Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion (Saratoga Campaign) • 1777- British Goal is to capture Hudson River Valley & sever New England (hot point of revolution) from the rest of the colonies. • British Gen. Burgoyne- would march from Lake Champlain (Canada) to Albany; delayed by Colonial leader Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain- had to return to Canada & start later. • Gen. Howe- from NYC up the Hudson River (if needed) to meet Burgoyne in Albany • Col. St. Leger- would march from the west (by Lake Ontario) to Albany Results: 1. Burgoyne delayed…later fights at Saratoga 2. Howe goes the wrong way…to Philly rebel capital. 3. St. Leger defeated at Orskany, NY & retreats.
• 1777- British Goal is to capture Hudson River Valley & sever New England (hot point of revolution) from the rest of the colonies.
• British Gen. Burgoyne- would march from Lake Champlain (Canada) to Albany; delayed by Colonial leader Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain- had to return to Canada & start later.
• Gen. Howe- from NYC up the Hudson River (if needed) to meet Burgoyne in Albany
• Col. St. Leger- would march from the west (by Lake Ontario) to Albany
Results:
1. Burgoyne delayed…later fights at Saratoga
2. Howe goes the wrong way…to Philly rebel capital.
3. St. Leger defeated at Orskany, NY & retreats.
The Planned Invasion 1777
Philadelphia• Gen. Washington- transferred his army to Philly
—Continental Congress met there.
• Washington was defeated at Brandywine Creek (Sept. 11, 1777) & Battle of Germantown (Oct. 4, 1777) = Continental Army forced out of Pennsylvania = Continental Congress had to evacuate too!!
Washington’s Army Survives
Winter of 1777-1778
•Washington & Continental Army went to Valley Forge for the winter for rest & resupply—barely surviving (2,500 died from disease & cold).
Washington’s Strategy Changes:
Battles lost in NY & Penn. Taught Washington that a change in strategy was best:
1.Smaller more frequent skirmishes with British.
2.Avoid major battles that would endanger his whole army.
3.As long as his army was intact, the war would continue no matter what cities the British captured.
•Baron Von Steuben- trained Washington’s men into a professional army.
Gen. Burgoyne- left alone at Saratoga
Gen. Gates & Arnold (American Continentals) defeated Burgoyne & forced his surrender & 9,000 troops.
Ben Franklin Secures the help of FranceBen Franklin Secures the help of France
•Summer 1776- Continental Congress developed Summer 1776- Continental Congress developed Model Treaty.Model Treaty.1.1.No political Connection with another country.No political Connection with another country.2.2.No military connection with another country.No military connection with another country.3.3.OnlyOnly commercial connectioncommercial connection.. December 1776December 1776, Ben Franklin , Ben Franklin became American diplomat to became American diplomat to France to secure their help.France to secure their help.* France welcomed Franklin like a “star”* France welcomed Franklin like a “star”
After defeat at Saratoga- Britain offered the American After defeat at Saratoga- Britain offered the American colonists colonists ““home rulehome rule””Ben Franklin went to France to secure help.Ben Franklin went to France to secure help.
**The Franco-American Alliance**The Franco-American Alliance (Feb. 1778) (Feb. 1778)- France - France offers army, navy and money help to American colonists; officially offers army, navy and money help to American colonists; officially recognized Americarecognized America’’s independence, will wage war with Britain s independence, will wage war with Britain until US got independence, US had to defend French until US got independence, US had to defend French possessions. possessions. A Colonial Rebellion turns into global war!!!A Colonial Rebellion turns into global war!!!** BIG EFFECT OF AMERICAN VICTORY AT SARATOGA!!!** BIG EFFECT OF AMERICAN VICTORY AT SARATOGA!!!
““Armed NeutralityArmed Neutrality””• Catherine the Great led weak maritime (sea) European Catherine the Great led weak maritime (sea) European
nations against Britain PASSIVELY (nations against Britain PASSIVELY (Armed NeutralityArmed Neutrality))• All of Europe All of Europe ““passively against Englandpassively against England””• WORLD WAR!! WORLD WAR!! • Spain & & Holland join war against Britain also--FOUGHT Spain & & Holland join war against Britain also--FOUGHT
IN SOUTH AMERICA, CARRIBBEAN, ASIA too.IN SOUTH AMERICA, CARRIBBEAN, ASIA too.• ** GB had to deploy troops around the world—so they ** GB had to deploy troops around the world—so they
were handicapped in North America!were handicapped in North America!
War in The North EndsWar in The North Ends
• June 1774-Battle of MonmouthJune 1774-Battle of Monmouth, NJ (last battle of war in , NJ (last battle of war in North)North)
• Gen. ClintonGen. Clinton replaces Howe as commander-in-chief of replaces Howe as commander-in-chief of British army in states British army in states
• Fight was a draw- Clinton escapes to NYCFight was a draw- Clinton escapes to NYC
War in the WestWar in the WestWest of the Appalachian Mountains and along the border of Quebec, the war was an West of the Appalachian Mountains and along the border of Quebec, the war was an “Indian War”. 13,000 Indians fought on the British side.“Indian War”. 13,000 Indians fought on the British side.•Both Americans & England attempted to get Indians to side with them.Both Americans & England attempted to get Indians to side with them.•Joseph BrantJoseph Brant-- Chief of Mohawks got the (Seneca's, Onondaga’s, Cayuga’s) of the Chief of Mohawks got the (Seneca's, Onondaga’s, Cayuga’s) of the Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) to support England- attacked frontier settlers in Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) to support England- attacked frontier settlers in Penn. & NY until 1779.Penn. & NY until 1779.•Some Mohawk tribes sided with British---some with Americans.Some Mohawk tribes sided with British---some with Americans.•Many Tuscarora & Oneida sided with AmericansMany Tuscarora & Oneida sided with Americans•Cherokee convinced to join British cause alsoCherokee convinced to join British cause also•Loyalists & Indians led attacks against American colonists in NY, Penn. & Kentucky.Loyalists & Indians led attacks against American colonists in NY, Penn. & Kentucky.
In the South, Creek & Seminoles sided with British in Georgia & SCIn the South, Creek & Seminoles sided with British in Georgia & SC
War in The Ohio River ValleyWar in The Ohio River Valley•George Rogers ClarkGeorge Rogers Clark •Tried to neutralize British influence in Ohio territory.Tried to neutralize British influence in Ohio territory.•Captured British cities Kaskaskia & VincennesCaptured British cities Kaskaskia & Vincennes
Treaty of Fort StanwixTreaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) (1784)•11stst treaty between United States & Indians treaty between United States & Indians•Indians (Six Nations) ceded most of their land Indians (Six Nations) ceded most of their land •* Most Indians denied the right of “leaders” who signed it.* Most Indians denied the right of “leaders” who signed it.
The French ENTER the WarThe French ENTER the War• Summer 1780- French send army of 6,000 Summer 1780- French send army of 6,000
regular troops commanded by regular troops commanded by Comte deComte de Rochambeau– Newport, R.I.Rochambeau– Newport, R.I.
• Americans at first suspiciousAmericans at first suspicious• 1780- 1780- Benedict Arnold turned traitorBenedict Arnold turned traitor- plotted - plotted
to sale West Point for 6,300 POUNDS & to sale West Point for 6,300 POUNDS & officerofficer’’s commission. s commission.
BritainBritain’’s s ““Southern Strategy" Phase 3 Southern Strategy" Phase 3 OF the WarOF the War
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside.
Intense fighting between American Patriots & Loyalists!
Campaigns from Virginia to SC to Georgia.
Georgia was Overrun in 1778-1779
Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]
Charleston capturedIn 1780 by Cornwallis•1781- Battle of Camden– DEFEAT for Colonials • Horatio Gates removed from command of US forces•Nathaniel Greene- takes command & leads victory• Greene & Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”
Battle of Yorktown
•British General Charles Cornwallis
wanted to winter his troops in the South believing the war
would be won in the Spring…..
•Yorktown was chosen because it
provided easy access to be reinforced and
re-supplied•General Washington learned of the British
decision to winter their main troops in
Yorktown.
Map-yorktownMap-yorktown
Battle of Yorktown
•Strategy included the use of the French navy, French
troops and American troops.
•French navy under the direction of Admiral de
Grasse, placed a blockade around the Chesapeake
Bay.
•15,000 American and French troops surrounded 8,000 British troops……
•General Cornwallis is trapped and is forced to his
surrender his troops to Washington
•Brings war to an end
The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)
Count de Rochambeau
AdmiralDe Grasse
CornwallisCornwallis’’ Surrender at Surrender at YorktowNYorktowN
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down! Down!””
Treaty of Paris• The Patriot victory at Yorktown, however,
convinced the British that the war was too costly.
• In March 1782, King George III appointed new ministers who were prepared to give Americans their independence.
• Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jayrepresented the United States in the peace talks in Paris.
• The talks began in April 1782, and six months later the British accepted a preliminary agreement written by the Americans.
• The American Congress ratified, or approved, a preliminary treaty in April 1783.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris, continued
• Under the terms of the treaty, Great Britain…
– recognized the United States as an independent nation whose territory extended from the Atlantic Ocean west to the Mississippi River and from Canada in the north to Spanish Florida in the south.
– promised to withdraw their troops from the American territory.
– gave Americans the right to fish in the waters off the coast of Canada.
Treaty of Paris
USA
Treaty of Paris, continued
• Under the treaty, the United States… – agreed that British merchants could collect debts
owed by Americans.
– stated that the Congress would “earnestly recommend” to the states that property taken from Loyalists be returned to them. Most of this property was never returned, however.
Treaty of Paris
African Americans
• At the beginning of the war southern states persuaded congress to ban African Americans from fighting.
• Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, announced that slaves who fought on the British side would be freed, and many men answered his call.
• As the need for soldiers grew, some states ignored the ban and let African American fight.
Blacks in war
African Americans, continued
• Lemeul Hayes and Peter Salem were two famous African American patriots.
• African Americans fought for the same reasons other Americans fought-they believed in the cause or they needed the money.
• Some African Americans earned their freedom by fighting.
