldb'lg .

@_ Yj ;km'tL /y HofjnfVono\ Yo+s] w'+sfM ef]6f] SogLu' hfqfof af/] ug+ x] pNn]v ofgftMu' db' .

afvgo\ ef]6f] hfqfof k|rng af/] GXofSj x] k'nf+u' wsfM GXoygftM;f+ pknAw k|df0fof cfwf/o\

ljZn]if0f ofgfM :jo\an] afvgo\ ;Totf db' wsfM ;LbMjO . olb ef]6fhfqf Gxfkf+lg;]+ b'u' vM;f

pln dxTjk"0f{u' kIfoft 36gf l6kf]6 ofMDx]:of+ TjMlkmsL dv'u' h'O . ef]6f]hfqf zfxsfno\ ltlg

tg]xMu' ;+:s[lt h'Okm' .

#_ a'+uBMof afv+ cg';f/ g/]Gb|b]jof sfo\ j/b]j+ !@ bFo\ 5sM hs a'+u+ BM ;fnfxo\u' k|rng GXofs"u'

vM . t/ Yj ;km"of cWoog lnkf Yj afv+ g+ c;To ;flat h"u' b' .

a'+uBMof af/] oSj x] cWoog cg';Gwfg h'Ow+s";f+ Yj ljifo x] t:;s+ Jofks h"u'ln+ cem g+ oSj

cg';Gwfg h'O No+blg . a'+uBMof /yof k|tLsfTdstf, a'+uBM gfk ;DalGwt u'ly, /y bo\sLlk+ dg"t j /y

bo\sLu' k|fljlws kIf, BM ;fnLu' nFk' cflbof af/] b'Uo+s la:s+ x] cg';Gwfg ofo\u' Hof No+blg . Yj af/] eljioo\

cem g+ Hof h'ofj+ jgLltlg wsfM cfzf ofo\l5+ .

lnwF;flnwF;flnwF;flnwF;flnwF;f

g]kfnefiffg]kfnefiffg]kfnefiffg]kfnefiffg]kfnefiff

sfo:y, 5qaxfb'/ -GXo=_, æa'+uBf]of /yhfqfof 36gfjnL–#Æ, g]kfn ;+:s[lt,g]kfn ;+:s[lt,g]kfn ;+:s[lt,g]kfn ;+:s[lt,g]kfn ;+:s[lt, NofM !&!, g];+=!!@$,k[= &–*

tdf]6, sfzLgfy, æg]kfn;+jT;/; tg]-g]=;+=k"j{_ 5\onfof 5u" b;'Æ, b]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofMb]zo\d? ‰ofM, NofM #!),g];+=!!@),k[= #

t'nfw/, k|]dzflGt, g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf;g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Oltxf; , o]F M g]kfnefiff Ps]bld, g];+= !!@)jh|frfo{, cfzfsfhL, a'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' va'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' va'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' va'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' va'FuBf] g]kfn] xMu' vF -lgu"u' ;+:s/0f_ , on McfzfsfhL jh|frfo{, g];+=

!)*&jh|frfo{, /Tg/fh, a'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvFa'+uBf]of /y ofqfvF , on M /Tg/fh jh|frfo{, g];+= !)((l;+x, t'N;Lnfn, æg]=;+= &&^ ; a'+uBf] ;Dalwt h"u' lgu" 36gfÆ, s'nf+,s'nf+,s'nf+,s'nf+,s'nf+, NofM !(, g];+= !!@&, k[=

k[=%*–^!

g]kfnLg]kfnLg]kfnLg]kfnLg]kfnL

sf]O/fnf, s'nrGb|, >LdT:o]Gb|gfy>LdT:o]Gb|gfy>LdT:o]Gb|gfy>LdT:o]Gb|gfy>LdT:o]Gb|gfy, sf7df8f}+ M u'7L ;+:yfg, lj;+= @)%@vgfn, df]xgk|;fb, ælj=;+= !()) tfsfsf] g]kfnÆ, Sketches From Nipal (Bulletin) Lalitpur : Himal

Association, 1999, k[= !@–!(t]jf/L, /fdhL j d]lk+, clen]v ;+u|x efu ^ j !clen]v ;+u|x efu ^ j !clen]v ;+u|x efu ^ j !clen]v ;+u|x efu ^ j !clen]v ;+u|x efu ^ j !, sf7df8f}+ M ;+zwg d08n, lj;+= @)!(–@)æg]kfnsf] Oltxf; /fhef]udfnfÆ, k|frLg g]kfn, k|frLg g]kfn, k|frLg g]kfn, k|frLg g]kfn, k|frLg g]kfn, c+s !), lj;+= @)@^, k[= !–@$d'g+sdL{, nLnfeQm, dNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfndNnsfnLg g]kfn, sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/, lj;+= @)@%of]uL, b]jLgfy, b]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnLb]jdfnf j+zfjnL, sf7df8f}+ M ;"/zD;]/ h=a=/f=, lj;+= @)!#/fhj+zL, z+s/dfg -;+=_ P]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnLP]ltxfl;s 36gfjnL, sf7df8f}+ M jL/ k':tsfno, lj;+= @)@)n]eL, l;NefF, g]kfng]kfng]kfng]kfng]kfn, cg'jfbs M l8NnL/fh pk|]tL, nlntk'/ M lxdfn lstfa, O{=@))%n+;fn, b]jLk|;fb, -;+=_ efiff j+zfjnL efu–@efiff j+zfjnL efu–@efiff j+zfjnL efu–@efiff j+zfjnL efu–@efiff j+zfjnL efu–@, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno, lj;+= @)@#jh|frfo{, uf}tdjh|, æck|sflzt 7\of;k'mÆ, k"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{dfk"l0f{df, c+s !@, lj;+= @)@#, k[= @@–#(jh|frfo{, wgjh|, lnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]vlnR5ljsfnsf clen]v -lgu"u'' ;+:s/0f_, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg

s]Gb|, lj;+= @)%#jh|frfo{, d'gLGb|/Tg, g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/g]kfnsf rf/ k|l;4 s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ M k|df]bxif{ jh|frfo{, lj;+= @)%*zdf{, afnrGb| -;+=_ æsf7df08" – pkTosfsf] Ps /fhj+zfjnLÆ, k|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfnk|frLg g]kfn, c+s $, lj;+ @)@%,

k[= #–!% ,c+s ^, lj;+= @)@%, k[= !–@(

c+u|]hLc+u|]hLc+u|]hLc+u|]hLc+u|]hL

Bhattacharya, Benoytosh, The Indian Buddhist Iconography (Reprint) , New Delhi :Asian Educational Services, 1993

Brown, Percy, Picturesque Nepal (Reprint) , New Delhi : Today & Tomorrow Printers& Publishers, 1971

Burleigh, Peter, A Chronology Of The Later kings of Patan, Kailash, Vol. 4 no.1, 1976, pp. 21-71Giuseppe, Father, Account of The Kingdom Of Nepal (Reprint) New Delhi : India

Offset Press, 1970Hasrat, Bikram jit (ed.), History of Nepal As Told By Its Own and Contemporary Chroniclers,

Hoshiarpur : V. V. Research Institute, 1970Locke, John K. Karunamaya, Kathmandu : Sahayogi Prakashan, 1980Malla, Kamal P. Classical Newari Literature : A Sketch, Kathmandu : Educational

Enterprise Pvt. Ltd. 1982Oldfield, H. Ambrose, Sketches From Nepal, Vol. 2 (Reprint) New Delhi : Cosmo

Publications, 1974Owens, Bruce McCoy, The Politics of Divinity in the Kathmandu Valley : The

Festival Of Bungadya / Rato Matsyendranath, Submitted in partialFulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in theGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, 1989

Regmi, D. R. Medieval Nepal, Part 1-3,Calcutta : Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1965-66Slusser, Mary Shepherd, Nepal Mandal (Reprint) Kathmandu : Mandala Book Point,

1998Vajracârya, Dhanavajra and Kamal P. Malla (eds.) The Gopalarajavamsavali, Wiesbaden :

Franz Steiner Verlag , 1985Wright, Daniel (ed.) Nepal (Reprint) New Delhi : Cosmo Publications, 1983

&= tF;f&= tF;f&= tF;f&= tF;f&= tF;f

dg"to\u' gf+ wnMdg"to\u' gf+ wnMdg"to\u' gf+ wnMdg"to\u' gf+ wnMdg"to\u' gf+ wnM

clbsf aGb] -@@M!_cd[tl;+xb]j -*M%_OGb|d'lg -$^M&_Cl4g/l;+x dNn -#(M#_sgsHof]lt a8] -@@M@_u'0fb]j -@@M@_u'0fl;+Tof/ -@)M@_u+uf/fd lgSj -!M#_rf}tf/f /fhs'n efh' -!(M#_hv] aGb] -@@M!_hutk|sfz dNn -!#M%,^_lhb]j gfos -*M$,%_hf]wfh' -%^M&_bLk+s/ gfos -!!M$_lgjf;"o{ ab] -!@M@_k|tfk dNn -!#M^_avlgDx afa'h' -!^M^_eLd;]g sfhL -%!M^_dx]Gb| dNn -$)M^_dfnl;+x t]kf]h -!!M^_of]ug/]Gb| dNn -#%M#_/3'gfy -#!M$_/fh]Gb| ljqmd zfx -%!M%_/fh]Zj/L -$!M!_/fdr+b| -@@M!_?kl;+x a8]h' -!!M%_n'+u'l;+x o+Ujfn -!)M@_ljdn l;+x gfos -!!M#,$_lji0f' dNn -$*M!_lzj/fd k'grf -!&M@_>Llgjf; dNn -@M$_;'/]Gb| ljqmd zfx -%%M$,%_xfs'b]j gfos -!M$_xfs' ab] -!!M%_

@*

yfo\of gf+ wnMyfo\of gf+ wnMyfo\of gf+ wnMyfo\of gf+ wnMyfo\of gf+ wnM

yfo\yfo\yfo\yfo\yfo\ 5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\5\onftMu' yfo\ yf}sGxo\of gf+yf}sGxo\of gf+yf}sGxo\of gf+yf}sGxo\of gf+yf}sGxo\of gf+

Opnf -#*M@_ o"nfVoMOgfon+Gx] -!!M$,%_ Onf+glgPunTofun -$M^_ OuMTofuMPiffn+v' -!!M%,^_ Ovfnv'cf]+s'afxf -%^M!_ cf]s'axfMls+bf]sfn -#)M@_ lsg'axL gfk+ Rj+u' KosfnF, Olts'l;Sjn -*M%_sf]k5] -*M$_sf]afxfn -!M#_ sf]axfMsf]dtL -$^M@_ SjlGt, s'De]Zj/Sjfy5] -@)M^_ Sjf5]F afns'df/Lv+kf] -!M@_ Vjkvfnf5] -@)M@_ vf5]Fvf;f r}To -%$M%_ vfl:t r}ToVjfngfog -$M%,^_uf8axfn -%M%,^_ ufMaxfMuf]s0f{ -#^M@_ uf]s0f{u|fdv]n -@M%_Ujfnltrf] -#M$_ Ujfv+rfªvf] -&M#_ gv' v'l;ªftkf]/ -%$M%_ Goftkf} b]uMrnkf]t -@!M@_ rMktrfvfafxf/ -%^M%_ rfaxfMrfkfkfif -%%M*_rf]e' -#%M&_ rf]a'Frf}Sjfy -!*M%,^_ on nfo\s"of k'nf+u' gf+Rof;n -#^M!_ Rof;M5fl;Sjf7 -@#M$_htn+b] -#^M^_ xl/l;l4ho>L dxfljxf/ -%^M&_ hf]yfafxfMHofjn -^M$_ Hofjnfv]ntkmfnf]xf] -#)M%_ tMkmfMNjx+tjb]j/ -*M#_ xf}uno\ Rj+u' Yj b]uM cfM dbo\w'+stjafxfn -(M!_ tMaxfMy+lt -$%M%_ ylty+y5]v]n -#M%_ yM5]F dxfnIdLy+a' -@)M@_ y+a'bQafxf/ -#*M#_ bf}axfMgsaxf/ -@!,@@M^, !_ gMaxfMgjfsf]7 -%$M^_ g'jfsf]6

@(

gf]un -%M^_ g'uMkglt -!#M$_ kgf}ltk'gv]n -%M$_k'/rf]s -%M%_ k"Rja'afxf/ -@@M!_ a'axfMa'+u -!M$_ a'+uaf]sb]jd+8k -#(M#_af]urfsf] -@#M!_af];g -$(M@_egLSj -%#M!_e'lnyln -@M^_ e'GynL <ef]t -##M!_ ag]kfef]tvf -@#M!_ef]ltl/ -@#M$_dl0fd08k -@^M$_ dl0fd08k, a'+uBMof ;fOt :jOu' kmNrfdxfkfn -%M^_ dxfkfMon -@M!_ ono+Kkf -&M@_ oKkf -j}i0fjL_loltn+Gx] -!@M@_ On+Gx], gfuaxfMo]F -!#M^_ o]Fnug -^M@_ nugv]nNx'lt -%%M%_ afnfh'jnf]tv]n -&M%_j+nfafxf/ -@$M%_ jgaxfMl;afxfn -@@M!,@_ >LaxfM;]u' -$*M^_ :joDe"xtvf] -@%M!_ onof k'nf+u' gu/kflnsf b'u' yf;+

GXofgfRj+u' y'u' v'l; yf}+sGxo\dbo\w'+sn .

xltu|afxf/ -#!M^_ xf}uMaxfMIf]qb]j -!%M$_

#)

Aj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|GyAj @ M clen]v u|Gy

!= b]jgfu/L cfn]vg!= b]jgfu/L cfn]vg!= b]jgfu/L cfn]vg!= b]jgfu/L cfn]vg!= b]jgfu/L cfn]vg

a'+ub]jof 36gfjnL clen]v u|Gyof

d"nkf7

ljwfut :j¿ko\ GXoAjofljwfut :j¿ko\ GXoAjofljwfut :j¿ko\ GXoAjofljwfut :j¿ko\ GXoAjofljwfut :j¿ko\ GXoAjof

-!=!_-!=!_-!=!_-!=!_-!=!_ gdf] nf]sgfyfo .. ..

;+jt\ &&$ r}q s[ kfbf]s'Gx' >L>L>La'+u-@_enf8 Gxjg; v+kf]of lgSj djofj b]j lk+t og] lnAjfªfj-#_ ªx\jg] h'Sj sf]afxfnof u+uf/fd lgSjcf] == lgsf] g]Dx;]g -$_ s'a'n lnjg] a'+uof xfs'b]j gfos ofsftgs'a'n Gxjg -%_ ofgf j]n;+ lgSj lgDx;]g :gfg ofrsn h'nf] Yj b+of kl/kf-%_lt yYo+ h'nf] .. ..

;+ &&% Yj bg >L # a'+uenf8Tj+ a'ug ;fnf-@M!_-@M!_-@M!_-@M!_-@M!_ o+j vkf]cf] p on ofsft n+ drfn b+ kfbf]s'Gx';'y jfkm; jof-@_j a'+ub]j/of blIf0fbf]of bYju'ln srfb]jnof uh'l/ s'os+ -#_ tof :jt 5q y+Yj 5qs'ltª jj Yjg+ln dhf{tYo+ >L>Lho -$_ >Llgjf; dNnb]j 7fs'/Tj+ laHofªfj b]jTj+ /y; yªfj ;f-%_nfo+ªf u|fdv]n; cfs tf]sw'nfj oft dªfj tj jfkm; -^_ jj Yj+g+ln b]jTj+ cfj]z h'j e'lnyln /fhga'uldoft+ -#M!_ -#M!_ -#M!_ -#M!_ -#M!_ x]ªfu'ln tf]n tos] dfn . aln laodfn ws cf1f bosn .. Yj-@_g ;+lt cfs Nxf]ªfj b]j;fn 3rfs Yogs+ rf]s-Û_ tf]ªfj oft -#_ dªfj Yjg ;+lt aln laofj b]j ;fnf jnt r6r6a'ªfj -$_ b]j;fn] dhLj u|fdv]n; Yjs'Gx' >L>Llgjf; dNnb]j 7f-%_s'/Tj+ b]j ;fn] ofª laHofn] y+y5]v]n; ;8 bofj;8g -^_ s'ltªfj b'ln; yªfj lnxf laHofrs] dfn Yjs'Gx' oft dªfj -$M!_-$M!_-$M!_-$M!_-$M!_ Yjg ;+lt >L #-Û_ l;l4g/l;+xdNnb]j yfs'/Tj+ laHofªfj b]j ;f-@_nf jnfdfnl5tf] h'sf] jofj 3/rfs tf]s Yjs'Gx' oft dªf-#_j Yjg;+lt jnf dfnl5tf] h'Sj jofj rfs tf]ªfj oft dªfj -$_ Yjg ;+lt Ujfnrf] oft ªfj .. if'Gx'g Yjg ;+ltUjfnltrf] ;fnf -%_ jnfdfnl5tf] jofj rfs tf]ªfj oft dªfj Yjg ;+lt Vjfn-^_gfog y+ rfs tf]ªfj oftdªfj= Yjg ;+lt PunTofun dYo+-%M!_-%M!_-%M!_-%M!_-%M!_:o+ ;nfj-Û_ ufn]; SjAjfªfj cfs tf]s w'ofj oft d-@_ªfj Yjg;+lt cfs Nxf]ªfj ;+'y PunTofun oft ªfosfj -#_ tof Yjs'Gx' aflGxgln b]j ;fnf jP jnf; b]jg ufntf]o-$_ªfj k'gv]n; b+ kfbf]s'Gx' ;fnfj tof yf;; laHofrsf -%_ Yjg ;+lt j}zfv z' !@;f]djf/s'Gx' k'/rf]s emf]unf xfosn uf-^_8afxfn oft ªfj Yjg ;+lt dxfkfn; 3/rfs tf]ªfj gf]un -^M!_-^M!_-^M!_-^M!_-^M!_oft dªfcf] Yjg ;+lt rt'b{zL a'wjf/ gf]un oft ªfj Yj-@_g ;+lt k"0f{df;L a[x:kltjf/ nug oft phgªfn Yjg ;+-#_lt y+lt; ljHofrsf Yjg lhdif'g' lnj Ho]i7 z'lb ! zg}Zr/-$_s'Gx' Hofjn phg+ ªfj Yjg;+lt cgzf]if Yjg ;+lt Hofj-%_n oft Yjg ;+lt Ho]i7 z' $ c+ujf/ a'+u ;fnf o+ªf ln;f]rfs -^_ eltdYo+:o+ hcf] rfs tf]ªfj cg+t' b]j yfs= Yjg ;lGt cg+ -&M!_-&M!_-&M!_-&M!_-&M!_ cfs 5k' tf]sbf]ofcf] b]j yfs Yjg ;+lt cfsNxf]ªfcf] b]j ;fnf-@_ pNo+ cfs g]k' tf]sbf]ofj oft dªfj Yjg ;+lt o+Kkfw/; yft -#_ Yjg ;+lt ªvf] lotf;rf]ª kl/Koª jg] a'g n+ y+hfosn h-$_j rfs tf]ªfj b]j yfs Yjg ;+lt b]j ;fnf gfxf/ k'hfof sf]-%_jg]rf]ª jnf]t v]n]u'ln l; tf]s w'ofj b]j cg+ yfs -^_ Yjg ;+lt Ho]i7 z'Sn !! ;f]djf/s'Gx' ªvf] lotf t+psf];yfs -*M!_*M!_*M!_*M!_*M!_ Yjg ;+lt !@ d+ujf/s'Gx' ªvf] lotf;+ pNo+ ln ;fNo+ dkm' ªx\ ;f -@_ ;fNo+ dkm' Yjg ;+lt a'wjf/!# s'Gx' /yg sf]sfofj vt;-#_ y+ªfj b]j a'+u laHofrsf Yjg KoGx' lnj Ho] s[ ! ljrfn k"hf -$_ Yj b+ga'ug ;fnfof /y kfnnfs sf]k5]of lhb]j gfo-%_sh' s'l;Sjn j+tf cd[t l;+x b]j gfosh' g]Dx; /ykf-^_n .. ..

;+jt\ &&^ kmf s[ #) . /f]h !s'g' >L # a'+ub]j e-(M!_-(M!_-(M!_-(M!_-(M!_nf8Tj+, tjafxfn b]jn laHofn]g+ g;ªglnb]j/of-@_ rf]; uh'l/of uhf+s'zcf] rqmcf] Odf h'ªf lgldlQg-#_ Wjhfgy+ tf]sw'ofcf] s'ltª jj h'nf] .. ..

;+ &&& Ho]i7 z' !@-$_s'g' >La'+uenf8Tj+ Hofjn lk;fnf lnAjfrs oft ªfn -%_ Yjg ;+lts'Gx'cg';f]ifs'Gx' lGxg; ;fn dbn]+ 3/rfs -^_ tf]nfj b]j ª\xfs wfn Yjg ;+lt Hofjnofts'Gx' lGxg-!)M!_-!)M!_-!)M!_-!)M!_-!)M!_;kflgjb]tf] kf/g oft jª j]n; /y :j+Nx' Nx't wfn -@_ n'+u'l;+x o+Ujfng vgf Yjg+ln b]j a'u laHofrs]dt]j-#_/+ rfa'uenf8; w/df sf];f]ofj un8g a; ly+ª rf]-$_ª cfjg ª\xf Ujj]n;+ ;]of wfj+ dbf]

Yjg+ln b]j a'u laHof-%_rs] j]n; ltnlxn tf]ofj :jn] x]/+ slrn+ª; rf]g gfu-^_dl0f dbf] vcf]Gx;; rf]ª tlnsfof ;"o{/yof ;nof-!!M!_-!!M!_-!!M!_-!!M!_-!!M!_ Dx+cf] t'lt 5kfcf] dbf] nª; rf]ª u?8of Tjfy db' et'of Tjfy+-@_ db' ylyª pkb|j h'j ;'gfg+ ;]of wfj+ db' >L #-Û_ ho >Llgjf-#_; dNn 7fs'/; kof{o; /ykfn a'+urf]jn ljdnl;+x gf-$_oscf] bLk+s/ gfosj g]Dx; /ykfn . Yjg+ln Yj dlg O-%_gfon+Gx]of ?kl;+x a8]h'g

#$

Ogfon+Gx]of xfs' ab]ofs] P-^_iffn+v'of dfnl;+x t]kf]hof 5og c+u'ln; tos] xj h]g -!@M!_!@M!_!@M!_!@M!_!@M!_ vªf nfxftgsfofcf] :jof ws >L/fh;s] Nxfj Yjj b]j tf]-@_kfj loltn+Gx]of lgjf ;"o{ ab]g+ Nxfs= Yjg+ln Ho] s[[!$s'Gx' -#_ a'+u; kfn kf]nfj rf]n] >L #-Û_ ho->L_lgjf-;_ dNnb]j 7fs'/Tj+ b]j-$_ hf]k/ laHofªf j]n; Yjdl0f tlnsf; ;f]srfªfcf] rf]ªfj d-%_l0f n'n Yjg+ln >L @ ho lgjf; dNnb]j 7fs'/;g x]/ !@ lh-^_dg] Ujn pg ªf]os ufHof ofrsfj bYj; tofj yd a'u laHof-!#M!_-!#M!_-!#M!_-!#M!_-!#M!_ªfj >L # k/d]Zj/:s] b'+tfjtfynTj+ h'nf] Yjg+ln vªf dv-@_n] vªf wfj; ?kl;x a8]of ;j{:j+ sfn lgjf ;"o{ a8]of kf-#_vf/ lksfn.. ..

;+ &*# >L # a'+u Gxjg; ijKjof lgSj daf]g:o-$_ onofj kgltofj h'Sj lgSjklg vfgfj a'+uGxjg oft -%_ h'nf] .. b+b]ufxf v+8]ufxf lgd+qg ofo gf]+ vKjof >L # -Û_ huTk|-^_sfz dNnofs] d5f]s o+of>L @ k|tfk dNnofs] 5f]s b+8]ufxf-!$M!_-!$M!_-!$M!_-!$M!_-!$M!_ gf]+ v+8]ufxf gf]+ ob]zg 5f]ofxn

Yjg+ln b+ kfbf]s'Gx' b]jTj+ -@_ /y; laHofrsfj b]j ;fn xg'd+t lslng SjAjfrs] dkmj-#_ Yjg;+lts'Gx' ;fn Yjs'Gx'+ SjdAjfs Yjg ;+-lt_s'Gx' ;fn Yjs'Gx' Sj-$_Ajfs] dkm' Yjg ;+lt rt'yL{s'Gx' ltlgxg'd+t lslng Sj-%_Ajfrsfj k'n emf]s/f xfosfj ufnafxf/ ªfofj Yjg ;+lt-^_ cfs bf]ofj gf]Unoftphg ªfj Yjg ;+lt cfs tf]sbf]ofj -!%M!_-!%M!_-!%M!_-!%M!_-!%M!_ nugoft dªfj Yjg ;+lt cfs bf]ofj dªfj Yjg ;+lt nug-@_oft ªfn Yjg ;+lt y+lttf] ;fnf Yjg+ln Ho s[ % wg]i7f gIf]q -#_ ;f]djf/ Yjs'Gx' b]jTj+ Hofjn lk;fnfrfsrf t'n hs t'nf-$_j cfs tf]sbf]ofj cg+ yfs Yjg ;+lt b]j ;fnf If]qb]j lref-%_o dYo+;] cfsbf]ofj oft dªfj Yjg ;+lt rfs t'ªfj oft d-^_ªfj Yjg ;+lt cg+ rfs t'ªfcf] oft dªfj Yjg ;+lt !)zg}Zr-!^M!_-!^M!_-!^M!_-!^M!_-!^M!_/af/s'Gx' ltlg Hofjn Yogs ;fn] kmt ;+lt cg;f]if Yjg -@_ ;+lt Hofjn oft Yjg ;+lt Ho]s[ !# dunjf/s'Gx' b]jTj+ a'u-#_ laHofs' h'nf] .. ..

;+jt\ &*% kmf z' * /f]lxgL+ ;f]djf/s'Gx' >L-$_a'ub]jn; >Lk|tfk dNng 5fof 5q; b]t+ª >L @lgjf; d-%_Nng 5q= n'+lxlt= dxfb]j k|lti7f ofªf >LhuTk|sfz dNn sf-^_wfj laHofrs' Yjt] h'Sj>LavlgDx afa'h'g oft rkf8; h'-!&M!_-!&M!_-!&M!_-!&M!_-!&M!_Sj d]; Dx+ bos+ a+b]tf];]g ofrs' h'nf] .. ..

;+ &*% r} z' Yj bg a'+u-@_ Gxjg å+lå h'j lzj/fd k'grfofs] b'nfv t't h'j k/z]-#_ifg ;sn:s]+kfbf] t't h'ofj >LavlgDx afa'h'ofs] ;sNo+ -$_ d'ªfj k'GxLl;s'Gx' Gxjg ofªf h'nf] .. ..

Yj b+g k'if'l/ emf]s/f -%_ h'Sj xfofj cfs bf]j v+Kjof >L @ huTk|sfz dNn onof-^_ >L @ lgjf;dNn+ ljHofs cfs Nxf]ªfj lrefo\e' jofj xGj+ -!*M!_-!*M!_-!*M!_-!*M!_-!*M!_ cfs bf]j Yjs'Gx' dªfj ;+lt %s'Gx' lrefoe' ;fnfjxGj+ cfs -@_ bf]j Yjs'Gx'+ dªfj ;+lt ^s'Gx' lrefo ;fnfj xGj+ bf]j Nxf]ªf-#_j Yjs'Gx' ªfj h'nf] ;+lt;KtdLs'Gx' tjb]j/sf]; cfs bf]j-$_ cfs bf]:t'g'+ tj5f jfkm; jofj pTkft h'j b]jof /y t-%_k:jfrs]dkmj Yjs'Gx' if+Kjof /flgklg oft :jn jj rf}Sjf-^_y; af; laofj tj h'nf] .. ..

;+ &*^ df3 z' !) cflbTojf/-!(M!_-!(M!_-!(M!_-!(M!_-!(M!_ Yjsf]Gx' tjafxf/; :jfg dfn SjYj t+of n'klng r]ªf lbg-@_ xf]dsd{ jb]g oft ynkfg oft if+Kjof af]bfgy+ a|Dxef]h af]-#_ª h'nf] .. >L @ ho lgjf; dNng rf}tf/f/fhs'n efh' .. ..

-$_ ;+jt\ **^-Û_ h]i7 s[ !) Yjsf]Gx' >La'+ub]j Hofjn lk;fnf cfs-%_ k' $ tf]sbf]cf] cfstf]sbf]os+ n';] oªfj Ho] s[ låtLof -;fGx_-^_s'Gx' ªfosf Nxf]ªfj tn ;fn] ddfn .. ..

;+ &*& Ho] === -@)M!_=== -@)M!_=== -@)M!_=== -@)M!_=== -@)M!_ zlglbg] Yjsf]Gx' >L @ a'ub]j Hofjn lk;fnf emf]s/f; 3/rfsg-@_ /fj l;s .. y+j'h'luh'of sfo u'0fl;+Tof/of 5o vfnf5]of-#_ kfsof sfo :jDx l;s Dx+ !# dl;s 3f/ bj .. ..

;+ &** kf}= s[-$_ ifi6dL a[x:kltjf/ Yjsf]Gx' tjafxf/ >L # a'+ub]jof hj ld-%_vfg vf]la jj ..k+r/Iff kf7 oftsf ªfGx'tf] o+Kkf= y+y5]= -^_ Sjfy5] aln tof k'hf 5f]of 5tfª dh'j .. ) ..

;+ &(@ r}q s[ Psf-@!M!_-@!M!_-@!M!_-@!M!_-@!M!_bzL zlgZr/af/ Yjs'Gx' k'/v]n; nyHof; /y aftg sf]-@_ltª jofjskfn tkf]Hofªfcf] rnkf]to o+Ujf/ l;s .. ) ..

#%

-#_ ;+ &(@ df3 z'Sns'Gx' >La'+ub]j/; >L #-Û_ ho >Llgjf; dNnb]-$_j;g yfd ;lxtg n'+of tf]/0fvn' tof lbg h'nf] .. ) .. -%_

;+= &(* j}zfif z'Sn k+rdL k| ifi7L c+ufjf/ Yjsf]Gx' k'if'l/ emf]s-^_/f aln laofj b]j ;fnf emf]s/f;Dx+ !@ rfsg g]n gsaf-@@M!_-@@M!_-@@M!_-@@M!_-@@M!_xf/of /fdr+b| a'afxf/of hv] a+b] clbsf a+8]of sfo l;-@_afxfn sn+s5]sgs hf]lt a8] uf8afxf/ u'0fb]j ªfDx+-#_ l;s k|;]vg dl;s .. ) ..

;+ *)) Ho] Zf' k+rdL Yjsf]Gx' >L # -$_ a'+u; /y; b]jof v] af]nfj lgsf]g n+u k'h oftsfj ªfGx'-%_tf]k+r/Iff kf7 oftsf h1 dfn lbg; /flq; aln laj .. -^_ .. ..

;+ *)! a}zfif z'Sn Yj bg >L # a'u; ny a'ug ;fnf .. cfs tf]-@#M!_]-@#M!_]-@#M!_]-@#M!_]-@#M!_sw'j k' ! ef]tvf; k' !af]urfs]f . k' @ UjfnVjft; k' ! ªvf]; k' @ -@_ gf]un; k' @ nªg; Gx' $$ Yjsf]Gx' nªg oft ªfj ..dhf{t-#_Yo+ ylt; tofcf] lk;f/f y+a'uf8eg k' $ tf]sbf]j k' @ ln:j-$_rfs; k' @ ef]ltl/; k' ! ltrf];k' ! 5fl;Sjf7Sj .. Yjg y/k] Gx-%_z¥xs'Gx' ef]vf y]gsf pTt/fled'vg tn Hofjof tj pYo+-^_of Kofvgla;foft bosfj lg:tf/ ofª+ /; xofj /; -@$M!_-@$M!_-@$M!_-@$M!_-@$M!_ l/t oªfj /; k]ofj xj >L>Llgjf; yfs'/;g dv-@_li6ofªf h'nf] .. ..

;+ *)@ a}=z'= kfbf]s'Gx' >L>L @ a'ub]j /y;-#_ laHofsf Yjsf]Gx' xg'd+t sLng Sjxf dlaHofs Yjg;+lt Sjxf laHof-$_s Yjg :jGx' lnj emf]s/f g]u'ln+ xfofcf] cfs g]k'+ vcf] bf]cf] Yjg -%_ ;+lt uf8afxf/oft ªfj .. ..

Yjg ;+lt j+nfafxf/ ª\xcf]g] cfs-^_ bf]ofj dªfj Yjg ;+lt lrefo jofcf] cfs bf]ofcf] dªfj ;+lt

-@%M!_-@%M!_-@%M!_-@%M!_-@%M!_ s'Gx' d]; Dx+ ! a+b]tf];]g lGxaln laofj xtvf] 5]gfj cfs bf]j-@_ Yjg ;+lt cfs bf]ofcf] dªfj Yjg;+lt cfs bf]ofcf] dªfcf] Yjg ;+lt-#_ d;fns+ rfGx; a+Btf];]g d]; Dx+ ! aln la:o+ ;+lts'Gx' gf]uno-$_t ªfj .. Yjg ;+lt kmt h'sf] :jofj cfs bf]ofj dªfj Yjg ;+lt dfh'-%_l;df 5rfsn h'Sj ªf]ofjcfsbf]j Yjg ;+lt cfs bf]j Yj-^_g ;+lt cfs bf]j rfs e]ta'nfj sfsg a+; r'ofj sfs d]-@^M!_-@^M!_-@^M!_-@^M!_-@^M!_rk' !vthfnf l; if'k' d]rk' /y e]ta'o t+ª Yj a+wg cfs-@_ bf]ofj= /y Pslwª ;]of wfj+ db' >L>Llgjf; dNnxtf-#_; rfofj ;+dt ofªfj >L # b]jkf-Û_ bzf ;f]ofj gju|xof -$_ bfg laof dflgunof dl0fd+8k; bfgh'Sj ! cflbTo c+uf-%_/ zg}Zr/of h'sf]of ;fbfg laof k|z]ifg h'uL cfrf/-^_cf] sfzL/fd cfrf/j g]Dx;]gbf]n; e]pt Uj ^) >LeL-@&M!_-@&M!_-@&M!_-@&M!_-@&M!_dj >LSjf75] d"ngj >Ly+y5] nf]b]s'08j d"ngcf] b'u' Dx+ -@_ @ aln ;'+yla:o+ k|z]ifg >La|fDxgg r08L !)) hf]l; cfrfo{g -#_ c+uf/of # zg}Zr/of # /fx'of # kf7 ofªg Yjs'Gx'a+8]g k+-$_r/Iff % kf7 ofªg ;fnfj nªg oft ªfj Yj bg cfs Uj-%_8 !@ Yjt] vjof t' bf]j h'nf] j}zfifs[ k+rdL s'Gx' t'lg n-^_ªg oft ofj h'nf] .. Yj bg yjs'Gx'tf]g+ rfqmdt $@ bf] h'nf] .. -@*M!_@*M!_@*M!_@*M!_@*M!_

;+ *)& Ho] s[= qof]bzL k| rt'b{zL cflbToaf/ Yjs'Gx' /flq; >L-@_a'ub]j /yg Sjxf laHofrsfj]n; kflgjb] lifrfg lyp b]j h'-#_Sj dlyj b]j ift h'Sj b]j ;'wfg lvrfg :jrfifl/ ªf]ofj -$_ lyp lifrf5'lt db' .. ..

-@(M!_ -@(M!_ -@(M!_ -@(M!_ -@(M!_ ;+ *)& gi6 cfiff9 s[i0f gjld a[x:kltaf/ Yjs'Gx' a'u; >L # a'-@_ub]jofs] uy; lifrfbf]xfofj lifrfg hfs] gj 3]/lbjf; rf]-#_g 3]/ gj Yjln gofj lifrf k]xfj yg+ln h1 ofªfj z'4 -$_ ofªfy/kf ab] 5Dx k|folZrTt tof Nj8]Sj8]; d]; Dx+ ! k'hf k+r/-%_Iff kf7 ofrsf z'ed h'j .. ..

;+ *)* r}q s[i0f t[ltof cflbToaf/-^_ Yjsf]Gx' >L # a'ub]jof yfg; rf]ª j;t 5"g gj ygpkfWof-#)M!_-#)M!_-#)M!_-#)M!_-#)M!_h'k'+ ªfDxz]+ ªftf kf7 ofrsf Dx+ % ;f bfg laof yg 5tfª dh'p-@_ .. ..

;+ *!) Ho]= s[= ! >La'ub]j Hofjn lk;fnf ls+bf]sfn-#_ dYo]z] cfs ! tf]sw'ª Yjg ;+lts'Gx'lsg'emf]s/f aft n; k' ! -$_ tf]sbf]j cg+ 53';' cf]ofj cfs ! tf]sw'j cg+lgz] ;fnf oªf-%_j tkmfnf]xf]k'nfj cfs k' @ tf]sw'j Yjg+ ;+lt 53';' jªfcf] k' @ -^_ tf]sw'j cg+ ;f/ oªfj k'if'/ h'sf] kf]nfj vj cfstf]sw'j Ho]-#!M!_-#!M!_-#!M!_-#!M!_-#!M!_i7 s[= ! a[x:kltaf/ Yjsf]Gx' /y e]ta'n vjbf]v] /y e]ta'n af-@_e/h'sf] a'; h's sts

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5tf+ dh'j sts ;sNo+ x//+ xfn u'-#_ln+ Vjj nf]s ;sNo+ cfj uYo h'lo ws Uofs b]j h'Sj /yg-$_ lkxflaHofrsfj /3'gfyh'of kmn]; o :jtsfj laHofrsfj tj-%_kmn] 5rflifln+ ta'g if'ofj tj ª\xcf]g] h'sktl;g vf]ofj tj-^_ Yjsf]Gx' xltu|afxf/of ab] 5Dxofs] cg+lgz] b]j josfj-#@M!_-#@M!_-#@M!_-#@M!_-#@M!_ jofj d"nr's ª\xjg]iffªfj rf]ª yg laHofo dt]j wsfj dlg-@_u| ef]t laHoftsfj 3/ tofu'ln kmn]; laHoft yg k/d]Zj-#_/g cf1f bt >L @ hf]ug/]+b| dNn yg jfof] ws cf1f bt wof-$_Yo+ h'h' laHoft yg h'h'g 5nkf]n ug+laHofªf yg k/d]Zj-%_/g 5+ lh dl;cf]/f ws cf1f bt lh+ dl;of ws wfn lh >L # -^_ s?0ffdo y'sfws cf1f bt . 5+ lh x/f]sf oft ws cf1f bt 5+ -&_ lh /y; rf]ª jfªfcf] 5 lal;+u' cf]ªf dv'nf 5 ;n+uYo s'lt-##M!_-##M!_-##M!_-##M!_-##M!_g 5 cg k]Gx' cg g]Gx' rf]ªfj h'n 5 dlgUn ef]tof /fhf h'o o-@_n;f yy] h'o db' wscf1f bt 5 5' g+ Uofo d'df/ 5g lhs] -#_ bf]g] dfn c;f ws cfUof bofj yg /fhfg wfn lh 5' g+ dh'/;f-$_ n' lhgg] -Û_ kmn]of l;l3n ws h'h'g bf]g yg k|hfof uy] h'loj -%_ ws ª]g k|hfof jf k]o dbofjb'Mv elt l;o'j ws cf1f bt-^_ Yj bg jf d:ofr' ifj .. yg lh /y y+sn 5f]cf] ws cf1f bt y-&_ga'ub]jof cf1fYo+ /y 5'g+ d:ogs+ bª yg ;f]Gx'lncf] aln la-#$M!_-#$M!_-#$M!_-#$M!_-#$M!_of .. ) ..

;+ *!! j}= z'= ! /y; y+ªfs'Gx' aln gofcf] rf]g dflvrf-@_ 3tg gn lx 5ltls+ dpjf]KoGx's'g' emf]s/f xfofj cfs bf]j ;+lt oft ªfj ;+-#_lt dxfkfn; yfs ;+lt ;ltUn ;fn ;+lt j}zfif

z'Sn åfblz j[-$_if ;+qmf+lts'Gx' gf]un; x]nsn] hj cfs bf]ofj /y e]ta'n-%_ ;'g'+ dlrj l; ;fxf/ ;stf+;]ª ;+lt ;'y /y k]j b]j lksfofj -^_ lxlt km'; d+8k; tj xGj+ /y lrªf h'nf] j}zfif s[= % s'Gx' /y-&_;yªf ;+lts'Gx' lGxg; a+Btf];]g xf]d ofrsn a+Btf];]]g a|f-#%M!_-#%M!_-#%M!_-#%M!_-#%M!_Dx0fklg;]g kf7 ofrsn a|fDx0f:t+ Dx % ;fbfg lan /flq;-@_ a8]tf];]g dfnsf] sd{ ofrs' 3/rfs ;d]t; aln 5'ls lgbf-#_n cflb aln sd{ >L>Lof]ug/]+b| dNn; ko\of{o .. ..

;+jt\ *!@ a}zf-$_if s[ $s'Gx' nug oft ªfn Yj KoGx'lg:o+ wndf ijfnof ifj-%_ nfxfltg n+vltlsltlsg cf]n Ho]i7 z'lb @s'Gx' b]j lk;fnf -^_ Yjg ;+lts'g'tf]n]+ n+v cf]cf] h'nf] ;'gfg+ ;]of wfj db' Yjg:j-&_Gx's'g' k+rdL k|= ifi7L l;l7 gvts'Gx' aflGxtL; rf]e'+lg:o+ ld b-#^M!_-#^M!_-#^M!_-#^M!_-#^M!_ªfj Rof;nTj+ ldg gj h'nf]dfg'io Dx # ldg gj >L # of]ug-@_/]+b| dNnof ko\of{; .. ..

Yjsf]Gx' uf]s0f{of Sjf7 afuf]8 ;lxtg-#_ xftkft b]jg+ jfb]z dg'io Dx+ !! d]g gj h'nf] .. ..;+ *!# r}q z'-$_ k|ltkbf c+ujf/ Yj bg >L @ a'+ub]j a'u; Gxcf]g of:o+ b]j a'u-%_g ;fnf a}zfif

z'Sn k|ltkbf a'wjf/ Yjs'Gx' >L # a'ub]j /y;-^_ yªfj ;fnfj x:o+ htn+ b]of yf; k' ! cfs tf]sw'jcg+lg-&_:o+ ;fnfj xofg Ujfnltrf] y]gs' cg+ xof+ ªvf] lytf; Gx' # -#&M!_ -#&M!_ -#&M!_ -#&M!_ -#&M!_ laHofs cgg xofg Op/f;laHoft cg+ k'v' emf]s/f xfofcf] -@_ k' ! cfs tf]s w'j cg+ ufafxf/ oft ªfj Yjg ;+lt s'Gx' gf]Un-#_ oftYjg ;+lt nugoft Yjg ;+lts'Gx' ylt; . Ho] z'=låltof -$_ zlgZr/jf/ Yjsf]Gx' Hofjn lk;fn k]Gx'tf]Hofj/; tof-%_j a'+u ln;fn og Yogs+o+ .. >Lof]ug/]b|of ko\of{o; ..

[[;+ *!% r}q s[ ! >La'ub]jof :gfg ofqf j]nf; dxflasf/ km; cf]ofcf] lbs ktfsf k' @ km;+k'ofcf] oª O/fg Kjf/ uª h'/f] .. >Lof]ug/]+Gb| dNn /fhf]] ..

-^_ ;+ *@! r}q s[i0f ! >La'+u; Gxcf]g j}zfif z' ! a'ug ;fnf xn b'jf/of -&_ d+8ktf] Yog ;+lta'+ub]z y+xf jofj 5l;Sjfy kf]nfj yfs ;+lt-#*M!_-#*M!_-#*M!_-#*M!_-#*M!_s'Gx' t'lg Ujfnltrf] ªfn Yjg ;+lt ijfogfo; dtfsªij; yfs-@_ ;+lt ªij;+ Yjg ;+lt ounTofun ªfj Yjg ;+lt d;fn ;+lt Opnf-#_; oft ªfj ;+ltuf8afxf/ oft ªfj ;+lt bQafxf/ jg]yf; yft-$_ ;+lt gf]Un oft ªfj ;+lt dfh'df ªf]n] k'ifl8 l;; yft;+lt nug-%_ oft ªfj .. ;+lt a}zfif z' !% s'Gx' dfWo] n't lnAjfªfj b]j d;fn-^_ ;+lt ;'+y ª\xYofrs+ b]j;fn] lifrf 5Dx 3tg gj y+ltof oft -&_ ªfj Yjg+ln dhf{tYo+ y+lt; laHofrsfcf] Ho] z'Sn # a[x:klts'

-#(M!_-#(M!_-#(M!_-#(M!_-#(M!_Gx' lk;fn oft h'Sj dªfj ;+lt Hofjn oft ªfj Yjg+ln KoGx's'-@_Gx' a'+u ln;fnfj oª h'nf] .. ..;+j *#^ a}zfif z' ! Yj bg >L-#_>LCl4g/l;+x dNn;g a'+ug ;fnf af]sb]j d+8kof yf-$_; yfs

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Yjg ;+lt af]sb]j; cfsl; tf]sw'cf] Yjg ;+lt pNo+ -%_ cfs tf]sw'n . lnxfxfxfg cfs k' #) tf]sw'j h'nf] ..lnxf-^_ ª\xfxfg cfs k' #) tf]sw'cf] h'nf]

Yju'ln bg b]j lk;fn] :j-$)M!_-$)M!_-$)M!_-$)M!_-$)M!_Gx'+ ª\xcf]g >L @ -Û_ rfa'uafxfnb]jof b]j Sjyf+ yh'Sj /y ;-@_sNo+ d]g gofcf] ps'Gx'+ /y lrªfcf] dhf{tYo+ b]j lk;fnf-#_ h'nf] .. ..

;+ *@* a} z' ! s'Gx' >La'+ub]j /y; laHofrs+ w'-$_gsfcf] ktfsf 5fcf] dfw] n't a]n] o+Ujfn 5Dx-%_ ==s'ltg jofcf] l;s h'nf] Yj bg cfs 5k'g :joft+-^_ oft ªfcf] .. z'e+ .. ..

;+ *#@ r}q s[ ! s'Gx' >L # -Û_ dx]Gb| dNn h'h'-$!M!_ -$!M!_ -$!M!_ -$!M!_ -$!M!_ >L/fHo]Zj/Ldfh'+ >L # a'ub]jof Gxcf]g;dlaHofs Yjs'Gx'-@_ afrftL; t'lg Gxjgoft ]̀g >Ldfh'of >Lh'h'of ln;n-#_ jofg t'lg Gxjg Yjg+lna}zfif z' ! >L # a'+ub]j /y; yg]of-$_t h'h' dlaHofªfcf] afrf; t'lg >L # a'+ub]j /y; h'Sj yGg-%_xg'd+tlsng Sjˆjfo dkmf] Yjg if'g's'Gx' k'if'l8 emf]s/f xfo-^_sn emf]s/f; cfs 5k' tf]sbf]ofcf] e]ta'o tªh'nf] Yjg ;+-$@M!_-$@M!_-$@M!_-$@M!_-$@M!_lt cfs x]nfj lrefoe' laHofªfj cfs k' ! tf]sw'cf] Yj-@_g ;+lt uf8afxf/ oft ªfcf]Yjg ;+lt oft dªfj Yjg ;+lt-#_s'Gx' t'lg gf]Un oft ªfn Yjg ;+lts'Gx' 3nrfs ;]g Yj-$_g ;+lts'Gx' Gx'n3nrfs g]rfsof+ xn :jnxfofj Gx'n-%_ 3nrfs ª\xcf]g]of g]rfs+ ;]ªfj k'/f0f g]rfs+ v]nfj n-^_ug oftªfn Yjs'Gx' tj jfkm; jj Yjg ;+lt y-lt_; oft -$#M!_-$#M!_-$#M!_-$#M!_-$#M!_ ªfn Yjg+ln Ho]i7 z' !) d+uns'Gx' lk;fn Hofjnoft ªfcf] -@_ cfsl;of lks; rnjn jf;]g+ cfs tf]sdw'cf] h'nf] .. ..

-#_ ;+ *#% j} z' ̂ s'Gx' gf]Un oft ªfj Yj s'Gx'of rfGx; -$_ b]j v]rfo tª j]n; 5tf Djfn] cfstf]sw'j .. ..

-%_ ;+ *#*-Û_ >LCl4g/l;+xg >La'ub]j a'+ug ;fnf cf-^_sl; z'o5k' #! tf]sbf]j Yj bg >L #rfqmafxfb]jof -$$M!_$$M!_$$M!_$$M!_$$M!_ b]j rf]ªf+ y /y ;sNo+ ldg gj Yjt] pkb|j h'ofgln-@_ dxfdf/L ljHofªfj cg]sk|f0fL{ d[To' h'j ;+Vof ofo+d-#_kmcf] .. ..

;+ *$$ j}zfif z' @ >L j'+ub]j ª\xYjs'Gx' ;fn] dkmof-$_j ;+lt xg'd+tlsng Sjˆjfn] >L # a'+ub]jof/y e]ta'j h'nf] -%_ y]; /y lkofj Gx'n /y bosfcf] Gx;Gx's'Gx' b]j /y; yª-^_ h'nf] .. Yj j]nof b]jofTjfsn; rf]ª cf]xf] rfs ZjsAofgln jj -$%M!_ -$%M!_ -$%M!_ -$%M!_ -$%M!_ h'nf] .. ..

Yjof ;+flt cg]s kf7 cg]s jln dxfjln uf]bfg o-@_1 ofªg+ >La|fDx0f hf]l; cfrfo{ u'?enf8 Yjt]d'ªfcf] ;f+-#_u ofs h'nf] .. ..

xGj+ Ho]i6 z'Sn & Gx;Gx' b]j a'+u laHofrs]+of-$_t /yg Sjsf t'g' lifrfg lyn Yjgln a'+u; kmfglyn h'nf] -%_ YjSjGx'+ rfa'uafxf/b]j Hofjng ln;fnf xn y+lt; ln-^_jg]of cfs tf]sw'j h'nf] .. ;+lts'Gx'tl/yft;+ oft ªfn-$^M!_-$^M!_-$^M!_-$^M!_-$^M!_ >La'ub]j ªfGx'tf] % k|folZrQ tofj o1 kf7 ofrsfcf]-@_ a]ªs' h'nf] .. ..

Yj bg sf]dtL; uf}/Ls'+8g nfkfo ;+u' y-#_af]n bfofj jj h'nf] .. ..;+ *$^ j}zf-if_ s[ !! j[x:klts'Gx'-$_ >L # a'+ub]j xfs'Njxg h+ lzofcf] k|lti7fof lbg h'nf] .. ..

-%_ Yj bg b]j lk;fn on] cfsl; k' #) tf]sbj >L # a'+ub]j-^_ r'r'lng r'ofcf] Rjg jf lkxfjn .. ..;+ *$& Yj bg >La'+u-&_b]jof cfsl; k' #$ tf]sw'j .. ..

OGb| d'lgof ;km'ln Nx]of-$&M!_-$&M!_-$&M!_-$&M!_-$&M!_;+jt\ *$* gi6 j]zf z' !s'Gx' /y; yªfj a'+ug ;fnf-@_j xn dhf{tYo+ Ujfifrf] Oun]Tofun Ojnf

Yjt] oft ªfo-#_s] w'gsfj k'/rf]Sj; k'if'bLemf]snf Sj:jrsfj n5L-$_ tn rfqmafxfb]j b];emsnf; tnYjg+l/ j];f z' $ s'-%_Gx'lg:o+ dhf{tYo+ oft ªfos' h'nf] ..

;+jt\ *%! cf-^_iffw s[ % ;f]djf/s'Gx' >L # a'+ub]j;s] cf]xf]of a|Dxf-$*M!_-$*M!_-$*M!_-$*M!_-$*M!_sf]n >Llji0f' dNnb]j;g b'tf h'nf] .. a'u OGb|of ;km'n; Nx]of h'n

-@_ ;+jt\ ()$ >L;+jt\ !*$! a}zfif z'lb+ * g'un; /y e]ta'n-#_ ;+jt ()% >L;+jt\ !*$@ tkmfnf]xt; /y e]t a'n

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-$_ ;+jt\ (@) >L;+jt\ !*%& j}zfif $ lb+ ! k'nrf]s; /y e]ta'n-%_ ;+jt\ (#% >L;+jt\ !*!@ j}zfif z'lb !@ nu+v]n; /y e]ta'n-^_ ;+jt\ (#& >L;+jt\ !*!$ cfiff9 jlb !) lsg'emunf; /y e]ta'n tcf]km; cf]/ ;]u' of]u¥xl;+ tf]w'/-&_ ;+jt\ (%! >L;+jt\ !*** Ho]i7 z' lb * Hofjn s' !*# s' dYocf]lg /y e]ta'n-*_ ;+jt\ (%( >L;+jt\ !*(^ j}zfif z'lb $ a'ub]jof /y ;fn]cf]+ Kj uft /y e]ta'n k'rf];

-(_ >L/fh]Gb| dxf/fhfof kof{o; ..;+jt\ (&! h]y z'lb !) /f] @ tk'if'of s'g; /y| e]ta'n Gx' !) /y; laHofs-$(M!_ -$(M!_ -$(M!_ -$(M!_ -$(M!_ ;+ *%% j}zfif jlb % j[x:kltjf/ pQ/fiff9f gIfq Yjs'g' Gx-@_cf] ba'of sf];+lg:o+ lxwf/

xfcf] cg+lg:o+ jf];g Yogs+ lxwf/-#_ bcf] .. ..;+ *%% cdfjf:of k/ j}zfv z'Sn k|ltkbf clZj-$_gL k/ e/0fL k|Llt k/ cfo'idfg zg}Zr/ >L

cfof{jnf]lst]zj/of /y e]ta'n j} z' !) k"j{km j[l4 of]u cflbTojf/ pk| -%_ 3l6 !!x lkm:o++ 3l6 !# ª\xf/y; laHofs lbg h'/f] .. rf};l7 aln-%)M!_-%)M!_-%)M!_-%)M!_-%)M!_;x;|fx'lt o1 ofs' a'uof u'afx/ leIf' ªfDx:t a' /f] #x bf-@_glaof .. ªf afxf/g k+r/Iff kf7 ofsf .. >Llji0f' dNn /fhfg ..

-%!M!_ -%!M!_ -%!M!_ -%!M!_ -%!M!_ ;+jt\ (%% ldlt a}zfif z'Sn k|ltkbf d+unaf/ Yjs'Gx' >L a'udbfof{anf]ls-@_t]Zj/ a'ug /yhfqf ofs Yjs'Gx' xfd'lsng SjdAjfs k' @ w+gf-#_ tf]w'j h'/f] Yjg ;lts'Gx' a'waf/ k' ! cfl; tf]w'ofcf]oft dªfcf] Yjs'Gx'+ h'h' laHofs-$_ k' # w+gf tf]w'cf] ijgfd"n;+ laHoft ;+lt a[x:kltaf/ Ujfifrf]; oft-%_ ªfcf] ;+lt z'qmaf/ >L % /fh]+b|laqmd ;fx dxf/fhf laHofªfcf] ;fx]-^_ah'h' :jDx+ laHofªfcf] eLd;]gsfhL ef/fbf/ lkm/+uL ;d]t cf]of-&_cf] b]j ;fosn Ujfifrf]+lg:o+ ªif't Yogfcf] ªif';+ yfs h'nf] .. ;+lt

-%@M!_-%@M!_-%@M!_-%@M!_-%@M!_ zlgjf/ OunTofun; oft ªfcf] .. ;+lt cflbToaf/ o"nf; oft -@_ ªfcf] .. ;+lt ;f]daf/ ;'y ;fnfcf]k"rf]; oft ªfcf] lGxg; k'if"emunf -#_ ªfocf]+ k' ! cfl; tf]w'cf] Yjs'Gx' ufafxf oft ªfcf] .. ;+lt d+unaf/s'g' -$_ xv'; cfl; tf]w'ofcf] cg+ yfs .. ;+lt a'waf/ g'un oft ggfg+ ªfcf] -%_ ;+lt nu+io]n; Yog .. ;+ltz'qmaf/ aln lan .. ;+lt zlgaf/ nu+ of-^_t ªfcf] . ;+lt ylt;+ oft ªfcf] h'nf] .. Yjg+ln Ho]i7 z'Sn låtLofz'-&_qmaf/ lk;fn lbg Hofjn oft ªfcf] .. k+rld ;f]daf/ a'u; ln;f -%#M!_-%#M!_-%#M!_-%#M!_-%#M!_ nf og egLSj; yfs .. ;+ltªif' by'; yfs k' @ w+gf tf]w" .. ;+lt cfl; tf] -@_ w'ofcf] Ujfvrf]; yfs Yjs'Gx' h'h' laHofs vthnf k"nSjsfo -#_ dfu" dsfos" .. ;+lt k' @ cfl; tf]w'ofcf] ijgfd"n; yfs .. ;+lt -$_ a'u; Hofjn oft ªfcf] ltrf];k' ! cfl; tf]w'cf] .. Ho]i7 z'Sn åfbl; -%_ ;f]daf/ Yjs'Gx' /yg Sjsfofcf] b]j/; laHofrs' h'nf] .. >L %-^_ /fh]Gb| ljqmd ;fx dxf/fhfof kof{o h'nf] z'e+ ..

-%$M!_-%$M!_-%$M!_-%$M!_-%$M!_ ;+ (^) ldlt a}zf z' ! /f] & >L % -Û_ s?0ffdo /y; laHofss'g' xg'd+tls/+ -@_ sf]xfdlaHofs ;+lt elt hs kmtlx/ cf] ;+lt ;f/ pyft;+t' ps'g' ;x-#_;|fx'lt o1 ofs b'gIff eujlt kf7ofs/ ;f xfg+ of]klg /:tf+ rf}yL -$_ y's'-Gx'_ ;'+y yft Yogs ;f/f x/ km]/ lGxg] ;f/] O/] tcf]km; cf]ofcf]d;f/ -%_ ªftkf]/of ?klt wf]/ @ km;+ k'os og vf;f r}Toof rs'/L lgrfsof -^_ ?kf} km;+ :o+s/ gcf]F -jf_sf]7of e]?of b]cf]/; ?kf} k'os/ km;+ k+rdLs'g' -&_ uf8afxf/ ªf/ ifi7Lv'g' dxfkf/ sf/; yft ;KtdLg'u/; lxoSo w'+-*_Yo rf]+j]+n] afd s'lt+cf] hcf] rfs kfiff ;f lgUjn+ nBft axgLof 36L $ hfj]/] ? afDx-(_ s'lt cf]:o lnkf} afDx s'lt+cf]/ hcf]; y;+kf;] a+; h't ;'oft+ 5tf+ -%%M!_-%%M!_-%%M!_-%%M!_-%%M!_ dh'cf] gjdLs'g' cf]/+ afXd+lkof==ue{l; lx/ afDx+ 5f]/ u'Kjfrf} la-@_/ lbg o1 oft k+r/Iff kf7 oft a|fDx0fh'klg:o+ cflbTox[bokf-#_7 oft bfgk"hf la/ zf+lt oft bzlds'g' /ug oft phg+ ofcf] h'/f] -$_ >L % /fh]Gb| dxf/fhfof kof{o

y'u' b+of cIfo # s'g' >L % ;'/]Gb| la-%_qmd ;fx h'h'of Dx+ @ /flg laafxf ofs lbg Nx'lt;+ laafxfuf]-^_iff{ /fhfof k]k':tf g+ ofs db' dxfpT;fx cfg+b h'of ..

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;+ (^& efb| z'Sn rt'-&_yL{ ;f]daf/s'g' >Ls?0ffdo /yg sf]sfof yf; efn' cf]/ 3-*_ 6; 5f] s]/frf]gDx ªfgf :oft ld;f 5Dx YjDx ef? rfkfkfif; t'kif+ sosf :ofs h'/f]

-%^M!_-%^M!_-%^M!_-%^M!_-%^M!_ ;+jt\ (^* dfu{lz/ z'lb cf]+s'afxflxn; ld;fDx lvrf 5Dx ldh+Dx -@_ lvrf lgDx Yj:jDxof+ lvrf uly lhgf rf]g ;+Wofsfn; nf]sklg lhDx -#_ lgoDx:o+ :jof rf]g yYo h'cf] wfnu' Gogf+ db':jof+ db' wsf cfZro\o{ rfof rf]g ..

-$_ g]=;+= *@$ Yj bg+ bf]dfh'of b]jn bosn Yj bg+ /fhs'n; rf]s; nf]xt lrª -%_ nf]xf]vftf,n'of lxlt, nf]xf]b]jnrf, n'b]j, rfvfafxf/; 5]; afb|l/ -^_ Yjt] bos" h'/f] .

>of]s:t' ;Djt\ &*& >fj0fdf;] z'Sn =========>L>Llgjf; dNn -&_ k|e' yfs'/of lgldQg yf]sf]Gx'>L>L ho>Ldxfljxf/ =======6f]/0f yf+ hf]wfh';g -*_ k|Llt ofª bf]os+ tof ;'j00f{ /lrt =========== Yjf] afnlaofj sfobf] .

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@= u|Gyof k|ltlnlk@= u|Gyof k|ltlnlk@= u|Gyof k|ltlnlk@= u|Gyof k|ltlnlk@= u|Gyof k|ltlnlk

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Bungadevaya Ghatanavali (Historical Diary of Red Matsyendranath) by Ravi Shakya

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