Buoi 1_OSI& TCP-IP.ppt

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THE OSI MODEL

GENERAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION


Networking HistoryNetworking History

Standalone Device. Duplication of equipments and resources. Inability to communicate efficiently. Lack of networking management.

LAN. Connects devices that are close together.

WAN. Interconnects LANs across a large area.


Communication characteristicsCommunication characteristics

Addresses What are the source and the destination of a

communication process? Media

Where does the communication take place? Protocols

How to make the communication process effectively?


ProtocolProtocol

Protocol is a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data that make communication on a network more efficient.


Communication processCommunication process

SourceAddress

DestinationAddressMedium

Packets

Protocols


Communication:Communication: Human conversationHuman conversation

Address Hello Mr.A, I am B

Media Atmosphere

Protocol Language Speed Handshaking


Data CommunicationData Communication

Address Source address, Destination address

Media Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere

Protocol Format Procedure


LAN Media: LAN Media: Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable

10Base2 10Base5


LAN Media: LAN Media: UTP & STPUTP & STP

10BaseT 100BaseTX


LAN Media: LAN Media: Fiber OpticFiber Optic

100BaseFX 1000BaseLX


OSI MODEL


Evolution of networking standardsEvolution of networking standards

SNA

TCP/IP DECNET

Proprietary• Interconnection• Development• Simplification

StandardStandard


OSI model developmentOSI model development

Researched and developed by the ISO - International Organization for Standardizations (or International Standards Organizations )

1977: establish a subcommittee to develop a communications architecture.

1984: publish ISO-7498, the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model.


OSI modelOSI model

The OSI modelThe OSI model: a framework within which networking standards can be developed.

It provided vendors with a set of standards that It provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater compatibility and interoperability ensured greater compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies between the various types of network technologies that were produced by the many companies around that were produced by the many companies around the worldthe world..

ProprietaryProprietary vs.vs. Open Open


A layered modelA layered model

The communications functions are partitioned into a hierarchical set of layers.

Each layer performs a related subset of the functions required to communicate.

Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions and provides services to the next higher layer.

The OSI Model defines a set of layers and the The OSI Model defines a set of layers and the services performed by each layerservices performed by each layer


Why a layered model?Why a layered model?

Reduces complexity. Standardizes interfaces. Facilitates modular engineering. Ensures interoperable technology. Accelerates evolution. Simplifies teaching and learning.


7 layers of the OSI reference model7 layers of the OSI reference model


The physical layerThe physical layer

Transmission of an unstructured bit stream over a physical link between end systems.

Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications

Physical data rate Distances Physical connector


The data-link layerThe data-link layer

Provides for the reliable transfer of data cross a physical link.

Frames Physical address Network topology Line discipline Synchronization Error control Flow control


The network layerThe network layer

Provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks.

Packets Virtual circuits Route, routing table, routing protocol Logical address Fragmentation


The transport layerThe transport layer

Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data over networks.

Segments, data stream, datagram Connection oriented and connectionless End-to-end flow control Error detection and recovery Segmentation & reassembly


The session layerThe session layer

Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.

Sessions Dialog Conversations Data exchange


The presentation layerThe presentation layer

Ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system.

Format of data Data structure Data conversion Data compression Data encryption


The application layerThe application layer

Is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides network services to the user’s applications.

File transfer Electronic mail Terminal access Word processing Intended communication partners


Encapsulation example: Encapsulation example: Air-mailAir-mail


Encapsulation example: Encapsulation example: E-mailE-mail


EncapsulationEncapsulation


Layer-to-layer communicationsLayer-to-layer communications

Request services

Provide services


Peer-to-peer communicationsPeer-to-peer communications


ProtocolsProtocols

Is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium.

Implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers.

A communication protocol is concerned with exchanging data between two peer layers.

Protocol Data Units (PDUs) : Block of data that a protocol exchange.


TCP/IP MODEL


TCP/IP model developmentTCP/IP model development

The late-60s The Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defense department computer networks.

The Internet, an International Wide Area Network, uses TCP/IP to connect networks across the world.


4 layers of the TCP/IP model4 layers of the TCP/IP model

Layer 4: Application Layer 3: Transport Layer 2: Internet Layer 1: Network access

It is important to note that some of the It is important to note that some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same layers in the TCP/IP model have the same

name as layers in the OSI model. name as layers in the OSI model. Do not confuse the layers of the two models. Do not confuse the layers of the two models.


The network access layerThe network access layer

Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make the physical link. All the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.

Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications.

Data rate, Distances, Physical connector. Frames, physical addressing. Synchronization, flow control, error control.


The internet layerThe internet layer

Send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to get there.

Packets, Logical addressing. Internet Protocol (IP). Route , routing table, routing protocol.


The transport layerThe transport layer

The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction.

Segments, data stream, datagram. Connection oriented and connectionless. Transmission control protocol (TCP). User datagram protocol (UDP). End-to-end flow control. Error detection and recovery.


The application layerThe application layer

Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control.

The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged for the next layer.

FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ... Format of data, data structure, encode … Dialog control, session management …


TCP/IP protocol stackTCP/IP protocol stack


Comparing TCP/IP with OSIComparing TCP/IP with OSI


Comparing TCP/IP with OSIComparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)(cont.)

Similarities: Both have layers. Both have application layers, though they include

very different services. Both have comparable transport and network layers Networking professionals need to know both.


Comparing TCP/IP with OSIComparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)(cont.)

Differences: TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer

issues into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical

layers into one layer. TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. Typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol,

even though the OSI model is used as a guide.


Focus of the CCNA curriculumFocus of the CCNA curriculum


Requirements for Internet connectionRequirements for Internet connection

A physical connection is made by connecting a specialized expansion card such as a modem or a network interface card (NIC) from a computer (PC) to a network.

The logical connection uses standards called protocols. The application that interprets the data and displays the

information in an understandable form is the last part of the connection.

Web browser File Transfer Protocol (FTP)


Network interface cardNetwork interface card

When selecting a NIC, consider the following factors: Protocols – Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI Types of media – Twisted-pair, coaxial, wireless,

or fiber-optic Type of system bus – PCI or ISA


NIC and modem installationNIC and modem installation

A modem, or modulator-demodulator, is a device that provides the computer with connectivity to a telephone line.

PCMCIA wired and wireless NICs.

Desktop systems may use an internal or external NIC.


Overview of high-speed and dial-up Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivityconnectivity

Inevitably the high-speed services used in the corporate environment, such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem access, moved to the consumer market.

These services no longer required expensive equipment or a second phone line.

These are "always on" services that provide instant access and do not require a connection to be established for each session.

This gives greater reliability and flexibility, and has led to the ease of Internet connection sharing by small office and home networks.


TCP/IP description and configurationTCP/IP description and configuration

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of protocols or rules developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network.






Verify IP Configuration: Win 9xVerify IP Configuration: Win 9x

1 2

3 4


Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000

ipconfig ipconfig /all


Verify IP Configuration: MAC OSVerify IP Configuration: MAC OS

From the Apple menu, open your Control Panel, and select the TCP/IP option. (older MacOS versions use the MacTCP control panel.)

Click on the "Info" button in the TCP/IP configuration dialog. The configuration dialog shown to the right will be displayed. Look

at the address listed next to the line "This Macintosh" In this example, the IP address is 192.168.10.30


Verify IP Configuration: Linux/UnixVerify IP Configuration: Linux/Unix


Testing connectivity with pingTesting connectivity with ping

The ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to a specified destination. Each packet sent is a request for a reply.

The ping command is used to test the NIC transmit/receive function, the TCP/IP configuration, and network connectivity.


Web browser and plug-insWeb browser and plug-ins

plug-in applications These applications work in conjunction with the browser to launch

the program required to view the following special files: Flash – plays multimedia files, which was created by Macromedia

Flash Quicktime – plays video files, which was created by Apple Real Player – plays audio files


Binary presentation of data Binary presentation of data

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the most commonly used code for representing alpha-numeric data in a computer.


Bits and bytesBits and bytes


Base 2 number systemBase 2 number system

101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)


Boolean or binary logicBoolean or binary logic


Stop here!Stop here!

?It’s time for questioning.

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