Biology EOC Review: Module 2 - Biochemistry Bio 1.2.1 – Explain how cells use buffers to regulate pH Cells exist in aqueous (water-based) environments Different environments have different pH: Acidic = pH 1-6, Neutral = 7, Basic = 8-14 Buffers in cells donate or accept hydrogen ions to stabilize pH and maintain homeostasis Bio 4.1.1 – Compare the structure and functions of the major biological molecules as related to the survival of living organisms Organic molecules have carbon and hydrogen There are FOUR major organic macromolecules o Carbohydrates Monomer = Monosaccharide (glucose) Provides ENERGY Starch and cellulose are energy storage molecules in plants; glycogen is an energy storage molecule for animals o Lipids Monomer = glycerol and fatty acids (E) Provides energy, makes up cell membranes (phospholipids), insulation o Proteins Monomer = amino acid Basic building material for all life, includes enzymes; shape determines function - if denatured, shape is lost o Nucleic Acids (DNA / RNA) Monomer = nucleotide Provides instructions for producing proteins Bio 4.1.3 – Explain how enzymes are catalysts for biological reactions Enzymes speed up or catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy for reactions Enzymes act on a substrate and change it in some way Enzymes and substrates fit like a lock and key; attaching at the active site Enzymes are reusable / recycled Practice Questions:
Transcript
Biology EOC Review: Module 2 - BiochemistryBio 1.2.1 – Explain how cells use buffers to regulate pH
Cells exist in aqueous (water-based) environments Different environments have different pH: Acidic = pH 1-6, Neutral = 7, Basic = 8-
14 Buffers in cells donate or accept hydrogen ions to stabilize pH and
maintain homeostasis
Bio 4.1.1 – Compare the structure and functions of the major biological molecules as related to the survival of living organisms
Organic molecules have carbon and hydrogen There are FOUR major organic macromolecules
o Carbohydrates Monomer = Monosaccharide (glucose) Provides ENERGY Starch and cellulose are energy storage molecules in plants; glycogen is
an energy storage molecule for animalso Lipids
Monomer = glycerol and fatty acids (E) Provides energy, makes up cell membranes (phospholipids), insulation
o Proteins Monomer = amino acid Basic building material for all life, includes enzymes; shape
determines function - if denatured, shape is losto Nucleic Acids (DNA / RNA)
Monomer = nucleotide Provides instructions for producing proteins
Bio 4.1.3 – Explain how enzymes are catalysts for biological reactions
Enzymes speed up or catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy for reactions
Enzymes act on a substrate and change it in some way Enzymes and substrates fit like a lock and key; attaching at the active site Enzymes are reusable / recycled
Practice Questions:1. Why do cells need buffering agents?
a. to maintain constant internal environment at a pH of 10b. to minimize the changes in pH of the internal environmentc. to function properly in an extremely basic internal environment d. to function properly in an extremely acid internal environment
2. Which of the following types of molecules has the primary function of providing a rapidly available energy source for living things?
a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Lipids d. Amino acids
3. Which of the following types of molecules provides building blocks for tissues, transports other molecules, and helps to regulate certain reactions in the human body?
a. Lipids b. Nucleic Acids c. Carbohydrates d. ProteinsUse the chart below for questions 4 and 5:
Class of substance Basic unit of structure One possible function Examples
Protein Speeds up reactions A
Carbohydrate B Structural component of cell walls
C
Lipids Glycerol and fatty acids D Fats, oils
Nucleic AcidsStores and transmit
heredity DNA / RNA
4. In which section of the chart do starch and glycogen belong?a. A b. B c. C d. D
5. In which section of the chart does “structural component of cell membranes” belong?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
6. What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? a. Enzymes act as products to create new chemical reactions. b. Enzymes act as substrates when the necessary proteins are unavailable. c. Enzymes act as inhibitors of chemical reactions. d. Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
7. Which of the following statements about enzymes is not true? a. enzymes work best at a specified PHb. enzymes increase the activation energy needed for a reaction to occurc. enzymes are proteinsd. enzymes are organic catalysts
8. If you were conducting an experiment using an enzyme and you knew that the enzyme you were using was very sensitive to changes in pH, what would you add to your experiment to prevent the enzyme from denaturing?
a. extra substrate b. an acid c. a base d. a buffering agent
Use the diagram to answer questions 9 and 10:9. Which of the letters on the diagram represents the
10. Which of the letters on the diagram represents the substrate?a. A b. B c. C d. D
Biology EOC Review: Module 3 – Cell StructureBio 1.1.1 – Summarize structures and functions of organelles in Eukaryotic cells
Cell Parts:o The CELL MEMBRANE is selectively permeable and controls what goes
in/out of the cell (Transport and Excretion)o The NUCLEUS of a eukaryotic cells contains chromosomes make of
DNA and controls the functions of the cell (Regulation)o RIBOSOMES are the sites of protein synthesis (Synthesis)o Cellular respiration occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA where energy in the
form of ATP is produced for the cell (Respiration)o CHLOROPLASTS in plant cells are the sites of photosynthesis, which
produces sugar for the cell (Synthesis and Nutrition)o VACUOLES are sites for storage of food, water and waste
Folded membranes in organelles increase surface area for reactions
Cell diagram:
Bio 1.1.2 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of general structures and degree of complexity Eukaryotic cells DO have a nucleus with chromosomes made of nucleic acids Prokaryotic cells have NO nucleus, but do have a single chromosome made
of nucleic acids
Practice Questions:Use the diagram below to answer questions 1-4.
3. In which structure would starch most likely be stored?a. I b. II c. III d. IV
4. Which structure is found in a plant cell but not an animal cell?a. I b. II c. IV d. V
5. Some mitochondrial diseases are due to structural abnormalities within the mitochondrion itself. If a mitochondrion had a reduced number of folded membranes within it, what might be a symptom of the mitochondrial disease?
a. Increased chance of chromosomal disordersb. Increased energy levels and hyperactivityc. Bloating due to increased osmosisd. Lowered energy levels and fatigue
6. Which of the statements regarding prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is true?a. Nucleic acids are found in a nucleus in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotesb. Nucleic acids are present in prokaryotes, but are not present in eukaryotesc. Nucleic acids are present in eukaryotes, but are not present in prokaryotesd. Nucleic acids are found in a nucleus in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes
7. Which of the cells in the diagram represents a prokaryotic cell?
1. Which structures are most directly involved with the synthesis of protein within the cell?
a. I and III b. I and IV c. II and III d. III and IV
2. How would this cell be classified?a. As a prokaryotic plant cellb. As a eukaryotic plant cellc. As a prokaryotic animal celld. d. As a eukaryotic animal cell
V
Biology EOC Review: Module 4 – Cell PhysiologyBio 1.2.1 – Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments The cell membrane (aka plasma membrane) is selectively permeable and controls
what enters and leaves the cell, helping to maintain homeostasis. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins
embedded. Some molecules can move directly through the lipid bilayer, others require the help of a transport protein. Some molecules are too large to cross the membrane.
There are 2 types of transport:o ACTIVE transport moves molecules from a low to high concentration
(against the concentration gradient) and therefore requires the use of energy/ATP by the cell.
o PASSIVE transport moves molecules from a high to low concentration (with the concentration gradient) and therefore does not require the use of energy by the cell.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration Osmosis is specifically the movement of water molecules from
high to low concentration. In environments with more salt (less water), cells will shrink! In environments with more water, cells will swell!
Bio 4.2.1 – Analyze photosynthesis and cell respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between these systems
Photosynthesis is a cellular energy process that makes food (sugar/glucose). This process takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
Cellular respiration is a cellular energy process that makes energy (ATP) for cells by breaking down food. This process takes place in the mitochondria of animal and plant cells
o Reactants – glucose, oxygeno Products – carbon dioxide, water, ATP
Cellular respiration can also take place in the absence of oxygen. This is called fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Fermentation produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
o Alcoholic fermentation occurs in microorganisms (such as yeast) and plants
a. Cell A because it has a nucleus
b. Cell A because it lacks a nucleus
c. Cell B because it has a nucleus
o Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animal cells The rate of photosynthesis and cellular respiration is affected by the amount of
reactants.
Practice Questions:1. A freshwater plant is placed in a container of saltwater. What will most likely
happen to the cells of the plant?a. They will swell because water will move into themb. The will swell because salt will move into themc. They will shrink because water will move out of them d. They will shrink because salt will move out of them
2. If energy is needed to move molecules into or out of the cell, what is most likely occurring?
a. Active transport c. Osmosisb. Passive transport d. Diffusion
3. Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move a substance across its cell membrane?
a. Substances are moving rapidly across the cell membraneb. ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cell membranec. Substances are moving from high concentration to low concentrationd. Substances are moving through channels in the cell membranes
4. Which of the following describes what will happen to the solutions in the tube over time?
5. In the lungs, the movement of oxygen into cells and carbon dioxide out of cells can best be explained by which of the following processes?
a. Active transport c. Diffusionb. Osmosis d. Fermentation
6. What will most likely be the result if all of the mitochondria are removed from a plant cell?
a. It will be unable to carry out respiration
a. Solution A will gain waterb. Solution B will gain water c. Solution B will lose waterd. Solutions A and B will not
change
b. It will lose water through osmosisc. It will break down the ribosomes in the celld. It will be unable to photosynthesize
7. How does the amount of energy resulting from fermentation compare with that of aerobic respiration?
a. Aerobic respiration results in less energyb. Aerobic respiration results in more energyc. Each process results in equal amounts of energyd. Each process results in variable amounts of energy
8. In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?a. Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATPb. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygenc. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energyd. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration uses oxygen
9. Based on the process illustrated in the diagram, what is being collected in the region labeled “gas”?
10. What would one expect to find in test tube “D” after several hours?
A. OxygenB. Carbon dioxideC. NitrogenD. Methane
Biology EOC Review: Module 5 – Cell ReproductionBio 1.2.2 – Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis Cell division occurs for growth of the organism, repair/replacement of damaged cells
and tissues, and to maintain a workable surface area : volume ratio The cell cycle: (for EUKARYOTIC cells)
o Interphase – most of the cell’s life G1 phase = growth S phase = synthesis (replication of DNA so new cell gets a copy –
creates “doubled” chromosomes) G2 phase = growth (new organelles for new cell)
o Mitosis –division of the nucleus Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Results in two IDENTICAL daughter cells Chromosome number does not change
o Cytokinesis – actual division of the cell Uncontrolled cell division can result in the growth of cancerous tumors
A. Vinegar and lactic acidB. Glucose and oxygenC. Glucose and carbon
dioxideD. Alcohol and carbon
dioxide
Bio 2.1.2 – Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of [reproductive] adaptations
Mitosis allows for asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction involves one parent (one source of DNA) and produces
clones with no genetic variation Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission (unicellular organisms),
budding, sporulation, vegetative propagation, and regeneration
Bio 3.2.1 – Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation Sexual reproduction involves combining DNA from 2 parents, allowing genetic
variation Sex cells or gametes (sperm and egg) must have half the normal number of
chromosomes to allow for fertilization. Gametes are haploid cells. Gametes are produced by meiosis:
o Two divisionso Produces 4 daughter cellso Chromosome number of daughter cells is cut in halfo Allows for genetic variation due to crossing over of alleles and independent
assortment of chromosomes Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg (haploid cells) combine to make a
zygote (a diploid cell). The zygote must divide by mitosis to grow into a multicellular organism.
Practice Questions:1. Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
a. The cytoplasm separatesb. The DNA replicatesc. The sister chromatids separated. The homologous chromosomes separate
2. What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis?a. Two cells with genetic material identical to the parent b. Two cells with half the genetic material of the parent cellc. Four cells with half the genetic material of the parent celld. Four cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
3. Using the diagram below, what is the correct order of cells undergoing mitosis?
4. Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?
a. It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have triple the chromosome number of the organism
b. It allows the gametes to have twice the original number of chromosomes of the organism
c. It allows gametes to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism
d. It allows the zygote formed from fertilization to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism
5. How are sexual and asexual reproduction different?a. Sexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but
asexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parentsb. Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but
sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parentsc. Sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but asexual
reproduction only occurs in unicellular organismsd. Asexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but sexual
reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms
6. Which process produces the most genetic variation within a species?a. Asexual reproductionb. Sexual reproductionc. Mitosisd. Cloning
7. Genetic variation can be obtained through the process shown below which occurs during Meiosis I. This process is called:
A. A B C D EB. C B D E AC. C B E A DD. B C E A D
A. DNA mutationB. Crossing OverC. Random
fertilizationD. Nondisjunction
8. This diagram shows a diploid cell with two pairs of homologous chromosomes. Due to independent assortment, what is the possible genetic make-up of the gametes produced by this organism?
9. Plant cells that are specialized for continuous cell division are mostly found in the tips of roots and shoots. This is because…
a. These regions have the highest rate of genetic mutation.b. These regions undergo the smallest amount of growth compared to other
tissues.c. These regions undergo the greatest amount of growth compared to other
tissues.d. These regions produce the greatest amount of protein.
10. The uncontrolled mitotic division of abnormal cells may result in which condi-tion?
a. Hemophiliab. Cancerc. Down syndromed. albinism
Biology EOC Review: Module 6 – DNA and Protein SynthesisBio 1.1.3 – Explain how instructions in DNA leads to cell differentiation and results in cells that are specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms Every cell in a multicellular organism contains a complete copy of the organism’s
DNA and the DNA is the same in ALL cells.
A. SsTt B. Ss, Tt C. S, s, T, tD. ST, St, sT, st
Different types of cells in a multicellular organism are produced because different genes in the DNA are “turned on” or activated. Therefore, different genes are “expressed” in different cells.
Cell differentiation (the formation of different types of cells) allows for cell specialization (cells that perform specific jobs).
Bio 3.1.1 – Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell DNA is composed of 2 strands of nucleotides that are linked in the middle by weak
hydrogen bonds. A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. The
“sides” of the DNA ladder are alternating sugars and phosphates while the rungs of the ladder are nitrogen base pairs.
Nitrogen bases pair in a complementary way – adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The sequence of the nitrogen base pairs is where there is variety between species or between individuals.
A sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA is called a gene. A gene codes for the production of a particular protein. Proteins determine an organism’s traits. Different cells produce different proteins because different genes are expressed.
DNA is copied / replicated before cell division. o Hydrogen bonds breako Enzymes “unzip” the moleculeo Free nucleotides bond with unpaired nucleotideso Enzymes “re-zip” the molecule
Bio 3.1.2 – Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits DNA is a code for making protein. However, DNA is located in the nucleus of cells
and proteins are produced at the ribosomes. The DNA message must get from the nucleus to the ribosomes, then must be “decoded”.
Protein Synthesis:o Transcription – DNA code copied to mRNAo Translation – RNA decoded to make a protein
Role of RNA:o mRNA (messenger) – copies a section of DNA (gene) in the nucleus, then
takes the code to the ribosome. o tRNA (transfer) – brings amino acids to the ribosome to build a protein, based
on the mRNA codons o rRNA (ribosomal) – makes up the ribosome
Differences in DNA and RNA:o DNA – double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, thymineo RNA – single stranded, ribose sugar, uracil
Central Dogma: DNA RNA amino acids protein trait
Diagram:
Bio 3.1.3 – Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (ie. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype Mutations, or changes in DNA, occur during DNA replication or transcription. Mutations may happen randomly or as a result of exposure to environmental agents
such as UV radiation or chemicals Mutations may change the protein that is produced from a gene, thereby changing
the phenotype of the organism Types of mutations:
o Point / Substitution – ONE nitrogen base is changed in the DNA, changing ONE mRNA codon, potentially changing ONE amino acid in the protein
o Frameshift / Addition or Deletion – one nitrogen base is added or deleted in the DNA sequence, changing ALL of the mRNA codons from that point forward, completely altering the amino acid sequence of the protein
Mutations can be passed to offspring IF they occur in the gametes (sperm and egg) Mutations CAN be beneficial! If a mutation leads to a favorable trait, it can
be selected.
Bio 4.1.2 – Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms DNA is a code for making proteins (made of amino acids) and proteins determine
traits The same type of DNA molecule exists in all living organisms, the difference in
organisms is in the sequence of the nitrogen bases (A,C,G,T) During protein synthesis, the DNA code determines the amino acid sequence that is
formed. Amino acids link to each other with peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain folds to form a 3-D shape which determines the function of the protein.
mRNA codons
Practice Questions:1. What are the subunits of DNA and their function?
a. Nucleotides that store informationb. Monosaccharides that provide quick energy for the cellc. Lipids that store energy and provide insulationd. Proteins that provide the building blocks for the structural components of
organisms
2. How does DNA code for proteins in a cell?a. By creating a new double helix structureb. By using its phosphate and sugar moleculesc. By adding more hydrogen bonds to its structured. By arranging certain nitrogenous bases of the cell in a particular order
3. A strand of DNA has these bases: ACT CAT GTA TACWhat is the complementary DNA strand?
a. ACT TAT CTA TAGb. TGA GTA CAT ATGc. TGC CTA GAT ATCd. UCG CUA CAU AUG
4. Which statement best describes the relationship that exists between proteins, DNA and cells?
a. Proteins combine to produce cells, which produce DNAb. Proteins are made of DNA, which determines the cells that are producedc. DNA is made up of proteins, which tell a cell how to functiond. Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins
5. A segment of DNA has this sequence: ATA GCA CAT GTAWhat is the mRNA sequence that is transcribed from this sequence?
a. TAT CGT GTA CATb. TAT GCT CTA GATc. UAU CGU GUA CAUd. UAU GCU CUA CAU
6. Which best describes the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?a. mRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes where they are connected to
construct a proteinb. mRNA forms the peptide bonds connecting amino acids together to construct
a proteinc. mRNA decodes the sequence of tRNA into the amino acids used to construct
a proteind. mRNA brings the code of DNA to the ribosome where it is used to construct a
protein
7. Which amino acids are coded for by an mRNA segment that reads CAG GUG? (Use codon chart)
a. Arginine and valineb. Isoleucine and argininec. Glutamine and valined. Valine and isoleucine
8. What process is shown in the diagram?
9. Which factor most affects the order of amino acids in a protein?a. The DNA located in the nucleus of the cellb. The cell in which the protein is locatedc. The amount of ATP available for the cell’s used. The area in a cell where proteins are produced
10. Which is an accurate description of how DNA is replicated?a. The original double stranded DNA is “unzipped” and each strand serves as a
template for building a complementary DNA strand from free floating nucleotides
b. The original single stranded DNA is “unzipped” and is used to make a new DNA strand before being put back together
c. The nucleotides of both strands of DNA are taken apart and used to assemble two completely new DNA molecules
d. The nucleotides of one strand of DNA are taken apart to form a new DNA molecule, than it’s replaced by free nucleotides
11. Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?a. A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood
cellsb. Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cellsc. Muscle cells experience different environmental influences than blood cellsd. Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the
heart
12. How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells?a. It would increase cell specialization in organsb. It would change the sequence of DNA nucleotides in affected cellsc. It would produce new nucleotides for DNA moleculesd. It would cause an increase in red blood cell production
a. DNA replicationb. DNA transcriptionc. mRNA translationd. ATP synthesis
13. Which would most likely produce a mutation that is passed on to offspring?a. Radiation changing the DNA sequence in skin cellsb. A gamete with an extra chromosome formingc. Tobacco smoke altering the genes in lung cellsd. Exposure to chemicals altering nerve cell function
Biology EOC Review: Module 7 - BiotechnologyBio 3.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms
Because each individual has unique DNA, a unique DNA “fingerprint” can be produced using gel electrophoresis
Process:o DNA is extracted from cellso DNA is cut using restriction enzymes; different sized fragments are
producedo Cut DNA is loaded into a gel electrophoresis system. An electrical
current causes the fragments to move. Smaller fragments move further and faster than larger fragments.
Applications:o Forensics – examine DNA from crime scenes and compare to known
sampleso Paternity – a child’s DNA bands should be present in mother or fathero Endangered Species – catalog and protect
Bio 3.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society A transgenic organism contains genes from another species; also called
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Process of genetic engineering:
o Isolate desired gene (such as the insulin gene) from donor organism.o Cut out the gene with restriction enzymes. Cut a vector such as a
bacterial plasmid with the same restriction enzyme.o Splice the 2 together to create recombinant DNA.o Insert the recombinant DNA into a host organism. The host can now
express the gene that came from the donor. Applications:
o Agriculture: Foods may be genetically modified to have pest resistance genes, or higher nutritional value
o Industry: Bacteria may be genetically engineered to clean up oil spillso Medicine: Bacteria may be genetically engineered to produce hormones
such as insulin in large quantities
Bio 3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, genetically modified organisms, stem cell research, and Human Genome Project)
The Human Genome Project was a collaborative effort to map the genes on human chromosomes. This could allow scientists to screen individuals for
genetic disorders, then locate and isolate the defective gene. Gene therapy involves replacing a defective gene with a functioning gene with
the goal of curing a genetic disorder (such as cystic fibrosis or SCID) Bioethics:
o GMOs could potentially carry unintentionally harmful genes in addition to the genes for the desired trait.
o The HGP could lead to the development of “designer babies” rather than being used for medical applications.
o Stem cell research involves obtaining cells from embryos which could be argued as taking a human life, but research could lead to cures for diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s.
Bio 1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and results in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms
Cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types are called stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are obtained from developing human embryos or cord blood and have widespread research applications because they can develop into ANY cell type. Adult stem cells are obtained from bone marrow and can only develop into a few cell types – application is more limited.
Practice Questions:1. Which technique would most likely be used by forensic scientists?
a. Gene cloningb. Gene therapyc. DNA fingerprintingd. Karyotyping
2. This diagram shows the DNA fingerprints of a baby and four couples. A hospital wants to identify the parents of a baby. Based on the DNA fingerprints, which couple is most likely the parents of the baby?
3. Which is one reason scientists produce transgenic organisms?a. To create new species of organismsb. To control microorganisms in the soil
a. Couple Wb. Couple Zc. Couple Yd. Couple X
c. To prevent habitats from being destroyedd. To treat certain types of disease
4. Which is a step in the process of producing transgenic bacteria?a. A plasmid is used to replace a faulty gene in a human cellb. A chain of bacterial amino acids is inserted into human DNAc. A human gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmidd. A mutation is produced in a bacterial cell
5. Which would be a benefit of a genetically engineered crop?a. Lower sun toleranceb. Increased insect resistancec. Decreased insect resistanced. Increased water dependency
6. Which best describes why the federal government closely monitors the use of genetically modified organisms for agricultural purposes?
a. To understand how food products are manufacturedb. To monitor the destruction of crops by genetically modified organismsc. To observe the effect that genetically modified organisms have on cropsd. To ensure that genetically modified organisms do not pose a threat to
humans
7. Which would best be described as an advantage of stem cell research?a. Most adult stem cells are pre-specializedb. It is completely unknown what the long-term effects of genetic interference
could bec. Most stem cells are derived from embryos that are not a patient’s own, and
the patient’s body may reject themd. It has the potential to provide treatments for several diseases including
Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, spinal cord injuries, and diabetes
8. Which source of stem cells is the cause of ethical debate?a. Adult stem cellsb. Amniotic stem cellsc. Embryonic stem cellsd. Induced pluripotent stem cells
9. How can gene therapy positively impact society?
a. By producing insulin using bacteriab. By creating fingerprints of criminalsc. By mapping all genes in the human populationd. By treating genetic disorders with the insertion of normal genes
10. Which has the Human Genome Project been useful in determining?a. The gender of an individualb. Whether a fetus has Down Syndrome
c. The frequency of crossing-over during meiosisd. Whether individuals could carry genes for a certain condition
Biology EOC Review: Module 8 - GeneticsBio 3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits)
Essential vocabulary:o Allele – a form of a trait, represented by a lettero Homozygous – having 2 of the same alleleso Heterozygous – having 2 different alleleso Genotype – an individual’s combination of alleleso Phenotype – the physical expression of an individual’s alleles
In Mendelian inheritance, a dominant allele can mask/hide a recessive allele (A, a)
In “intermediate” inheritance, a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is in between
o Co-dominance – both alleles are dominant / both expressed in heterozygote (A, B)
o Incomplete dominance – neither allele dominant / blend in heterozygote (A, A’)
There are multiple alleles that control blood type:Type A IA IA or IA iType B IB IB or IB i
Type AB IA IB Type O ii
Sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome. Females have XX and males have XY – therefore females have 2 alleles for these traits and males have only 1. This means that these traits are seen more frequently in males (Ex. XAXa or XaY)
Polygenic traits are controlled by many genes and can be recognized due to the wide range of available phenotypes (Ex. Skin color, height)
Bio 3.2.3 Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits Expression of traits is controlled by NATURE (DNA) and NURTURE (environment).
Nurture includes nutrition, exposure to chemicals, educational opportunities, etc. Twin studies help scientists understand the role of nurture / environmental
influence
Practice Questions:
1. Hitchhiker’s thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker’s thumb (h). A woman who does not have a hitchhiker’s thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker’s thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children?
2. One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU) which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with PKU?
a. 0% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
3. In dogs, wire-hair (D) is dominant to smooth hair (d). If two wire-haired dogs produce a smooth-haired pup, the genotypes of the parent dogs would be:
a. DD and DD c. Dd and Dd b. DD and Dd d. Dd and dd
4. A red flower (RR) and a white flower (R’R’) are crossed and produce pink flower offspring (RR’). What is the expected outcome for the offspring that result from the cross between two pink flower plants?
5. A white horse mates with a chestnut horse. The resulting foal is “roan” (has a combination of white and chestnut hair). What is the pattern of inheritance?
a. polygenic c. codominanceb. multiple alleles d. incomplete dominance
6. Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood?a. One parent with type AB blood, the other parent with type A bloodb. One parent with type AB blood, the other parent with type O bloodc. One parent with heterozygous type A blood, the other parent with type O
bloodd. One parent with homozygous A blood, the other parent with homozygous B
blood
7. The inheritance of short wings in Drosophila fruit flies is an x-linked, recessive trait. Which would most likely result if a short-winged female mates with a long-winged male?
a. All offspring will be short-wingedb. All females will be long-winged, and all males will be short-wingedc. All females will be short-winged, and all males will be long-wingedd. Half of the males and females will be short-winged, and half will be long-
winged
8. Which best describes polygenic traits?a. Traits that are always dominant to other traitsb. Traits that are always masked by other traitsc. Traits that skip generations and appear in the offspring of later generationsd. Traits that are determined by a combined effort of more than one pair of
genes
9. The sex of a reptile is determined by the temperature during development. Which best describes this type of gene expression?
a. Dominant c. Sex-linkedb. Recessive d. Environmentally influenced
10. Identical twins were born with genes for a genetic disorder that can be controlled by diet. Both twins were placed on the diet, which excludes a certain amino acid. However, one twin chose not to follow the diet and developed the genetic disorder. The other twin followed the diet and did not develop the disorder. This difference between the twins illustrates that
a. gene expression is influenced by the environmentb. the genetic disorder is inherited by identical twins onlyc. identical twins do not always have the same genotyped. gene expression is not influenced by biochemical factors
Biology EOC Review: Module 9 – Human GeneticsBio 3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits)
Inheritance of traits in a family can be shown on a pedigree:
Gene disorders are caused by a faulty gene and are inherited through the parents:
Chromosomal disorders are caused by problems with an entire chromosome and can be observed using a karyotype (picture of the chromosomes). Chromosomes for unborn children can be obtained through amniocentesis or CVS.
Recessive traits skip a generation Dominant traits are present in every
generation Sex-linked traits are seen mostly in males Two unaffected individuals who have an
affected child are “carriers”
Having one to many or one to few chromosomes is called an aneuploidy and is caused by nondisjunction – a mistake in meiosis when the gametes were formed
o Downs syndrome – Trisomy 21o Klinefelter’s syndrome – XXY o Turner’s syndrome – X0
Bio 3.2.3 Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits Expression of traits is controlled by NATURE (DNA) and NURTURE (environment). Examples:
o PKU is a genetic disorder that can be controlled by dieto Heart disease and diabetes have genetic components but are also
influenced by diet and exercise
Practice Questions:1. This pedigree shows the inheritance of a recessive genetic disorder. What is the
genotype of individual 6?
2. A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Neither parent has the disease. How did the child most likely inherit the disease?
a. Sex-linked trait and inherited from the fatherb. Dominant trait and inherited from the motherc. Recessive trait and inherited from the fatherd. Recessive trait and inherited from both parents
3. Sickle-cell anemia is inherited through autosomal codominance. Heterozygous individuals do not have the disorder AND are resistant to malaria. Which of the following is a genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia?
a. Ss c. XNXn
b. NS d. SS’
4. Below is a karyotype for an unborn child. What is the gender of this child and what chromosomal disorder will the child have?
a. XH XH
b. XH Xh
c. XHYd. XhY
5. What is occurring in the picture shown below?
6. Which of these disorders CAN be identified through amniocentesis?a. PKU c. Turner’s Syndromeb. Hemophilia d. Sickle-Cell Anemia
7. How can patients reduce the symptoms associated with the genetic disease called PKU?
a. By exercising 3 to 4 times per weekb. By following a strict diet low in phenylalaninec. By taking vitamins high in phenylalanined. By receiving antibiotic treatments to control the infection
a. Male / Trisomy 19b. Male / Down’s syndromec. Female / Turner’s
syndromed. Female / Down’s syndrome
a. Crossing over
b. Mitosisc. Nondisjuction d. Translocation
Biology EOC Review: Module 10 - EvolutionBio 3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution
Origin of life on earth: Spontaneous Generation / Abiogenesiso Gases in atmosphere and energy from lightning/volcanoes led to formation
of amino acids in a “primordial soup” (hypothesis was proven experimentally)
o Amino acids = proteins = organic compounds led to first cellso First cells: Prokaryotic, heterotrophic, anaerobic prokaryotic,
photosynthetic prokaryotic, aerobic eukaryotic o Eukaryotic cells led to evolution of multicellular life
Spontaneous generation for life today was disproven by Redi (flies/meat) and Pasteur (S-flask). New life arises through biogenesis.
Evidence for evolution (change over time)
o Fossil record – shows gradualism in some species (horses) and punctuated equilibrium in others (elephants)
o Biochemical – Similar amino acid sequences means similar DNA; more similarities means a closer relationship with a common ancestor
o Homologous structures – similar bone arrangements in structures that may have different functions (ie. Whale flipper and human arm) indicate common ancestry
Bio 3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time Natural Selection – NATURE SELECTS the best adapted organisms to survive,
reproduce, and pass their favorable genes to the next generation. Variation in a population of organisms is required for natural selection. Sources
of variation are sexual reproduction and mutation. Competition for limited resources means that those individuals that have the
most favorable traits for a particular environment will survive. Survivors can reproduce and pass on their genes. Different traits are favorable in different environments.
Over time, alleles for favorable traits will accumulate in a population and more individuals will have the favorable trait. The gene pool of the population will change.
Traits that allow organisms to survive in a particular situation are called adaptations.
Selection of favorable traits can occur in several directions: Stabilizing Directional Disruptive
Geographic isolation of a population into two or more groups can lead to reproductive isolation (as a result of natural selection in response to different environments). This can ultimately lead to speciation (formation of a new species).
Genetic drift occurs due to random events in small populations, changing the gene pool
Bio 3.4.3 Explain how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection
Bacterial populations can evolve resistance to antibiotics. Insect pests can evolve resistance to chemical pesticides. Viruses mutate quickly and therefore have a selective advantage. They are
more difficult to treat with antiviral medications as a result of the changes and therefore survive and reproduce effectively in many environments. New vaccines to prevent viral infections also have to be produced as a result of the mutations.
o Vaccines are a weakened form of a virus that “turn on” the body’s immune response
o Active immunity to a virus is conferred when someone is vaccinated, or if an individual has had exposure to the virus previously. Passive immunity is conferred when a mother passes antibodies to her child through breast milk.
Practice Questions:1. Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions
on Earth?a. Prokaryotic and aerobic c. Eukaryotic and aerobicb. Prokaryotic and anaerobic d. Eukaryotic and anaerobic
2. This diagram represents the bone structures of the front limbs of four different animals. What do the similarities of the structures suggest about these organisms?
3. Which will most likely cause variations to occur within a species?a. Competition b. Mutation c. Mutualism d. Predation
4. In which populations does genetic drift most often occur?a. In small populations c. In marine populationsb. In large populations d. In terrestrial populations
5. What does natural selection act directly upon?a. Genotypes c. Both phenotypes and genotypesb. Phenotypes d. Neither phenotypes nor genotypes
a. They grow at the same rateb. They live in the same environmentc. They live for the same length of timed. They evolved from a common
ancestor
6. Due to unfavorable changing climatic conditions, most plants of a particular species have died although some have survived. Which is the most likely reason for their survival?
a. The remaining individuals found better soilb. The remaining individuals found better shelterc. The remaining individuals found a better food sourced. The remaining individuals had a favorable adaptation
7. The drawing shows a dark-colored peppered moth and a light-colored peppered moth.
The increased use of coal in 19th century England led to the coating of the landscape and trees with black coal dust. The event coincided with a change in peppered moth populations. Over time, the frequency of dark-colored genes in moths became greater than that of light-colored genes in moths. What was the advantage of the dark-colored moths over the light-colored moths?a. The dark color alleles allowed them to successfully migrateb. The dark color alleles helped them to successfully catch preyc. The dark color alleles increased their ability to hide from
predatorsd. The dark color alleles prevented coal dust from harming
their wings
8. Which of the following is most likely true of the illustrated process shown?
a. The environment on either side of the river is different, so different alleles were favored in the two groups of rabbits.
b. The environment on either side of the river is the same, but the rabbits changed due to chance events.
c. Individual rabbits grew lighter or darker in response to new environments
d. There were no changes in the genotypes of the two groups of rabbits.
9. The use of pesticides on crops has been a common farming practice for decades. What has been the greatest effect of natural selection through the use of pesticides on certain insect populations?
a. Natural selection has been altered because the insects and their predators are killed
b. The rate of selection is increased because the pesticides do not kill the insects that are naturally resistant to it
c. The rate of selection has decreased because the pesticides kill only young insects
d. The pesticides have altered natural selection by causing the insect DNA to spontaneously mutate
10. A large population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide. A few of the cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray. What can best be inferred from this example?
a. A species will adapt no matter what the environmentb. The environment has no effect on the survival of an organismc. Insecticides cause mutations that are passed to the next generationd. Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce
Biology EOC Review: Module 11 - ClassificationBio 3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems
Organisms are divided into Kingdoms based on broad similarities. As new information about species has become available, scientists have moved from a 2 kingdom, to a 5 kingdom, to a 6 kingdom system.
Organisms are further grouped based on similarities within 7 taxa (organizational levels): Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. The more taxa 2 organisms have in common, the closer the relationship.
All living organisms are given a 2 word scientific name consisting of the genus and species of that organism. The Latin language is used so scientists around the world use the same name.
Bio 3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees)
A previously named organism can be identified by using a dichotomous key – a tool that used paired statements to recognize traits of an organism and ultimately find out its name.
Newly discovered species are classified based on biochemical similarities to other species and embryological similarities to other species.
A phylogenetic tree or cladogram shows evolutionary relationships of organisms, based on shared traits/characters. The closer two organisms are positioned, the closer their evolutionary relationship.
Practice Questions:1. What is the difference between the full classification of organisms and their
scientific names?a. The full classification of organisms and their scientific names vary in different
countriesb. The scientific names of organisms include the order and family of the
organisms, but the full classification includes only the species namec. The full classification of organisms will include more categories of organisms
than their scientific namesd. The scientific names of organisms include a single nomenclature, but the full
classification includes various nomenclature
2. Based on the table, what is the scientific name of the house cat?Taxa House
catMountain
LionDomestic
DogHuman
Kingdom
AnimaliaChordata
AnimaliaChordata
AnimaliaChordata
AnimaliaChordata
a. Felis concolorb. Felis domesticusc. Felidae Felisd. Felidae
domesticus
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus
Species
MammaliaCarnivoraFelidae
Felisdomesticu
s
MammaliaCarnivoraFelidae
Felisconcolor
MammaliaCarnivoraCanidae
Canisfamiliaris
MammaliaPrimates
HominidaeHomo
sapiens
3. Based on the table in #2 above, which two organisms are most closely related?
a. House cat and mountain lionb. Mountain lion and domestic dogc. House cat and domestic dogd. Domestic dog and human
4. What is the best explanation for the continual changes in the classification system of organisms?
a. All organisms struggle for existence and become extinctb. All organisms compete to be at the top of the food chainc. Technological advances have allowed scientists to better compare organismsd. More species have been discovered, but scientists have not analyzed all the
data
5. Based on the dichotomous key, which of the following is the correct name for Bird X?
a. Certhideab. Geospizac. Carnarhynchu
sd. Platyspiza
6. This diagram shows a cladogram of six species based on amino acid similaritiesWhich two species are the most closely related?
7. According to the cladogram, which characteristic do all of the organisms except the lancelet have in
common?Biology EOC Review: Modules 12,13,14 – Adaptation, STERNGRR and BehaviorBio 1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms)
Unicellular (one-celled) organisms have adaptations for:o Movement – cilia, flagella, pseudopodiao Water Balance – contractile vacuoleo Sensing light – eyespot
Some unicellular organisms need light for photosynthesis Movement toward the light is a behavior – phototaxis – that
increases chances of survival in these organisms
Bio 2.1.2 Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations
Plants:o Vascular plants have xylem to move water and phloem to move
food; non-vascular plants take in water by osmosiso Stomata are tiny pores in the surface of a leaf that allow for gas
exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)o Tropisms are plant responses to light (phototropism), gravity
(geotropism) or contact (thigmotropism). Tropisms are regulated by plant hormones.
o Plants can reproduce using spores or seeds: Gymnosperms produce seed in cones Angiosperms produce seeds in fruits that develop from
flowers
a. I and IIb. II and IVc. I and Vd. V and VI
a. hairb. amniotic eggsc. vertebral
columnd. jaw bones
The transfer of pollen (sperm) to another flower is pollination
Fertilization occurs when sperm meets egg in the ovaryo Ovary swells and ripens to form fruito Seeds are dispersed through animals, wind or
water Animals:
o Adaptations for respiration involve increasing surface area for gas exchange (ex. skin of worms, alveoli in lungs)
o Reproduction on land requires internal fertilization while reproduction in aquatic environments may allow for external fertilization; development includes
eggs –development continues through metamorphosis (complete or incomplete)
pouch – young born immature and continue development in pouch
placental – development of young is internalo Behavior: All behaviors have adaptive value and have evolved
through natural selection Innate: inborn behaviors that increase the likelihood of
survival; instincts include behaviors such as suckling as well as:
Courtship – helps find mate Territoriality – defend space Dominance hierarchy – establishes “pecking order” Orientation / Taxis – movement toward or away from
Learned: behaviors that can change with practice or experience
Habituation – lack of response after repeated exposure to stimulus
Classical Conditioning – learning by association Operant Conditioning – trial and error learning Insight / Reasoning – applying learning to new situations
Imprinting (urge to follow first moving object seen) is a behavior that combines innate and learned
Bio 2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems
Whenever animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behaviors.
Communication in species takes place in various ways:o Sight – territorial behaviors, courtship behaviorso Touch – chimps grooming, honeybee waggle danceo Chemicals – pheromoneso Complex language – often combines innate and learned behaviors
Practice Questions:1. These diagrams represent a Euglena and a Paramecium. Which function do
structures X and Y have in common?
2. A plant species lives in an area with limited sunlight. Which adaptation would be most useful to the plant?
a. Colorful flowersb. Large leavesc. Thin cuticled. Deep roots
3. If the xylem in a young tree is damaged, which process is the first that will be affected?
a. Performing photosynthesisb. Transporting sugar to the rootsc. Transporting water to the leavesd. Absorbing water from the soil
4. This chart represents characteristics of 4 different types of plants. Which plant is most likely a gymnosperm?
5. Sandworms are annelid worms that live on the sea floor. They absorb oxygen and excrete wastes through their skin. Which characteristic will best help the worm carry out these functions?
a. Large number of hearts
a. Digestionb. Gathering foodc. Movementd. reproduction
a. Plant 1b. Plant 2c. Plant 3d. Plant 4
b. Large diameter of blood vesselsc. Large mouth compared to body volumed. Large surface area compared to body volume
6. Which reproductive adaption is more characteristic of mammals than amphibians?a. External fertilization with internal developmentb. Internal fertilization with internal developmentc. External fertilization with external developmentd. Internal fertilization with external development
7. At night, moths travel toward light. Which type of behavior does this describe?a. Habituation b. Imprinting c. Innate behavior d. Learned behavior
8. When worker bees return to the hive, they perform a sequence of movements called a waggle dance to show other members of the colony where food is located. Which type of behavior does this best illustrate?
a. Aggressive behaviorb. Courtship behaviorc. Social behaviord. Territorial behavior
9. The males of a species do a “dance” and “sing a song” each spring. What is the main purpose of these behaviors?
a. To scare off young birdsb. To imprint young birdsc. To clean their feathersd. To attract female birds
10. Which is an example of a learned behavior?a. A bear cub practices catching salmon the way its mother doesb. A baby gazelle rises to its feet within a few minutes of its birthc. A baby kangaroo climbs into its mother’s pouch as soon as it’s bornd. An adult salmon returns to its freshwater stream when it’s time to reproduce
Biology EOC Review: Modules 15,16 – Ecology and Human Impact on the EnvironmentBio 2.1.1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as water, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining health and stability of an ecosystem
Carbon cycle:
Nitrogen cycle: Living organisms need nitrogen to build proteins. Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is not usable in most living organisms. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert it to a form that plants and animals can use.
Flow of energy: o Sun producers (autotrophs) primary consumers
o Each level in a food web is a trophic level. The amount of available energy decreases as it moves up through trophic levels…about 10% is transferred. The other 90% is “lost” as heat – a more disorganized form of energy
o Energy moves in one direction…only matter is recycled (decomposers)
Bio 2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism) and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems
Predators and prey exist in a state of dynamic equilibrium (predators increase, prey decrease prey decrease, predators decrease predators decrease, prey increase)
Competition among organisms helps to maintain stable population sizes Symbiosis:
o Mutualism (+,+) – bees and pollinatorso Commensalism (+,0) – shark and remorao Parasitism (+, -) – tree and mistletoe
Bio 2.1.4 Explain why ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds or thousands of years, even though populations may fluctuate (emphasizing availability of food, availability of shelter, number of predators and disease).
Some populations have the capacity for unlimited growth (J-curve) but are limited by factors that determine the carrying capacity of the ecosystem (S-curve)
Human population growth is exponential due to agricultural / industrial
Decomposed plant and animal remains are converted to fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels releases the stored carbon back into the atmosphere as CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat. Excess CO2 contributes to global warming /climate change.Deforestation also contributes to climate change because there are fewer trees to take up CO2 from the atmosphere.
revolutionso Age-structure diagrams
o Rapid human population growth leads to increased resource consumption and increased environmental problems
Disease epidemics can disrupt ecosystem balance (ex. AIDS, Dutch elm disease)
Bio 2.2.1 Infer how human activities (including population growth, pollution, global warming, burning of fossil fuels, habitat destruction and introduction of non-native species) may impact the environment
Exponential growth (J-curve) of the human population, especially since the industrial revolution, has led to environmental problems:
o Increased resource consumption includes burning more fossil fuels. Fossil fuels release CO2. This contributes to climate change. Climate change can lead to rising sea levels. This can lead to beach erosion in NC.
o Fossil fuels also release pollutants such as SOx and NOx. These air pollutants react with water vapor to form acid precipitation, affecting mountain ecosystems in NC.
o Increased resource consumption includes using more wood. This leads to deforestation. Deforestation leads to habitat loss. This leads to a decrease in biodiversity.
o Humans also introduce non-native species such as Kudzu accidently or on purpose. Non-native species can out-compete native species, causing a decrease in biodiversity.
o Human development leads to more land pollution that can run-off and pollute water. In NC, hog farm waste is also a source of water pollution.
Bio 2.2.2 Explain how the use, protection, and conservation of natural resources by humans impacts the environment from one generation to the next
Conservation is the wise and careful use of natural resources through stewardship (taking care of the environment). A sustainable lifestyle ensures the availability of natural resources for future generations.
Human impact on the environment today can affect future generations:o CO2 emissions contribute to global warming which has a
long-term impacto Habitat destruction leads to loss of biodiversity (extinction of
species)o Use of chemicals can lead to bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
Persistent chemicals such as some pesticides can build up in
the tissues of organisms. Persistent chemicals do not degrade easily.
Organisms at a higher trophic level are most at risk because they consume large numbers of organisms at lower tropic levels
Practice Questions:1. What is the function of autotrophs in the carbon cycle?
a. To use oxygen to produce glucoseb. To take in excess waterc. To use carbon dioxide to produce glucosed. To feed on herbivores
2. Two different populations of birds live in the same area and eat the same types of food. Which most likely describes the relationship between these two populations of birds?
a. Commensalism b. Mutualism c. Parasitism d. Predator-Prey
3. The yucca plant releases a strong scent at night when the yucca moth is active. The yucca moth, attracted by the scent, gathers pollen from the yucca flower. The yucca moth then deposits her eggs and the pollen on another plant. This ensures that the plant will be cross-pollinated and that the yucca moth larvae have a steady food supply. Which relationship does this best illustrate?
a. Commensalism b. Mutualism c. Parasitism d. Predation
4. A field ecologist wants to determine the interactions of various populations of organisms living in a large grassland field. Which method is best for conducting this study?
a. Consulting with local farmers about the diversity of organisms in the fieldb. Dividing the field in half, walking over it, counting organisms, and then
doubling the numbersc. Walking over the entire field, collecting the organisms, and then compiling a
totald. Observing the behaviors of different types of organisms several times during
the year
5. What will most likely happen if the human population continues to grow at current rates?
a. There will be fewer natural resources available for future generationsb. There will be an increase in nitrogen levels in the atmospherec. There will be a decrease in water pollutiond. There will be an increase in the number of strong hurricanes
6. Which environmental concern is most associated with burning fossil fuels?a. Global climate change
b. Pollution of ocean watersc. Ozone layer destructiond. Decrease in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
7. The construction of a new coal-burning power plant would have the greatest impact on which environmental issue?
a. Depletion of the ozoneb. Production of acid rainc. Release of radiationd. Increase in deforestation
8. Which environmental factor would cause the greatest decrease in the number of species of plants and animals living in some of the lakes in the United States?
a. Increase in dissolved oxygen levelsb. Global warmingc. Ozone destructiond. Acid rain
9. If worldwide deforestation is not regulated, what could most likely result?a. Acid rain could lower the pH of rivers and lakes to dangerous levels for
aquatic lifeb. CO2 levels in the atmosphere could increase and contribute to global
warming problemsc. Plants and animals could become better adapted to living in desert
conditionsd. Future generations of humans could have an excess of wood and paper
products
10. A sea turtle has washed up on a remote section of a beach. This is known as “stranding”. Stranding occurs when a dead, sick or injured sea turtle washes up on the shoreline. Which statement best explains why “stranding” should be reported immediately to local authorities?
a. The information can be very useful to biologists and managers who are trying to protect the species
b. The information can be very useful to protect sea turtles from predatorsc. The information can be very useful to local fishermen who try to catch fish
that sea turtles eatd. The information can be very useful to tourists who may want to keep sea
