Bursitis

Danny and Jenna

Etiology

• Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa sac, which lies between joints, acting as a cushion

• It is caused by constant tension to the joint or a direct blow to the bursa sac

• Almost all athletes are susceptible to bursitis

Signs and Symptoms

Signs Symptoms• Looks swollen and red • Feels achy or stiff

• Hurts more during palpation or when moved

Management

• Ice three to four times a day for the first two or three days

• Do not stand for long periods of time (depending on where injury is)

• Physical therapy • Getting bursa sac drained• When sleeping do not lie on side that has

bursitis

Bursitis of the knee

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2rw-ntvEi4

Chondro

mal

acia

Pate

lla

By: Gabrielle Love

Etiology• Cause: The patella otherwise known as the “kneecap "is normally

pulled over the end of the femur in a straight line by the quadriceps muscle. Patients with this injury frequently have abnormal patellar ache under, around, and/or at the outer edge of the kneecap, towards the outer side of the femur.

• How it can happen• Trauma, especially a fracture (break) or dislocation of the

kneecap • An imbalance of the muscles around the knee (Some muscles

are weaker than others.) • Overuse (repeated bending or twisting) of the knee joint,

especially during sports • Poorly aligned muscles or bones near the knee joint• Injury to a meniscus (C-shaped cartilage inside the knee joint)

Sports: Soccer players, snowboarders, cyclists, rowers, tennis players, ballet dancers, and runners

Signs & Symptoms

Signs• Knee might be

tender and swollen

• Kneecap might not be lined up with the femur

Symptoms• Pain• A popping or cracking

sound heard when the knee is flexed or extended

• Pain and stiffness in the knee when its bent for a long period of time

Management

How to take care of the injury: Price, Decrease physical activity, Ice for 15mins twice a day after activity wear a brace if possible.What is the return to play process: strengthen weak muscles of the knee and hip, stretch tight muscles and gradually return to full fitness.What treatments are available: Strengthen the quads with exercise.

Recovery Time: 3 to 6 months and it still might not be fully healed.

pictures

PCL Sprain

By: Gretchen Gaertner

Definition of a PCL Sprain• PCL= Posterior Cruciate Ligament• The PCL keeps the Tibia from abnormally moving backward in

relation to the femur• An injury of the PCL happens less often than an injury of the ACL

(Anterior Cruciate Ligament) and is less researched than the ACL• Cruciate ligaments connect the Femur to the Tibia• The PCL and ACL form an “X” in front of the knee• PCL injuries are 3% and 20% of all knee ligament injuries

Etiology

Cause Athletes and Sports• Most PCL injuries occur

when the knee is bent, the foot is planted firmly on the ground. The Tibia is struck with a forceful bow and pushed back causing the PCL to tear

• Hyperextension (over extension of the knee) can cause the PCL to tear

• PCL sprains are likely to happen in soccer and football

• James Jones- Green Bay Packers (WR)– Sprained PCL to his left knee

Signs and Symptoms

Signs Symptoms• Rapid knee swelling and

tenderness (within 3 hours of the injury)

• Slight limp/difficulty in walking

• Knee gives away during activity

• Mild to moderate pain of the knee• Pain with kneeling or squatting• Feeling of instability/looseness in

the knee• Pain with running, slowing down,

or walking up or down the stairs• Overtime the pain may worsen

and the knee may feel unstable• Typically a loud popping sound

can be heard at the time of the injury

Management

• Support: splint/brace to limit the athletes movement. May need crutches to decrease pain when moving around

• Medicine: Doctor may prescribe pain meds• Surgery:

– Repair: may be repaired by attaching the torn ligament– Reconstruction: need to be reconstructed if cannot be repaired.

The athlete’s PCL can be replaced by tissue from another part of your body or a donor

• Physical Therapy: Exercises to increase movement, decrease pain, and increase strength

• When the Athlete Can Play: Jogging in allowed normally 3 to 6 months after the injury. Athletes normally return to sports around 6 to 12 months after the injury.

Lateral Collateral Ligament Sprain

By Heinery Arevalo and Hillary Kuehl

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=extccaSW6Ek&feature=player_detailpage

What is the LCL?

• The LCL is a thin band of tissue that runs along the lateral side of the knee.

• It connects the thighbone (femur) to the fibula

• The LCL’s main purpose is to keep the knee stable as it moves

Etiology

Causes: – Pressure– Medial blow to the

knee jointThis results in stress on the outer part of the jointCommon in contact sports i.e: Basketball, football

Symptoms• Symptoms include:– Knee swelling– Pain– Locking or catching

of the knee with movement

– Tenderness along the outside of knee

– Knee gives out when active

Signs and Symptoms• Signs include:

– 1st Degree- Some tenderness and minor pain at the point of the injury. This means there have been small tears in the ligament.

– 2nd Degree - Noticeable looseness in the knee (the knee opens up about five millimeters) when moved by hand. There is major pain and tenderness on the inner side of the knee as well as swelling. This means there have been larger tears in the ligament, but it is not completely torn.

– 3rd Degree - Considerable pain and tenderness at the inner side of the knee; some swelling and marked joint instability. The knee opens up slightly less than half an inch when moved. A grade 3 LCL tear means the ligament is completely torn. There may also be a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Treatment• Ways to manage it include:

– P.R.I.C.E– Limit physical activity– Possible crutches– Don’t put weight on knee– Physical therapy– Possible surgery

Osgood-Schlatter Disorder

Jordyn Klingbeil

Etiology

• Caused by repeated overuse before the knee area is finished growing

• When the quadriceps is used a lot in sports activities during a child's growth spurt, this area becomes irritated or swollen and causes pain

• Affects people who play soccer, basketball, and volleyball, and gymnastics

Sign/Symptoms

• Sign– You will see a bump on the lower leg, or shinbone – Ranges from mild to severe swelling

• Symptom– Leg or Knee pain– Tenderness under the kneecap (hurts when you

touch it)– Gets worse while running, jumping and climbing

stairs

Management

• Anti-inflammatory drugs/ pain relievers• Usually goes away when athlete stops growing• Rest • Ice • In severe cases, surgery

Quad Strain

Kyle Woodfork

Etiology

• Quad are common in sports that require you to frequently contract your quadriceps.

• Some of actions that require the repetitive contraction are things such as running kicking and jumping. Sports.. (Track, basketball, football, soccer, rugby…)

• By increasing the intensity of these exercise over a long period of time to a person that is not condition to this type of work would create a strain.

• Other factors that lead to a strain are, fatigue, overextension, cold weather, or previous quad injuries.

Different Levels of Quad Strains

1. Grade 1– Some stretching– Micro tear of the muscle fiber– Complete recovery time 10 to 21 days

2. Grade 2– Partial tearing of muscle fiber– Full recovery time between 1 and 2 months

3. Grade 3– Complete tear of muscle fibers– Complete recovery time can take more than 3 months– Surgery may be needed to repair the damaged muscle fibers

Sign/Symptoms• Tenderness around area• Bruises directly over quad

• Possible over stretching, or possible some tearing may cause mild pain or swelling(severity of tear depends on the type of strain)

• Athlete experiencing difficulty when moving the limb

• Muscle Stiffness• Possible popping sensation

Management

• P.R.I.C.E.• Avoid continuing sport or activity for a while• Wrapping the injury in an elastic bandage• If strain is sever enough you should go see a

doctor and they may advise surgery• Possible crutches• Rehab to stretch and strengthen the muscle• Possibly pain relieving medication

Pictures and Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDQT_zbJ5Yg

Meniscus Injury

Lauren Schultz

Etiology

• A meniscus injury occurs when a forceful twist or sudden stop causing the end of the femur to grind into the top of the tibia, pinching and potentially tearing the cartilage of the meniscus.

• Meniscus tear injuries often occur during athletic activities, especially in contact sports like football and hockey. Motions that require pivoting and sudden stops, such as tennis, basketball, and golf, can also cause meniscus damage.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs• Swelling• Might not be able to

walk on it• Might not be able to

straighten it all the way

• Decrease ROM

Symptoms• Pain with squatting• Locking of the knee• May notice a clicking

feeling while they walk

• Popping during the injury or waking up and down stairs

Management

• The treatment of a meniscus tear depends on its severity, location, and underlying disease within the knee joint

• First you want to get and MRI to confirm the injury

• Depending on the severity of the injury some can be treated without surgery. If you do not get surgery someone might go to physical therapy to strengthen the meniscus.

Management Cont.

• Sometimes just protecting, resting, icing, compression, and elevation is enough to relieve someone's pain.

• If someone does decide to get surgery they can decide to have it scoped, reattached, or completely removed.

• After someone gets surgery it will be a longer recovery, and the athlete or person injured will have to go to physical therapy.

By: Mari McDowell

Osteochondritis Dissecans

• This is a joint condition in which a piece of cartilage, along with a thin layer of the bone beneath it, comes loose from the end of a bone

• The cause is unknown but it may be caused by a reduction of blood flow to the end of the affected bone or it could be a genetic disorder– This may occur due to repetitive trauma to that

area of the bone

Cause

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of0gg-zXERA

Video Clip

• Most of the athletes affected with this injury are mostly males and is most likely caused due to sports with jumping, throwing and rapid change in direction.– Gymnastics– Track jumpers

Common athletes

• Pain is the most common symptom and can be triggered by physical activity (symptom/sign)

• Joint popping or locking may occur due to the joint getting stuck in one position (symptom)

• Joint weakness may also occur (symptom)• The affected individual will have a decreased ROM

and may not be able to straighten arm or leg out completely (sign)

• Swelling and tenderness may occur around the joint (sign)

Signs/symptoms

• If the injury had just begun, then resting the joint is recommended this may include using crutches, avoiding physical activities and possibly wearing a brace on the knee

• If the injury persists, result to Physical Therapy, ROM exercises and muscle strengthening exercises will be conducted to the injured

• If the injury persists after a long period of time, then surgery is recommended, where loose bone fragments are either reattached or removed.

Caring for injury

By: Mari McDowell

Osteochondritis Dissecans

• This is a joint condition in which a piece of cartilage, along with a thin layer of the bone beneath it, comes loose from the end of a bone

• The cause is unknown but it may be caused by a reduction of blood flow to the end of the affected bone or it could be a genetic disorder– This may occur due to repetitive trauma to that

area of the bone

Cause

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of0gg-zXERA

Video Clip

• Most of the athletes affected with this injury are mostly males and is most likely caused due to sports with jumping, throwing and rapid change in direction.– Gymnastics– Track jumpers

Common athletes

• Pain is the most common symptom and can be triggered by physical activity (symptom/sign)

• Joint popping or locking may occur due to the joint getting stuck in one position (symptom)

• Joint weakness may also occur (symptom)• The affected individual will have a decreased ROM

and may not be able to straighten arm or leg out completely (sign)

• Swelling and tenderness may occur around the joint (sign)

Signs/symptoms

• If the injury had just begun, then resting the joint is recommended this may include using crutches, avoiding physical activities and possibly wearing a brace on the knee

• If the injury persists, result to Physical Therapy, ROM exercises and muscle strengthening exercises will be conducted to the injured

• If the injury persists after a long period of time, then surgery is recommended, where loose bone fragments are either reattached or removed.

Caring for injury

Ilio Tibial Band Friction Syndrome

By Rene and Kasey

• ITBS• ITBFS• IT Band Syndrome

A. K. A.

• Bicycle Riding• Overuse• Excessive running

Causes

• Soccer Players• Track/Cross Country Runners• Cyclists

Common Athletes

• Tight IT Band• Swelling along IT

Band• Weak hips• Hips commonly

unaligned• Hard to flex and

extend the hip

Sign Symptom

Pain outside of the knee Pain when running, walking

up/down stairs, sitting down

Popping or cracking of the knee

• Keeping hips strong and aligned– Physical therapy/athletic trainer/chiropractor– Weight lifting and/or exercising

• Rolling out

Prevention

• Time off of the sport/activity• Massages/Rolling out• Physical therapy/athletic

trainer/chiropractor• Surgery (Extremely rare!)

Treatment

Jumper’s Knee

By: Stephanie Lester <3

Etiology

• Patellar tendinitis (Jumper’s knee) - Begins as inflammation of the patellar tendon where it attaches to the patella.

• Causes of jumper’s knee are running, jumping, kicking, poor techniques, or improper imbalance.

Etiology Cont.

• There are 3 stages to Jumper’s Knee– Stage 1: Pain while training/activity– Stage 2: Pain before and after training/activity– Stage 3: Pain during daily activities

Sign/Symptoms

• Pain/tenderness around the patella• Pain when sprinting • Stiffness in the morning

• PRICE• Ultrasound• Heat• Cold whirlpool• Patellar tendon strap or taping

Management/Treatment

Pictures

Unhappy Triad

By: Tiffani Palmatier

Etiology

• The Unhappy Triad is also considered the Terrible Triad and it is the partial or full tear in the ACL, MCL, and meniscus

• Caused by a blow to the outside of the knee causing greater stress to the ACL and MCL

• As a result of the ACL tearing because of stress, the knee shifts and the femur and tibia compress to the meniscus, tearing the cartilage

• Happens in most contact sport athletes like football and rugby

Sign/Symptoms

Signs Dr. or trainer would see: • Swelling• Bruising• Difficulty moving

around• Stiffness

Symptoms athlete will feel:• Pain in the knee• Difficult walking• Hard to move• Stiffness• Inability to move the

knee full range of motion

Management

• To take care of the injury, physical therapy is needed and a knee brace helps decrease the recovery time

• Treatments usually require surgery of the ACL and the meniscus is treated during this surgery; The MCL recovers by rehab and immobilization

MCL Sprain

By: Brennan Lambrecht&

Tim Duck

Etiology

• Caused by a pressure or stress to the outside of the knee

• A force to the outside part of the knee causing it to go inward is a common way to get this injury

• Anyone in a contact sport is put in danger to get this injury

Sign/Symptoms

• Most common Symptom is pain over the ligament

• Swelling over torn ligament may appear• Bruising and joint swelling are common in

days after the injury occurs• Severe cases: patient may feel knee is unstable

and may give out or buckle

Management

• Treatment depends on severity of tear• Before any treatment begins pain must

subside• Begins with working on mobility and then

strengthening the knee• Bracing can be useful for treatment• Surgery is most often not necessary

Recovery Time

• Grade 1: Few days to a week and a half to return to normal activities

• Grade 2: Two to Four weeks to heal• Grade 3: Four to Eight weeks to heal unless it

is associated with damage to the ACL

ACL Sprain

Tyler Kolzow and Nick KruegerMrs. Brown

6th Hour

• The ACL is the ligament which prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward, underneath the femur. It also helps prevent hyperextension of the knee, and resistance to rotation of the knee

• An ACL injury is the partial or complete tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament inside the knee joint.

• An ACL injury most commonly occurs during sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction — such as basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball.

• Women are significantly more likely to have an ACL tear than are men

-stronger quads than hamstrings

What is it?

– Swelling– Passing the Lachman’s Test– Passing the Anterior Drawer Test– Limited movement– Trainer may have seen the knee buckle or give out during the time of injury

Signs

– Pain– Instability– Inability to put weight on– Athlete will tell you they felt a pop when the injury

occurred

Symptoms

• In most cases, surgical repair is necessary for an ACL sprain.• For minor ACL sprains, a doctor may recommend a brace to protect your

knee from instability• Physical therapy can be utilized to build strengthen the leg muscles

surrounding the knee, and allow function to return.• If surgical repair is required, recovery time will last close to 6 months

Treatment

Patellar Dislocation-Subluxation

Victor BautistaMrs. Brown

6th Hour

What is it?

• It’s basically whenever the Patella slides out of the Trochlear Notch.

What causes it?

• There are many reason and explanation to as why is could happen.

• For the most part it’s usually– Unstable knee-caps– A wider pelvis– A shallow Trochlea– Abnormalities in the gait– Age (Kid’s and Adolescents are more prone)– Sports! (Football, Wrestling, Soccer, Hockey)

Signs– Athlete is generally in wild distress.– The knee-cap usually has a obvious deformity.– Swelling– Knee-cap is bent and cannot straighten– Tenderness– Sometimes a “Pop” can be heard

Symptoms

– Extreme pain– Instability– Limited mobility– Cramping

What should be done• Don’t try to relocate it.• Secure the scene.• Call a Medical Professional immediately.• Knee-cap should be immobilized and stabilized to avoid further damage.• *If treated incorrectly serious damage could be done to the athlete.

Testing it

• In a severe case, a visual test is all one needs.• Palpation, is some cases can determine the

injury’s severity.• X-Rays give the most accurate results for the

injury.

Treatment• A professional relocation is needed in most cases.• For a short term treatment, Bracing and Taping have had results.• Physical therapy is the most common practice in treatment.• In the worst of cases, a “lateral release” is needed. (Surgery)