Buora-Roberto 2010

320

Fig. 1. The Friuli-Venezia Giuliaregion, with the location ofAquileia.

Fig. 2. The map of Aquileia byL. Bertacchi (2003). It includes theearliest Roman walls (F), the zig-zagof the Byzantine wall (H), the Forum(G), the Amphitheatre (F) next to the

SW wall, the Circus (F) next to theNW wall, and the grid of decumaniand cardines within the city (B).

Fig. 3a. Aerial orthophoto ofAquileia,July 2007.

M. Buora and V. Roberto

IULIUM CARNICUM

New work on the plan of Aquileiabased on aerial photographs and a GIS platform

Maurizio Buora and Vito RobertoA joint research project at the Civici Musei of Udine and the Dipartimento di Informa-

tica at the University of Udine has created a software platform to collec! catalogue, archiveand compare data on the ancient city of Aquileia (fig. 1). The present article intend.s tosummarize some of the new insights relating to traces of buried strucfures and their pos-sible interpretation, in the context of previous work on the plan of the city.

We designed a software system named Antaeus, a GIS that is a node of the Intemetopen to shared access by the users and capable of actively exchanging data with othersources on the Net. The first step was the design and realization of an open GIS platform.Next, a set of digital aerial images covering more than 1000 km2 and taken in both thevisible and NIR (near-infra-red) multispectral bands by the regional government of Friuli-Venezia Giulia was loaded and geo-referenced. This allows for a first, large-scale analysisof the data. Lr the future we plan to perform geophysical surveys at smaller scales in theareas where the large-scale analysis has provided promising results.

Earlier plans

The first overview of Aquileia dates to the late LTth c.: ancient ruins are interspersedwith mediaeval and contemporary buildings. Then in the mid-18th c. Gian Domenico Ber-toli attempted to make an outline of the archaeological map of the town centre. A newattempt was made in the Napoleonic era, and another in the second half of the 19th c.During the 20th c. several maps were proposed starting with the one by G. Brusin, whichwas updated until the 1950s, up to the most recent one (2003) by L. Bertacchil (fig.2). All ofthese maps suffer from limitations since the picture as a whole had been created by assem-bling surveys and plans produced after each excavation that were not always preciselypositioned. Oblique aerial photographs were taken irr1934,1954,1982 and 1990 (the latterin colour for the first time), but efforts were not made to analyse the images systematicallyor to correlate them with the available data so as to update the map of the Roman city in acomprehensive manner. The digital images currently available, when georeferenced (evenif there are slight distortions), provide a comprehensive framework in whictr to correlatethe ardtaeological findings. This makes abundant new material open to comparison andfurther analysis.

The GIS platfor:m,

Our open GIS currently includes digital data from multiple sources combined into ageo-referenced platform. For the latter, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) sys-tem has been adopted. The fuse 33N was assigned the Gauss-Boaga coordinates (the localstandard in Italian cartography). Accordingly, the position of a point is represented by apair of coordinates expressed in metres, Easting (X) and Northing (Y), with an estimatedposition error of 8 m. The Antaeus system currently performs data visualizalonand geo-referencing; network distribution of images and data; data exchange with other sources on

L. Bertacchi, Nz ozta pianta di Aquileia (Associazione Nazionale per Aquilei4 Edizioni del Confine2003).

322 M. Buora and V. Roberto

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Fig. 4. Map at I : 5000. The circuit of the city is indicated by a dotted line. The numbers and small letters onthe sides will serye for cross-referencing in the text. The capital letters on the map itself refer to significant siteswhich have been recognized on the ground.

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New work on the plan of Aquileia 323

Fig. 3b. Screenshot of the GIS Antaeus, showing the relating of images to data by means of georeferencing. Inthe cenfre is an aerial orthophoto ofAquileia taken in July 2007, with the modem town at the bottom; the mainpart ofthe Roman city lies just to the north. The grid ofRoman streets (cf. also fig. 2) has been georeferencedand superimposed.

the Net (e.g., satellite irnage repositories); data classification and the definition of thematiclayers; and the insertion, query and retrieval of catalographic cards (fig. 3). Our basic refer-ence map for the puîposes of this paper is fig. 4 at a scale of 1 : 5000.

Centuriation, roads and suburbs

Elements of the centuriation

As earlier scholars have noted, the orientation of the cardines of the centuriation wasroughly 21' NNW. This corresponds with the orientation of the main road bisecting thecity today (h9.4, the line running from squares b1 to d6), which itself traces the course ofthe Roman road for much of its length.

In the imhediate surroundings of the town a number of lines correspond to traces ofthe centuriation. Belonging to the cardines (the NW-sE schema) are the following:o Close to the NW comer of the Late Roman wall there is a line running Íor c.168 m at a

distance of c.409 m from the cardo maximus (hg. 4, the line running from squares 2b to3b).

o On the NE side of the city, beyond the mediaeval complex of Monasterq another stretchof centuriation czm be followed Íor c.16s m (it falls outside the area oÍ. frg. 4).

. To the west of the Early Mediaeval urban area are three stretctres of centuriation (fig. 4,from squaresSb to 5c).

Belonging to tl:re decumani (the NE-SW schema) are the following:. A line2 running for c.L20 m at right angles to the others corresponds to the decumanus

maximus itself (fig. 4 in square 4c).o To the south of the decumanus maximus is part of another cenfuriation alignment, some

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125 m in length (fr1.4, from squares 5b to 5c).r To the south again is another centuriation alignmen! some 143 m long (fig. 4, from

squares 5b to 5c).o At a distance of c.125 m is another centuriation alignment which coincides with an

ancient road along whidr G. Brusinbrought to light a cemetery (fig. in square 5c).3

A main road and a suburb on the northeast side of the city

To the northeast of the Monastero bridge (on the right of frg. 4), excavated in the firsthalf of the L9th c.,4 is a stretch of road which runs due east for c.650 m. Identified byH. Maionica as the aia Gemina, it was c.4 m wide.s On the N side of that road there isanother road brandring off to the north. In this suburban district the roads are arrangedin the shape of a fan, as was already supposed during the investigations carried out in thelate 19th c. A few buildings can be recognized one of them being c.20 x L5 m in size. Thebuildings follow the orientation of the closest road.

A main road on the northwest side of the city (hg.4 in squares 3a-3b)

The road known as the oia Annia leaves the town just north of the N end of the circus.The aerial photographs show that the remains of the previous Republican city walls lie afew metres below their hypothetical position as it was marked on the archaeological map

G. Brusiru Nuooi monumenti sepoluali di Aquileia (Venezia 1941).G. Brusiru GIi scmti di Aquileia (Udine 1934) 30-32.H. Maionica, "Fundkarte von Aquileia, " in Xenia ,4ustriaca (= lahresberichte des kk. Staatsgym-nasium inGór2,53; Wien 1893). Cf. M. Buora, trad. F. Tesei, lntroduzione e commento alla Fund-karte oon Aquileia di H. Maionica (QuaderniAquileiesi 5,2000) 121.

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of 2003 and earlier versions. Fronting this road outside the late-antique walls are funeraryprecincts, some 10 m deep (fig. 5, at lower left). From inside the urban area the same roadcrosses the line of the Republican walls and then heads precisely for the SE comer of themodern cemeterp which coincides with the N end of the circus where ttre carcereswill havestood. Inside the urban area the road runs at an angle of 99' NNE and is on a course some15 m south of the position marked on the archaeological map of 2003 and earlier maps,whereas outside the walls it has a slightly different orientation (109" NNE) which does notmatch that of the stretch within (fig. 4 in square 3a).

An extramural ailla and production site to the north of the city (hg.4 in square 2c)

F. Coren recently detected the remains of this site by an aerial survéy,6 and it is visibleon our photographs, occupying about 90 x 60 m. The W limit of the site lies about 110 m(or 3 actus) east of the present main road (the so-calle d oin lulin Ar,tgusta) whichfollows theline of the cardo maximus of the Roman centuriation, and some 265 m (ot 7.5 actus) nofihof the Roman Republican walls (see fig. 5, upper right). The scattered ruins visible on thephotographs indicates that the settlement ran in a roughly E-W directior; close to a river(now very narrow) which flowed to the east and south.T This area is also close to the Aqui-leia aqueduct: in172'l' it was sketched at about this spot by Bertoli.s A road running at anorientation of about 20' NNE gave access to this site. About halfway along there is a build-ing measuring c.20 x 10 m, perfectly aligned with the road (fig. 5, upper right). F. Corenhas shown that there was a large brick-making kiln here; the site was investigated in themid-19th c. by K. Baubela.e

A possible villa rustica to the northwest of the city (frg.4 in square 2b)

On the opposite (W) side of tlrre cardo maximus, a scatter over a large area (c.50 x 45 m)probably relates to a ailla rustica.r0 Structures lie on both sides of one of the cardines of thecenturiation mentioned above (hg.4, the line running from squares 2b to 3b); the structuresalso lie next to a decumanus oriented 69' NNE and are thus perfectly consistent with thecenturiation, which suggests they were built early in the planning of the colony, perhapsduring the first half of the 2nd c. 8.C., as their proximity to the cify also indicates. On thesame line (fig. 5, the structure in the upper centre marked C) is the kiln complex of the"Lartari estate". Here lamps were produced in the Early Imperial period.l1 The area of thefurnace lies about 190 m from the edge of the present road, probably on another align-mentl2 running parallel to the decumani and connecting the bridge (fig. 4 in square 3a but

o Map coordinates x372726,28;y 5071257,21. See www.lswn.itlcomunicatilstampal200g/antica_f omace_romana-rinvenuta_vicino_ad_aquileia.

z Coren believes that it is the beginning of the Natissa river.s On the scholar and this information see G. Vale, Gian Domenico Bertoli, fondatore del museo

Iapidario di Aquilein e I' oper a sza (Aquileia 1946) 29.s See K' Baubel4 lchnographia Aquilejae Romanae et patriarchalis (1863) at no. 36, with the anno-

tation "Eine gro8e Menge von Thonbruchstiicken und Ausschuswaaren einer Tópferei" ("ahuge amount of brick fragments and fumace wasters"). This information was then taken up byMaionica (supra n.5) 13, republished by Buora (supra n.5) 41.

10 Map coordinates x 372158,28; y 5071018,21.17 E. Di Filippo Balestrazzi, Le lucerne del Museo Archeologico di Aquileia, II. Le lucerne figurate

(Pordenone 1988) 17-18, with references.t2 This is likely to be the trace of an earlier centuriation of Aquileia. Besides its orientation, which

is perpendicular to the road which forms the cardo maximus, the road is exactly one mile fromthe one along which Brusin excavated part of a necropolis and it presents the same orientation


Fig. 6. The Marignane villa (so-called Imperial Palace). Withinthe rectangle the dotted lines indi-cate new profiles detected by theorthophotographs; the continuouslines are those already on existingmaps.

off the map) of the aia Annia wlfhthe cardo maximus.

The Marignnne oilla (the so-called imperial palace) (fig. 4 in square 4c; hg. 6)

To the west of the circus, the villa of Marignane, partially excavated by Brusiry is clearlyvisible.l3 lts òrientation is consistent with that of the centuriation. The photographs showmore walls than were known previously, as part of a complex of buildings (perhaps witha consistent function) stretching beyond the Anfora river to the south. In the adjacent field,traces of glass manufacturing were found, presumably part of an industrial area. The loca-tion of the Marignane villa close to the circus, yet the absence of any clear relationship tothe circus (other than the fact that in the period of the 1st-3rd c. both lay outside the citywalls), should exclude the notion that it was the imperial palace of Aquileia - if indeed

of 69'NNE.G. Brusir; Aquileia. Guidastorica e artistica (Udine 1929)72, hg.43;id., "Le ultime scoperte arche-ologiche ad Aquilei4" Aquileia chiama 1954.3,47-49; P. Lopreato, "La villa imperiale delle Mari-gnane in Aquileia," AntAlt 30 (1987) 137-49; M. Buora" "Due tipi di cimiteri tardoantichi diAquileia," Quad. Friulani di Arch.11 (2001) 51-64.

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there was one.la To the north of the Marignane villa are the remains of further buildingson the same orientation.

A ailla close to the Terzo riaer west of the modern town centre

Another building, c.30 in width, lies about 750 m (about 21 actus) west of the cardomaximus.rs Oriented according to the axes of the centuriation, it has a simple E-shapedplan, with side wings about 25 m in length and a central one about 15 m long.

Walls

Thi tate Roman znalls on the W side of the city, beyond the Republican walls (fig. in square4c; tlgs.Ta-b)

The photographs reveal two towers leaning against the th-c. wall that have not beenpreviously published (cf. fig. 7 at the lower left). One of them lies on top of the so-calledTemple of Jupiter found in the 19th c.16 It looks quite differenf both in sìze and in shape

1'4 This problem was first discussed by N. Duvaf "Les palais impériaux de Milan et d'Aquilée,réalité et mythe" AntAlt 4 (1973) 151-58; id., "Existe-t-il un ,,structure palatiale,, propre àl'Antiquité tardive?" inLe système palatial en Orient, en Grèce et à Rome (StraJbourg 1gB^ 4h-g0.C ft9 imperial palace, see also the discussion by C. Sotinel ldentité ciaique el christianisme.Aquilée ilu lIIe au VIe siècle (BEFAR 324, 200n 17-24.

1s Map coordinates x 372301,32; y 5069743,11.76 It was so called because inside it was found a re-used capital with a Republican-era inscription

TAMPTA DTOVET (CrLV 1877).


Fig. 8a. Partial orthophotograph of the Byzantine zig-zagwall. Fig. 8b. The same area with reconstructed pro-files. Traces ofearlier buildings appear within rectangular boxes. In the box at lower left are those appearing onthe aerial photographs taken in 1954; in the box at upper right are those detected by the present work.

from the towers, which were constructed later up against the same face of the wall circuit.lTThis prominent structure stood close to the road and it may well have been a temple,subsequently incorporated into the late-antique defenses of the city.

The Late Roman walls are quite well recognizable on the photographs in the area closeto the circus. Directly north of the so-called Temple of Jupiter a tower can be seerl andthere are two more further to the north. On the archaeological maps of the city one of themis shown with a semicircular shape. Another with a corner-shaped end is clearly visible onthe aerial photographs (fig. 4 in square 4c).

Further to the south one can just see a building partially excavated by Brusin, which heinterpreted as a gateway.ls Contrary to what one of us had proposed,le a stretch of road

t7 See F. Kenner and A. Hauser, Mittheilungen der Central-Commission I (1877).18 G. Brusin, "Porte di difesa della romana Aquileia e di Aventicum," in E. Sdrmid, L. Berger and

P. Buzgiu (edd.), Proaincinlia (Basel 1968) 234-39.rg This was on the basis of a comparison with a strucfure at Diaporit near Butrint, for which see

W. Bowdeo R. Hodges and K. Lako, "Roman and late-antique Butrint: excavations and survey,


visible a little further to the west, which aligns with the town's decumani, runs exactlythrough the centre of the builditg i^ question, showing that it is undoubtedly a gateway.

The Byzantine zig-zag city wall near the ancient city centre (fig. a in square 4d, labelled D)

The Byzantine zig-zagwall (cf. fig. 2 above), dated to A.D. 552by L. Bertacchi,2o is clearlyvisible on the photographs. The photographs also provide evidence for the layout of theurban centre prior to the construction of this wall (figs. 8a-8b). The wall itself was built ontop of the earlier structures almost without damaging them, since no foundation trencheswere dug. The earlier structures are visible over an area of about 165 x 60 m.

Fig. 9a. The district northwest of the macellum.is a large public building west of the macellum;

In the top rectangle therehouses(?); in the bottom

rectangle are private houses(?) west of the forum.

Urban buildings

A district near the Forum west of the REublican macellum (fig. 4 in square 4c, labelled E)

On the air photographs a large building can now be identified directly west of the LateRepublican macellum2l (figs. 9a-b). It is rectangular in shape (c.37 nwide by c.45 m long,or about 125 x 150 Roman feet). It has a complex plan with a kind of exedra on its E side.The exedra recallq the Eumachia building at Pompeii, although the latter faces the Forum

2000-2001.,' I RA 1.5 (2002) 211 -L2.

On the walls see C.làggi, "S. Ilario in Aquileia: eine friihchristliche Memorie in ihrem Stàdten-baulidren Kontext " AqNos 60 (1989) 297-306; Bertacchi 2003 (supra n.l) 19-26, especially 24.F. Maselli Scotti, "Nuove scoperte nella zona a nord-ovest del foro di Aquileia" AntAlt 42 (1995)157-69.

27


directly. Something rather similar was found south of the Natissa river in a structure exca-vated by L. Bertacchi.22 In the present case the compound is created by rooms aligned ina double row on its N and S sides (possibly there is an apse there too), with larger roomsdown the W side. Access to the complex seems to be from the west. It may be another kindof market building.

To the south of this complex one.can distinguish a few rooms arranged in a row. Theymay be part of another building of a commercial nature. The W side of this building seemsto be closed, and it does not abut other buildings. Perhaps the land was left empty up toa road (visible on fig. 9b). Beyond that road, traces of more walls continue those broughtto light (and marked on the earlier archaeological map) by L. Bertacchi during municipalsewer works in the late 1960s.

The area near the circus (h9.4 in square 4c; hgs.7a-b)

On the E side of the circus are seen 12 bases of piers, irregularly spaced. The land allot-ments in this area, whidr follow the orientation of the centuriatiory probably preserve thealignments of Roman structures which were built into the grid.

Near the N end of the circus, directly south of the modern cemetery. which was estab-lished in 1915, are visible a number of buildings which have nothing to do with the circusitself (fig. 8). Some may have been houses which were destroyed at the time the circus wasbuilt.

South of and close to the first decumanus north of the forum is visible a large buildingbetween the gateway mentioned above and a modern house (it did not appear on the aerialphotographs taken in 1934). It was probably a public building. In the interior is some kindof circular space, with a kind of exedra to the south. A rectangular area resembles a largecourtyard. The total area of the building is about 140 m long and more than 50 m wide.

Built-up districts beyond the walls

The districts east of the riaer port (fig. 4 in squares 2d and 3d)

Beyond the walls, to the east of the excavated section of the port on the E bank of theNatissa river, there lies an area of intense urbanization, part of which was already excavatedin the 19th c. A few areas with a major concentration of structures can be detected on thephotographs. They seem to have their own orientation following the decumanus maximuqwhich presumably crossed the district (fig. 4 in square 4d). When Brusin excavated part ofthe E bank hereabouts two stairs were exposed and recorded on the archaeological map.At that time it was supposed that two roads branched off from them on the alignment oft}:re decumanl, but the aerial photographs now indicate that a structure measuring c.80 mlong and 5 m wide (perhaps a dock) occupies the line of one of the supposed roads.

The same photographs show a rectangular building (c.28 x 15 m) with thick walls and acurved building at the right end of the fagade (fig. 10a just below the centre; fig. 10b at thebottom); it may be a temple. In the same district in 1901 was found the base oî a signum dei

L. Bertacchi, 'Aquileia: il grande mercato pubblico a sud della Natissa," Aquileia chiama23 (Dec.1976) 12-L6.See also the further remarks in F. Maselli Scottiet al., 'Area occidentale dei cosi dettimercati a sud del fiume Natissa: scavo 1998," AqNosT0 (1999) 398-406.


Fig. 10a. Orthophotograph of the E bank and port on the Natissa river. Fig. l0b. The same area on the plan.Newly-identified buildings seem to be oriented according to the centuriation. In the square are possible stores;in the bottom rectangle is a temple(?).

Neptunirestored by Decius (A.D.249-251). L:r 1934, a dedication to the same god, by a seairof the towry was found embedded in the defensive works of the river port.z3

The district on the S bank of the Natissa riaer south of the town centre (hg.4 in square 6b)

Within the Tuzet estate a large villa with baths was excavated between the two WorldWars.2a Its first phase dates back to the end of the 1st c. B.C. Subsequently it was interpretedas an imperial residence.2s Lying about 250 m to the west are a number of buildings whichare partially aligned with the early phase of the villa (fig. 11).

2s Brusin (supra n.4) 85-86.

24 G. Brusiry 'Aquileia. Scavo di terme," NSc ser.2s M. J. SfiazzulIa, "Sístemi decorativi privati di

AnnPerugia 20 (1982-83) 465-87.

6, vol..5 (1929) 109-38.

età augustea. Una villa imperiale ad Aquileía?,"

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Necropoleis

Tombs along the via Annia northwest of the town (fig. 4 in square 3a at point F)

At a distance of c.580-770 m26 from the Roman gate (see above h1.7b) and c.180 m fromthe bridge crossing the Terzo river (here flowing to the north), one sees a number of funer-ary precincts on the S side of the Roman road (íig.12). Note in particular the arrangementof three precincts in a rectangle c.13 m wide, so that each precinct is about 45 feet wide and60 feet long. The precincts are further subdivided in the middle by a line creating 6 equal-sized units. It is not unusual to find burial allotments at Aquileia. Facing the road are therectangular bases of funerary monuments, probably three ossuary altars. To the east andwest of these precincts there are either seemingly empty spaces or isolated monumentswithout traces of precincts or more precincts arranged more or less regularly. Ditches linethe road further to the west but without further signs of funerary precincts.

At a distance oÎ c.2 km from the modem cemetery whose western border coincides withthe Late Roman city walls there are more precincts (fig. 13).27 They stretch for a distanceof c.80 m and occupy a depth of c.40 m on both sides of the road. One of these precincts,set perpendicular to the road, is of a common size at Aquileia: L6 feet frontage and 32 feetdepth.

Directly northeast of the city on the so-called aia Pedrada,which runs from the Mainizzabridge towards the river Isonzo (fig. 4 in square 3d), funerary precincts were first observedby Bertoli in the 18th c.; the Roman road is also marked on the Tabula Peutingeriana.Exca-vations were conducted here at several moments.28 The photographs show a number ofprecincts within a restricted area which is apparently intact.

26 Map coordin ates x 37 17 60,1,L, y 5070772,32; x 371979,61, y 8070696,32.27 The map coordinates for this zone are x 370588,08, y 5071165,62 andx370665,58, y 5071,1,65,62.28 E.g, Brusin (supra n.4) 197-231; F. Maselli, "Nuovo apporto alla conoscenza della necropoli di

levante," AqNos 40 (1969) 15-32.

New work on the plan of Aquileia

Fig. 12. Necropolis along the ancient via Annia near the town.

333

c'

Fig. 13. Extension to the west of the necropolis along the ancient via Annia.


arethe by

A monumental necropolis revealéd by Brusin2e is still partly visible to the west of thetown centre (fig. in squares 5b-5c). Further tombs were recognized on the W side of thissector, and the photographs taken in 2003 allow us to identify its continuation to the west(fig. 1a). In the new sector the precincts are arranged in at least three rows parallel to thecourse of the road. They are partly concealed by modern buildings.

Conclusions

Up to this point our research has been performed mainly on the aerial images. It needsto be confirmed and complemented with data acquired from other sources, sudr as geo-physical prospection, laser scannin& and excavation. It is to be hoped that the collectionof data on this GIS platform will also help to focus future excavations (always the mostexpensive and the most destructive solution) on those areas where there is the most to be

gained.

maurizio.buorà@uniud.it Dipt. di storia e tutela dei Beni Culturali, Università di [email protected] - Dipt. di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Udine

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the following researchers who helped us desigrr the GIS Antaeus supporting ourwork: Stefano Ansoldi, Massimiliano Hofer, Dan Nelu (University of Udine) and Giorgio Denis DeTina (Civici Musei, Udine). We are also grateful to Gerald Moore for revising our paper in English.

Brusin (supra n.3).

IOURNAL OFROMAN

ARCHAEOLOGY

voLUME 23 20L0

ARTT.LES, ARcHAEoLo"iaoL REpoRTs AND NoTEs

AN INTERNATIONAL IOURNAL

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