BUS 733: Organizational Theory

BUS 733, Spring 2010 1 C. Rider

BUS 733: Organizational Theory

Goizueta Business School Emory University

Spring 2010

Chris Rider Assistant Professor of Organization & Management GBS 557 [email protected] Class Meeting Times: Tuesday @ 9:30am-12:30pm in W523 Office Hours: by appointment

OVERVIEW

This course is a research seminar in organizational theory. The course objective is to introduce students to the sociological study of organizations, with a particular emphasis on market-based settings. Readings will be drawn primarily from sociology but will also draw from other disciplinary journals. To appreciate the objectives and contributions of organizational research one must develop familiarity with how organizational theory – and its various constituent theories and paradigms – evolved over time. Therefore, we will read and discuss both classic and contemporary work on organizations, their individual members, and the markets in which organizations participate. Seminar discussions will focus on core theoretical propositions, logical reasoning, research design, standards of evidence, and the interpretation of empirical analyses. Students will develop an understanding of how organization theory developed as a series of scholarly responses to previous organizational research and an appreciation for how the problems that interested early organizational scholars continue to challenge present-day researchers. Much like the field itself, the course will increasingly focus on empirical research (both qualitative and quantitative) over time. Students should complete the course with an understanding of how to identify empirical settings and formulate research designs that lead to credible inferences about organizational theories. FORMAT

Because this is a seminar course, there will be no lectures and each session will focus on discussion of assigned readings. Students will read all required readings prior to class so that our discussion may focus on the main ideas of readings and a critical evaluation of their contributions to organization theory. I will occasionally assign individuals specific responsibilities for leading our in-class discussion of certain articles or topics.

mailto:[email protected]


REQUIREMENTS

Students will be expected to attend and participate in each session by reading all assigned materials and actively engaging in our discussions. In addition, graded assignments will require students to develop theoretical arguments and research designs for testing those arguments in the form of two short (3-5 pages) research idea papers. The goal is to identify research ideas that, with refinement and substantial effort, may one day become research papers, dissertation chapters, and, hopefully, published articles. Consistent with this goal, the final assignment for this course will be a paper that (i) develops a theoretical argument with testable hypotheses, (ii) identifies a setting in which those arguments may be tested, and (iii) outlines a research design that is likely to produce credible inferences related to the theory. This paper may be thought of as the first half of a journal article (i.e., 20-30 pages in length and covering all but empirical analyses and results).

GRADES

30% class participation 30% research idea papers (2 @ 15% each) 40% final paper

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Research idea papers (2)

The first paper is due on Tuesday, March 2, 2010 and the second is due on Tuesday, April 13, 2010. Papers should be 3 to 5 pages in length.

These papers should specify a research question that is motivated by identification of a gap in the existing organizational literature and/or tension between prevailing theories. A brief theory should lead to at least one formal hypothesis that could be tested to “fill the gap” or “ease the tension.” A brief discussion of ways to test the hypothesis should also be included.

2. Final paper

All students must submit a 1-page description of the paper they intend to write by

Tuesday February 23, 2010. This document should specify a research question that is

motivated by organizational theory and situated in a relevant literature. It should also

be possible for a doctoral student to conduct an empirical study (qualitative or

quantitative) to test the theory and hypotheses the student expects to develop in the

final version of the paper. We will then schedule individual appointments to discuss.

This assignment may take two forms: (i) the front end of a research paper or

dissertation proposal or (ii) a full research paper with data and analyses. All papers

should contain a title page, introduction, a theory development section, formal


hypotheses, a discussion of an appropriate setting for testing the hypotheses, and

references. The difference between (i) and (ii) is that (ii) will also include empirical

analyses section, results, and a concluding discussion section. I expect documents of

20 to 50 pages.

The final paper is due Monday, May 3, 2010.

COURSE SCHEDULE

Students are expected to read each assigned reading for every session. Readings marked with bullet points (•) below will receive primary emphasis in class discussions; readings marked with check marks () will also be discussed in class but their emphasis is secondary. All assigned readings should be read; primary readings should be read more thoroughly than secondary readings. Generally, primary readings cover the foundational theoretical basis for each session while secondary readings offer empirical examples or theoretical extensions of research in the area.

Session Date Topic

1 19-Jan-2010 Introduction

2 26-Jan-2010 Formal organization

3 2-Feb-2010 Informal organization

4 9-Feb-2010 Economic theories of organizations

5 16-Feb-2010 Resource dependence

6 23-Feb-2010 Ecology

7 2-Mar-2010 Institutional theory (idea paper #1 due )

-- 9-Mar-2010 Spring Break - No Meeting

8 16-Mar-2010 Embeddedness

9 23-Mar-2010 Power and influence

10 30-Mar-2010 Work and careers

11 6-Apr-2010 Labor markets

12 13-Apr-2010 Organizational misconduct (idea paper #2 due )

13 20-Apr-2010 Entrepreneurship

14 27-Apr-2010 Research design

more details on the pages that follow


Foundations of Organizational Theory

Session 1: Introduction

Aldrich, Howard E. (1999). “Organizations: An overview.” Pp. 2-8 in Organizations Evolving.

Sage.

Fligstein, Neil (2003) “Organizations: Theoretical debates and the scope of organizational

theory.” In C. Calhoun, C. Rojek, and B. Turner (eds.), Handbook of International Sociology.

Scott, W. Richard (2004). “Reflections on a half-century of organizational sociology.” Annual

Review of Sociology, 30: 1-21.

Carroll, Glenn R. and Michael T. Hannan (2000). “Focus on industry: The organizational lens.”

Ch. 1, pp. 3-16 in Organizations in Industry: Strategy, Structure & Selection. Oxford University

Press.

Haveman, Heather (2000). “The future of organizational sociology: Forging ties among

paradigms.” Contemporary Sociology, 29: 476-86.

Session 2: Formal Organization

Weber, Max (1982). "Bureaucracy." Pp. 7-36 in O. Grusky and G. Miller (eds.), Complex

Organizations. Free Press.

Gouldner, Alvin (1954). "About the functions of bureaucratic rules." Ch. 9 in Patterns of

Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press.

Crozier, Michel (1964). “The bureaucratic system of organization.” Ch. 7 in The Bureaucratic

Phenomenon. University of Chicago Press.

Merton, Robert K. (1940). “Bureaucratic structure and personality.” Social Forces, 18: 560-68.

Lawrence, Paul R. and Jay W. Lorsch (1967). “Differentiation and integration in complex

organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 12: 1-47.

Hage, Jerald and Michael Aiken (1969). “Routine technology, social structure, and organization

goals.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 10: 366-76.

Freeman, John H. (1973). “Environment, technology, and the administrative intensity of

manufacturing organizations.” American Sociological Review, 38: 750-763.

Baron, James N., Diane Burton, and Michael T. Hannan (1999). “Engineering bureaucracy: The

genesis of formal policies, positions, and structures in high-technology firms.” Journal of Law,

Economics, and Organization, 15: 1-41.


Session 3: Informal Organization

Barnard, Chester (1938). “Informal organizations and their relation to formal organizations.”

(Ch. 9; pp. 114-126) in Functions of the Executive. Harvard University Press.

Selznick, Philip (1949). “Conclusion” in TVA and the Grass Roots. University of California Press.

Blau, Peter M. (1955). “The network of interpersonal relationships,” Ch. 8 (pp.117-130) in Dynamics of Bureaucracy. University of Chicago Press.

March, James G. and Herbert Simon (1993 [1958]). “Motivational constraints: Intraorganizational

decisions” (Ch. 3, pp. 53-101) and “Conflict in organizations” (Ch. 5, pp. 132-155) in

Organizations. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill.

Cyert, Richard and James G. March (1963). “Introduction” (Ch. 1, pp. 1-3) and “A summary of

basic concepts in the behavioral theory of the firm” (Ch. 6, pp. 114-127). A Behavioral Theory of

the Firm. Prentice-Hall.

Cohen, M. D., J. G. March, and J. P. Olsen (1972): “A garbage can model of organizational

choice.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 1-25.

Contemporary Theories

Session 4: Economic Theories of Organizations

Alchian, A. and H. Demsetz (1972). "Production, information costs, and economic organization."

American Economic Review, 33: 777-95.

Fama, Eugene F. and Michael C. Jensen (1983). “Separation of ownership and control.” Journal

of Law and Economics, 26: 301-25.

Coase, R. H. (1937). “The nature of the firm.” Economica, 386-405.

Williamson, O. E. (1981). "The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach."

American Journal of Sociology, 87: 548-577.

Baron, James N. and Michael T. Hannan (1994). “The impact of economics on contemporary

sociology.” Journal of Economic Literature, 32: 1111-1146. (** Read Section II, pp. 1114-19 **).

Gibbons, R. (1999). “Taking Coase seriously.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 145-157.

Granovetter, Mark (1999). “Coase encounters and formal models: Taking Gibbons seriously.”

Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 158-162.

Freeman, John H. (1999). “Efficiency and rationality in organizations." Administrative Science

Quarterly, 44: 163-175.

Silverman, Brian S., Jack A. Nickerson, and John H. Freeman (1997). "Profitability, transactional

alignment, and organizational mortality in the U.S. trucking industry.” Strategic Management

Journal, 18: 31-52.


Session 5: Resource Dependence

Emerson, R. (1962). “Power-dependence relations.” American Sociological Review, 27: 31-40.

Thompson, James D. (1967). Chapters 3 & 10 in Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw Hill.

Aldrich, Howard E. and Jeffrey Pfeffer (1976). “Environments of organizations.” Annual Review

of Sociology, 2: 79-105.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Gerald R. Salancik (1978). Chapters 1, 2, & 3 in The External Control of

Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row.

Burt, Ronald S., Kenneth P. Christman, and Harold C. Kilburn, Jr. (1980). "Testing a structural

theory of corporate cooptation: Interorganizational directorate ties as a strategy for avoiding

market constraints on profits." American Sociological Review, 45: 821-41.

Galaskiewicz, J. (1985). “Interorganizational relations.” Annual Review of Sociology, 11: 281-304.

Fligstein, Neil and Peter Brantley (1992). “Bank control, owner control, or organizational

dynamics: Who controls the large modern corporation?” American Journal of Sociology, 98:

280-307.

Session 6: Ecology

Hannan, Michael T. and John H. Freeman (1977). “The population ecology of organizations.”

American Journal of Sociology, 82: 829-64.

Hannan, Michael T. and John H. Freeman (1984). “Structural inertia and organizational change.”

American Sociological Review, 49: 149-64.

Carroll, Glenn R. (1985). "Concentration and specialization: Dynamics of niche width in

populations of organizations." American Journal of Sociology, 90: 1262-1283.

Hannan, Michael T. and Glenn R. Carroll (2000). “An introduction to organizational ecology.” Ch.

2, pp. 17-32 in Organizations in Industry: Strategy, Structure & Selection. Oxford University

Press.

Carroll, Glenn R. and Anand Swaminathan (2000). “Why the microbrewery movement?

Organizational dynamics of resource partitioning in the American brewing industry after

Prohibition.” American Journal of Sociology, 106: 715-62.

Freeman, John H. and Pino G. Audia (2006). “Community ecology and the sociology of

organizations.” Annual Review of Sociology, 32:145-169.

Hannan, Michael T. (2005). "Ecologies of organizations: Diversity and identity." Journal of

Economic Perspectives, 19: 51-70.


Session 7: Institutional Theory

Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan (1977). “Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as

myth and ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology, 83: 340-363.

DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell (1983). “The iron cage revisited: Institutional

isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields.” American Sociological Review,

48: 147-160.

Davis, Gerald F. and Henrich R. Greve (1997). “Corporate elite networks and governance

changes in the 1980s.” American Journal of Sociology, 103: 1-37.

Haveman, Heather A. and Hayagreeva Rao (1997). "Institutional and organizational coevolution

in the thrift industry." American Journal of Sociology, 102: 1606-1651.

Ruef, Martin and Richard W. Scott (1998). “A multidimensional model of organizational

legitimacy: Hospital survival in changing institutional environments.” Administrative Science

Quarterly, 43: 877-904.

Thornton, Patricia and William Ocasio (1999). “Institutional logics and the historical contingency

of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry,

1958 to 1990.” American Journal of Sociology, 105: 801-843.

Zuckerman, Ezra W. (1999). “The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the illegitimacy

discount.” American Journal of Sociology, 104: 1398-1438.

Session 8: Embeddedness

Granovetter, Mark S. (1985). “Economic action and social structure: The problem of

embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology, 91. 481-510.

Portes, Alejandro and Julia Sensenbrenner (1993). “Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on

the social determinants of economic action.” American Journal of Sociology, 98: 1320-50.

Burt, Ronald S. (1992). Chapters 1 & 2 (pp. 8-81) in Structural Holes: The Social Structure of

Competition. Harvard University Press.

Uzzi, Brian (1996). “The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic

performance of organizations: The network effect.” American Sociological Review, 61: 674-698.

Ingram, Paul and Peter Roberts (2000). "Friendships among competitors in the Sydney hotel

industry." American Journal of Sociology, 106: 387-423.

Granovetter, Mark S. (2005). “The impact of social structure on economic outcomes.” Journal of

Economic Perspectives, 19: 33–50.

Rider, Christopher I. (2009). "Embedding inter-organizational relations in organizational

members' prior education and employment networks." Working paper. Emory University.


Individuals in Organizations

Session 9: Intra-organizational Power and Influence

Mechanic, David (1962). "Sources of power of lower participants in complex organizations."


Crozier, Michel (1964). "Power and uncertainty." Ch. 6 in The Bureaucratic Phenomenon.

University of Chicago Press.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Gerald Salancik (1974). "Organizational decision making as a political

process: The case of a university budget." Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 135-51.

Freeman, John H. and Michael T. Hannan (1975). “Growth and decline processes in

organizations.” American Sociological Review, 40: 215-228

Krackhardt, David M. (1990). “Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and power

in organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 342-69.

Ibarra, Herminia (1992). “Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network

structure and access in an advertising firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 422-447.

Burt, Ronald S. (2000). “The network structure of social capital.” Pp. 345-423 in R. I. Sutton and B.

M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 22. JAI Press.

Session 10: Work and Careers

Baron, James N. and William T. Bielby (1980). “Bringing the firms back in: Stratification,

segmentation, and the organization of work.” American Sociological Review, 45: 737-765.

Podolny, J. M. and J. N. Baron (1997). "Resources and relationships: Social networks and

mobility in the workplace." American Sociological Review, 62: 673-93.

Cohen, Lisa E., Joseph P. Broschak, and Heather A. Haveman (1998). “And then there were

more? The effect of organizational sex composition on the hiring and promotion of managers.”


Barnett, William P., James N. Baron, and Toby Stuart (2000). “Avenues of attainment:

occupational demography and organizational careers in the California Civil Service.” American

Journal of Sociology, 106: 88–144.

Phillips, Damon J. (2001). “The promotion paradox: Organizational mortality and employee

promotion chances in Silicon Valley law firms, 1946-1996.” American Journal of Sociology, 106:

1058-1098.

Zorn, Dirk M. (2004). “The rise of the CFO in the American firm” American Sociological Review,

69: 345-54.

Castilla, Emilio J. (2008). “Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers.” American

Journal of Sociology, 113: 1479-1526.


Organizations in Markets

Session 11: Labor Markets

Granovetter, Mark (1973). “The strength of weak ties.” American Journal of Sociology, 78: 1360-

1380.

Baron, James N. (1984). “Organizational perspectives on stratification.” Annual Review of

Sociology, 10: 37–69.

Chatman, Jennifer A. (1991). "Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in

public accounting firms." Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 459-484.

Bielby, W. T. and D. D. Bielby (1999). “Organizational mediation of project-based labor markets:

Talent agencies and the careers of screenwriters.” American Sociological Review, 64: 64-85.

Fernandez, R. M. and M. L. Sosa (2005). “Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call

center.” American Journal of Sociology, 111: 859-904.

Fernandez-Mateo, I. (2007). “Who pays the price of brokerage? Transferring constraint through

price-setting in the staffing sector.” American Sociological Review, 72: 291-317.

Sørensen, Jesper B. and Olav Sorenson (2007). "Corporate demography and income inequality."


Session 12: Organizational Misconduct

Vaughan, Diane (1999). “The dark side of organizations: Mistake, misconduct, and disaster.”

Annual Review of Sociology, 25: 271-305.

Baker, Wayne E. and Robert F. Faulkner (1993). “The social organization of conspiracy: Illegal

networks in the heavy electrical equipment industry.” American Sociological Review, 58: 837-60.

Jensen, Michael (2006). “Should we stay or should we go? Accountability, status anxiety, and

client defections.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 51. 97-128.

Jonsson, Stefan, Henrich R. Greve and Takako Fujiwara-Greve (2009). “Lost without deserving:

Legitimacy loss in response to reported corporate deviance." Administrative Science Quarterly,

54: 195-228.

Rider, Christopher I., Giacomo Negro and Peter W. Roberts (2009). "Labor market implications

of prominent corporate failures: A status-based account." Working paper. Emory University.

Granovetter, Mark (2007). “The social construction of corruption”. Ch. 9 (pp. 152-72) in Victor

Nee and Richard Swedberg, (eds), On Capitalism. Stanford University Press.

Davis, Gerald F. (2009). “The rise and fall of finance and the end of the society of organizations.”

Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(3): 27-44.


Session 13: Entrepreneurship

Stinchcombe, Arthur L. (1965). “Social structure and organizations.” Pp. 142-169 in Handbook of

Organizations, ed. by J.G. March. McGraw-Hill.

Freeman, J. H. (1986). “Entrepreneurs as organizational products: Semiconductor firms and

venture capital firms.” Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic

Growth, 1: 33-52.

Audia, Pino G. and Christopher I. Rider (2006). "Entrepreneurs as organizational products:

Revisited." The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. J.R. Baum, R.A. Baron and M. Frese (eds.).

Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Thornton, Patricia H. (1999). “The sociology of entrepreneurship.” Annual Review of Sociology,

25: 19-46.

Sorenson, Olav, and Pino G. Audia (2000). “The social structure of entrepreneurial activity:

Geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940-1989.” American


Ruef, Martin, Howard E. Aldrich, and Nancy M. Carter (2003). “The structure of founding teams: Homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs.” American Sociological Review, 68: 195-222.

Carroll, Glenn R. and Olga M. Khessina. (2005). “The ecology of entrepreneurship.” Ch. 8 in S.A. Alvarez, R. Agarwal, and O. Sorenson (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: Disciplinary Perspectives. Springer.

Studying Organizations

Session 14: Appropriate Research Designs

Freeman, John H. (1978). “The unit of analysis in organizational research.” Ch. 13 (pp. 35-51) in

M. Meyer (ed.), Environments and Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Feld, Scott L. (1982). "Structural determinants of similarity among associates." American Sociological Review, 47: 797-801.

Manski, Charles F. (2000). “Economic analysis of social interactions.” Journal of Economic

Perspectives, 14: 115-136.

Mouw, T. (2006). “Estimating the causal effect of social capital: A review of recent research.”

Annual Review of Sociology, 32: 79-102.

Stuart, Toby E. (2007). “The formation of inter-organizational networks.” in The Missing Links:

Formation and Decay of Economic Networks, J. Rauch (ed). Russell Sage Foundation.

Sorenson, Olav and David M. Waguespack (2006). “Social structure and exchange: Self-confirming

dynamics in Hollywood.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 560-89.

Sørensen, Jesper B. (2007). “Bureaucracy and entrepreneurship: Workplace effects on entrepreneurial entry.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 52: 387-412.


AN *INCOMPLETE* LIST OF ADDITIONAL READINGS FOR ENTHUSIASTS

Organized Loosely By Topic and Alphabetically by Author

Sociology of Markets

Fligstein, N. and L. Dauter (2007). “The sociology of markets.” Annual Review of Sociology, 33: 105–28. Simon, Herbert A. (1991). “Organizations and markets.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5: 25-44. White, Harrison C. (1981). “Where do markets come from?” American Journal of Sociology, 87: 517-547. Zuckerman, Ezra W. (2000).“Focusing the corporate product: Securities analysts and de-diversification.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 591-619. Zuckerman, Ezra W. (2004). "Structural incoherence and stock market activity." American Sociological Review, 69: 405-432. Economic Theories of Organizations

Baker, Wayne E., Robert R. Faulkner, and Gene A. Fisher (1998). “Hazards of the market: The continuity and

dissolution of interorganizational market relationships.” American Sociological Review, 63: 147–177.

Fama, Eugene F. (1980). “Agency problems and the theory of the firm.” Journal of Political Economy, 88: 288-

307.

Gibbons, Robert (1998). “Incentives in organizations.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12: 115–132.

Jensen, M. and W. Meckling (1976). “Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership

structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305-360.

Nickerson, J. A. and B. S. Silverman (2003). “Why firms want to organize efficiently and what keeps them

from doing so.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 48: 433-65.

Power & Influence

Fernandez, Roberto M. and Roger V. Gould. 1994. “A dilemma of state power: Brokerage and influence in the

national health policy dDomain.” American Journal of Sociology, 99: 1455-91.

Fligstein, N. D. (1987). "The intraorganizational power struggle: Rise of finance personnel to top leadership in

large corporations, 1919-1979." American Sociological Review, 52: 44-58.

Gould, R.V. (1989). "Power and social structure in community elites.” Social Forces, 68: 531-552. Mizruchi, Mark S. and Linda Brewster Stearns (2001). “Getting deals done: The use of social networks in bank

decision-making.” American Sociological Review, 66: 647-671.

Rao, Hayagreeva (1998). “Caveat emptor: The construction of non-profit consumer watchdog organizations.” American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 103. 912-961.


Embeddedness & Networks

Baker, W. (1984). “The social structure of a national securities market.” American Journal of Sociology, 89:

775-811.

Barley, S. R. (1990). "The alignment of technology and structure through roles and networks." Administrative

Science Quarterly, 35: 61-103.

Blau, Peter M. (1960). “Structural effects.” American Sociological Review, 25: 178-193.

Breiger, Ronald L. (1974). “The duality of persons and groups.” Social Forces , 53: 181–190.

Burt, Ronald S. (2004). “Structural holes and good ideas.” American Journal of Sociology, 110: 349-99.

Cohen, L. H., A. Frazzini and C. J. Malloy (2008). "The small world of investing: Board connections and mutual

fund returns.” Journal of Political Economy, 116: 951-79.

Coleman, James (1988). “Social capital in the creation of human capital.” American Journal of Sociology , 94: S95-S120. Cook, K. S. and R. M. Emerson. (1978). “Power, equity and commitment in exchange networks.” American Sociological Review, 43: 721-39.

Davis, Gerald F. (1991). "Agents without principles? The spread of the poison pill through the intercorporate

network." Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 583-613.

Feld, Scott L. (1981). "The focused organization of social ties." American Journal of Sociology. 86: 1015-1035. Feld, Scott L. (1982). "Structural determinants of similarity among associates." American Sociological Review, 47: 797-801. Gould, R.V. and R.M. Fernandez (1989). “Structures of mediation: A formal approach to brokerage in transaction networks.” Sociological Methodology, 19: 89-126.

Kono, Cliff, Donald Palmer, Roger Friedland, and Matthew Zafonte (1998). “Lost in space: Understanding the geography of corporate interlocking directorates.” American Journal of Sociology, 103: 863-911. Levine, Solomon and P. E. White. 1961. "Exchange as a conceptual framework for the study of intraorganizational Relationships." Administrative Science Quarterly, 5: 538-601. Marsden, P.V. (1983). “Restricted access in networks and models of power.” American Journal of Sociology, 88: 686-717.

McPherson, J. Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook (2001). “Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks.” Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 415-444. Padgett, J. F. and C.K. Ansell (1993). “Robust action and the rise of the Medici, 1400-1434.” American Journal of Sociology, 98: 1259-1319.


Podolny, J. (2001). “Networks as the pipes and prisms of the market.” American Journal of Sociology, 107: 33-60.

Portes, Alejandro (1998). “Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology.” Annual Review of

Sociology, 24: 1-24.

Powell, Walter W., K. W. Koput, K. W., and L. Smith-Doerr (1996). “Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of learning in biotechnology.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 116-145. Rao, Hayagreeva, Gerald F. Davis, and Andrew Ward (2000). “Embeddedness, social identity and mobility: Why firms leave the NASDAQ and join the New York Stock Exchange.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 268-292. Reagans, Ray E. and Ezra W. Zuckerman. (2001). “Networks, diversity, and performance: The social capital of corporate R&D units.” Organization Science, 12: 502-517. Reagans, Ray E., Ezra W. Zuckerman, and Bill McEvily (2004). “How to make the team: Social networks vs. demography as criteria for designing effective projects in a contract R&D firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 49: 101-133. Rider, Christopher I. (2009). “Constraint on the control benefits of brokerage: A study of placement agents in

U.S. venture capital fundraising." Administrative Science Quarterly, 54: 575-601.

Romo, Frank P. and Michael Schwarz (1995). “The structural embeddedness of business decisions: The

migration of manufacturing plants in New York state, 1960 to 1985.” American Sociological Review, 60: 874-

907.

Status

Benjamin, B. and J. M. Podolny (1999). “Status, quality and social order in the California wine industry.”

Administrative Science Quarterly, 44.

Gould, Roger V. (2002). “The origins of status hierarchies: A formal theory and empirical test.” American


Higgins, M. and R. Gulati (2003). "Getting off to a good start: The effects of upper echelon affiliations on underwriter prestige." Organization Science, 14: 244-63. Higgins, M. and R. Gulati (2006). “Stacking the deck: The effects of top management backgrounds on investor decisions." Strategic Management Journal, 27: 1-25.

Jensen, Michael (2006). “Should we stay or should we go? Accountability, status anxiety, and client

defections.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 51. 97-128.

Merton, Robert K. (1968). “The Matthew effect in science.” Science, 159: 56–63.

Phillips, D. J. and E. W. Zuckerman (2001). "Middle-status conformity: Theoretical restatement and empirical

demonstration in two markets." American Journal of Sociology, 107: 379-429.


Podolny, J. (1993). “A status-based model of market competition.” American Journal of Sociology, 98: 829-72.

Podolny, J. (1994). “Market uncertainty and the social character of economic exchange.” Administrative

Science Quarterly, 39: 458-83.

Podolny, J. M. and D. J. Phillips (1996). The Dynamics of Organizational Status. Journal of Industrial and

Corporate Change, 5, 2: 453-471.

Podolny, Joel M., Toby E. Stuart, and Michael T. Hannan (1996). “Networks, knowledge, and niches:

Competition in the worldwide semiconductor industry, 1984-1991.” American Journal of Sociology, 102: 659-

689.

Stuart, Toby E. (1998). "Producer network positions and propensities to collaborate: An investigation of strategic alliance formations in a high-technology industry." Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 668-698. Stuart, Toby E., Ha Hoang and Ralph Hybels (1999). “Interorganizational endorsements and the performance

of entrepreneurial ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 315-49.

Entrepreneurship

Aldrich, Howard E, and Marlene Fiol. (1994). “Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation.” Academy of Management Review, 19: 645-670. Aldrich, Howard E. and Catherine Zimmer (1986). "Entrepreneurship through social networks." Pp. 3-23 in Donald Sexton and Raymond Smilor (eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Ballinger. Audia, Pino G. and Christopher I. Rider (2005). “A Garage and an Idea: What More Does An Entrepreneur Need?" California Management Review , 48: 6-28. Brittain, Jack W. and Freeman, John (1986). “Entrepreneurship in the semiconductor industry.” Unpublished paper. University of California, Berkeley. August. Burton, M. Diane, J.B. Sørensen, and C. Beckman (2002). “Coming From Good Stock: Career Histories and New Venture Formation.” In Michael Lounsbury and Mark Ventresca (Eds.), Social Structure and Organizations Revisited. Elsevier Science. Camerer, Colin and Dan Lovallo (1999). “Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach.” The

American Economic Review, 89:. 306-318.

Dobbin, Frank R., and Timothy Dowd (1997). “How policy shapes competition: Early railroad foundings in Massachusetts.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 501-529. Dobrev, Stanislav D. and William P. Barnett (2005). “Organizational roles and transitions to entrepreneurship.” Academy of Management Journal, 48: 433-49. Klepper, Steven (2001). “Employee startups in high-tech industries.” Industrial and Corporate Change, 10: 639-674.


Gompers, P., J. Lerner and D. Scharfstein (2005). “Entrepreneurial Spawning: Public Corporations and the Genesis of New Ventures, 1986 to 1999. Journal of Finance, LX: 577-614. Hochberg, Y., A. Ljungqvist and Y. Lu (2007). “Whom you know matters: Venture capital networks and investment performance.” Journal of Finance, 63: 251-301. Hsu, D.H. (2004). “What do entrepreneurs pay for venture capital affiliation?” Journal of Finance, 59: 1805-1844. Kaplan, S.N. and A. Schoar (2005). "Private equity performance: Returns, persistence, and capital flows." Journal of Finance, 60: 1791-1823. Shane, Scott (2000). “Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities.” Organization Science, 11: 448-469. Shane, Scott and Daniel Cable (2002). “Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures.” Management Science, 48: 364-381. Sorenson, O. and T.E. Stuart (2001). "Syndication networks and the spatial distribution of venture capital investments." American Journal of Sociology, 106: 1546-1586. Stuart, Toby E. and Olav Sorenson (2008). “Strategic networks and entrepreneurial ventures.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1: 211-27. Zucker, Lynne, Michael Darby, and Marilyn Brewer (1998). “Intellectual capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises.” American Economic Review, 88: 290-305.

Work, Careers & Labor Markets

Baron, James N., Michael T. Hannan, and Diane M. Burton (1999). “Building the iron cage: Determinants of

managerial intensity in the early years of organizations.” American Sociological Review, 64: 527-47.

Baron, James N., Frank R. Dobbin, and P. Devereaux Jennings (1986). “War and peace: the evolution of

modern personnel administration in U.S. industry.” American Journal of Sociology, 92: 350

Baron, James N., Brian S. Mittman, and Andrew E. Newman (1991). “Targets of opportunity: organizational

and environmental determinants of gender integration within the California civil service, 1979–1985.”

American Journal of Sociology, 96: 1362–1401.

Beckman, C. M. and D. J. Phillips (2005). “Interorganizational Determinants of Promotion: Client Leadership

and the Promotion of Women Attorneys.” American Sociological Review, 70, 678-701.

Bielby, William T., and James N. Baron (1986). “Men and women at work: Sex segregation and statistical

discrimination.” American Journal of Sociology, 91: 759-799.

Faulkner, Robert R., and Andy B. Anderson (1987). “Short-term projects and emergent careers: Evidence from

Hollywood.” American Journal of Sociology, 92: 879-909.


Fernandez, R. M., E. J. Castilla and P. Moore (2000). "Social capital at work: Networks and employment at a

phone center." American Journal of Sociology, 105: 1288-1356.

Fernandez, R. M. and I. Fernandez-Mateo (2006). "Networks, race, and hiring." American Sociological Review,

71: 42-71.

Haveman, Heather A. (1993). “Ghosts of managers past: Managerial succession and organizational mortality.” Academy of Management Journal, 36: 864-881. Haveman, Heather A. and Lisa E. Cohen (1994). “The ecological dynamics of careers: The impact of organizational founding, dissolution, and merger on job mobility.” American Journal of Sociology, 100: 104-152. Peterson, Trond, Ishak Saporta and Marc-David Seidel (2001). “Offering a job: Meritocracy and social

networks.” American Journal of Sociology, 106: 763–816.

Phillips, D. J. and J. B. Sørensen (2003). “Competitive Position and Promotion Rates: Commercial Television

Station Top Management, 1953-1988.” Social Forces, 81: 819-842.

Rao, Hayagreeva and Robert Drazin (2002). “Overcoming resource constraints on product innovation by

recruiting talent from rivals: A study of the mutual fund industry, 1986-94.” Academy of Management

Journal, 45: 491-507.

Reskin, Barbara F., and Debra Branch McBrier (2000). “Why not ascription? Organizations’ employment of

male and female managers.” American Sociological Review, 65: 210-233.

Seidel, Marc-David L., Jeffrey T. Polzer and Katherine J. Stewart (2000). “Friends in high places: The effects of

social networks on discrimination in salary negotiations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 1-24.

Sørensen, Jesper (2000). “The longitudinal effects of group tenure composition on turnover.” American

Sociological Review, 65: 298-310.

Stuart, Toby E. and Waverly W. Ding (2006). "When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural

antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences." American Journal of Sociology, 112: 97-144.

Useem, Michael and Jerome Karabel (1986). “Pathways to top corporate management.” American

Sociological Review, 51: 184-200.

Yakubovich, Valery (2005). "Weak Ties, information, and influence: How workers find jobs in a local Russian

labor narket.” American Sociological Review, 70: 408-421.

Zuckerman, Ezra W, Tai-Young Kim, Kalinda Ukanwa, and James von Rittmann (2003). “Robust Identities or

Non-Entities? Typecasting in the Feature Film Labor Market.” American Journal of Sociology, 108: 1018-1075.


Ecology

Barnett, William P. (1990).”The organizational ecology of a technological system.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 31-60. Barnett, William P. and G.R. Carroll (1987). "Competition and mutualism among early telephone companies." Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 400-421. Barron, David N., Elizabeth West, and Michael T. Hannan (1994). “A time to grow and a time to die: Growth and mortality of credit unions in New York City, 1914-1990.” American Journal of Sociology, 100: 381-421. Baum, Joel A.C. and Heather A. Haveman (1997). "Love thy neighbor? Differentiation and agglomeration in the Manhattan hotel industry, 1898-1990." Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 304-38. Baum, J.A.C. and C. Oliver (1992). “Institutional embeddedness and the dynamics of organizational populations. American Sociolgocial Review, 57: 540-559. Baum, Joel and Andrew Shipilov (2006). “Ecological approaches to organizations” in Handbook of

Organizational Studies. Sage, pp.55-109.

Baum, Joel A. C., and Christine Oliver (1991). "Institutional linkages and organizational mortality."


Carroll, Glenn R., S.D. Dobrev, and A. Swaminathan (2002). “Organizational processes of resource partitioning.” Pp. 1-40 in B. M. Staw and R. M. Kramer (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior. Vol. 24. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Carroll, Glenn R. and Michael T. Hannan (1989). “Density dependence in the evolutions of newspaper populations.” American Sociological Review, 54: 524-541. Carroll, Glenn R. and Michael T. Hannan (1989). “Density delay in the evolution of organizational populations: a model and five empirical tests.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 411-430. Carroll, Glenn R. and Michael T. Hannan (2000). The demography of corporations and industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Cattani, G., J. M. Pennings, and F. C. Wezel (2003). “Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in founding patterns.” Organization Science. Vol. 14. No. 6. 670-685. Delacroix, J. and G.R. Carroll (1983). “Organizational foundings: An ecological study of the newspaper industries of Argentina and Ireland.” Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 28. 274-291. Dobbin, F. and T. Dowd (1997). “How policy shapes competition: Early railroad foundings in Massachusetts.” Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 42. 501-529. Freeman, John H., Glenn R. Carroll, and Michael T. Hannan (1983). “The liability of newness: age dependence in organizational death rates.” American Sociological Review, 48: 692-710.


Freeman, John H. and Michael T. Hannan (1983). “Niche width and the dynamics of organizational populations.” American Journal of Sociology, 88: 1117-1145. Hannan, Michael T., Glenn R. Carroll, Elizabeth A. Dundon, and John Charles Torres (1995). "Organizational evolution in a multinational context: Entries of automobile manufacturers in Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy." American Sociological Review. Vol. 60. 509-28. Hannan, Michael T. and Glenn R. Carroll (1992). Dynamics of organizational populations: density, legitimation and competition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Hannan, Michael T., John H. Freeman, and J. Meyer (1976). "Specification of models for organizational effectiveness." American Sociological Reivew, 41: 136-143. Hannan, Michael T. and John H. Freeman (1987). “The ecology of organizational founding: American labor unions, 1836-1985.” American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 92. 910-943. Hannan, Michael T. and John H. Freeman (1988). “The ecology of organizational mortality: American labor unions, 1836–1985.” American Journal of Sociology, 94: 25–52. Hannan, Michael T. and John H. Freeman (1989). Organizational ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Haveman, Heather A., and Lynn Nonnemaker (2000). “Competition in multiple geographic markets: The impact on growth and market entry.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 233-267. Haveman, Heather A. (1995). The demographic metabolism of organizations: Industry dynamics, turnover, and tenure distributions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 586-618. Haveman, Heather A. and Lisa E. Cohen (1994). The ecological dynamics of careers: The impact of organizational founding, dissolution, and merger on job mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 100: 104-152. Haveman, Heather A. (1993). “Follow the leader: Mimetic isomorphism and entry into new markets.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 593-627. Haveman, Heather A. (1993). “Organizational size and change: Diversification in the savings and loan industry after deregulation.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 20-50. Haveman, Heather A. (1992). “Between a rock and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 48-75. Hawley, A. (1950). Human ecology: A theory of community structure. New York, NY: The Ronald Press Company. Hawley, A. (1986). Human ecology: A theoretical essay. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Lomi, Alessandro (1995). "The population ecology of organizational founding: Location dependence and unobserved heterogeneity." Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 40. 111-144.


Phillips, D. J. (2002). "A Genealogical Approach to Organizational Life Chances: The Parent-Progeny Transfer and Silicon Valley Law Firms, 1946-1996." Administrative Science Quarterly, 47: 474-506. Phillips, D. J. (2005). “Organizational genealogies and the persistence of gender inequality: The case of Silicon Valley law firms.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 440-472. Ruef, Martin (2000). “The emergence of organizational Forms: A community ecology approach.” American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 106. 658-714. Sørensen, Jesper, and Toby E. Stuart (2000). "Aging, Obsolescence, and Organizational Innovation." Administrative Science Quarterly,45: 81-112. Stuart, Toby E. and Olav Sorenson (2003b). “Liquidity events and the geographic distribution of entrepreneurial activity.” Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 48. No. 2. 175-201. Swaminathan, A. (1995). "The proliferation of specialist organizations in the American wine industry: 1941-1990." Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 40. 653-680. Swaminathan, A. (1996)."Environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality: A trial-by-fire model." Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 39. 1350-1377. Wade, J.B., A. Swaminathan, and M.S. Saxon (1998). “Normative and resource flow consequences of local regulations in the American brewing industry, 1845–1918.” Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 43. 905–935.

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BUS 733: Organizational Theory

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