10/10/2017 Tankai Zhang 1

Project leader

Senior researcher

PhD student

Project 1

Project 2

Programme

Partners

Budget

Butanol as an alternative fuel for Diesel engines

: Ingemar Denbratt

: Karin Munch

: Tankai Zhang

: 2013-09 to 2016-09

: 2017-05 to 2018-12

: FFI

: Chalmers, Neste, Perstorp AB, Scania CV, Statoil,

Swedish Energy Agency, Volvo GTT, Volvo Car

: 3.725 MSEK + 1.720 MSEK

10/10/2017 Tankai Zhang 2

Mixtures applied in the project I Component of

mixture A B C D E F G H I J K L

Diesel X X X X X X X X X X X

n-Butanol X X X

Isobutanol X X X

n-Octanol X X X

2-ethylhexonal X X X

HVO X X X X

DTBP X X X X

Future enginesFactory setting engines(Conventional combustion) (Partially premixed combustion)

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Mixtures applied in the project II Component of

mixture A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

Diesel X X X X X X X X X X X

n-Butanol X X X X X

Isobutanol X X X

n-Octanol X X X X X

2-ethylhexonal X X X X X

HVO X X X X X X X X X X

DTBP X X X X

RME X X X

Fossil-free (Conventional combustion)

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Diesel

vol.%

n-Butanol

vol.%

n-Octanol

vol.%

2-Ethylhexanol

vol.%

HVO

vol.%

RME

vol.%

Equivalent CO2

Reduction* %

CN

-

Diesel 100 - - - - - - 52.0

n-Butanol - 100 - - - - - < 20

n-Octanol - - 100 - - - - 37.5

2-Ethylhexanol - - - 100 - - - 23.2

HVO - - - - 100 - - 75.1

RME - - - - - 100 - 53.4

nBu30H - 30 - - 70 - 76.1 51.1

nBu28R7H - 28 - - 65 7 - ~51

nOc55H - - 55 - 45 - 72.0 51.7

nOc51R7H - - 51 - 42 7 - 51.7

2EH40H - - - 40 60 - 73.2 51.3

2EH37R7H - - - 37 56 7 - ~51

Tested fossil-free fuels

* K. Munch and T. Zhang, “A Comparison of Drop-In Diesel Fuel Blends Containing Heavy Alcohols Considering Both Engine Properties and Global Warming Potentials,” SAE paper 2016-01-2254.

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More than 80% reduction of soot emissions.

Show how the fossil-free fuels work in production setting Diesel engines.

More than 70% well to wheel Greenhouse gases reduction. [1]

Goals of the Project

[1] Fossilfrihet på väg, Statens Offentliga Utredningar, SOU 2013:84, 2013

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Test bed with the LD engine

Engine typeRicardo Hydra single

cylinder

Cylinder head type Volvo VED4

Bore 82 mm

Stroke 93 mm

Compression ratio 15.8:1

Fuel injection system Common rail

Injection strategy Multi-injection

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Rate of heat release

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Hea

t re

leas

e (J

/CA

D)

CAD ATDC

Speed: 1200rpm, IMEP: 2.7bar, EGR: 37.9%, injection pressure: 35MPa, intake pressure: 1.05bar

Diesel nBu30H nBu28R7H nOc55H

nOc51R7H 2EH40H 2EH37R7H

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Hea

t re

leas

e (J

/CA

D)

CAD ATDC

Speed: 1280rpm, IMEP: 9.6bar, EGR: 19.4%, injection pressure: 80MPa, intake pressure: 1.35bar

Diesel nBu30H nBu28R7H nOc55H

nOc51R7H 2EH40H 2EH37R7H

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Thermal efficiency and fuel consumption

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1,00 2,00

Ind

icat

ed t

her

mal

eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Indicated thermal efficiency

Diesel nBu30H nBu28R7H nOc55H

nOc51R7H 2EH40H 2EH37R7H

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

1,00 2,00

IS F

uel

co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

g/K

Wh

)

IS Fuel consumption

Diesel nBu30H nBu28R7H nOc55H

nOc51R7H 2EH40H 2EH37R7H

Point1 Point2 Point1 Point2

Point1 - Speed: 1200rpm, IMEP: 2.7bar, EGR: 37.9%, injection pressure: 35MPa, intake pressure: 1.05bar

Point2 - Speed: 1280rpm, IMEP: 9.6bar, EGR: 19.4%, injection pressure: 80MPa, intake pressure: 1.35bar

0 1 2 3 40

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Oxygen mass fraction (%)

Norm

aliz

ed s

oot

em

issio

ns (

-)

HVO containing

0,000

0,005

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

0,030

1,00 2,00

ISSo

ot

(g/K

Wh

)

Soot emissions (microsoot)

Diesel nBu30H nBu28R7H nOc55H

nOc51R7H 2EH40H 2EH37R7H

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Soot emissions

Point1 Point2

0 1 2 3 40

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Oxygen mass fraction (%)

Norm

aliz

ed s

oot

em

issio

ns (

-)

HVO containing imep

LD engine

HD engine

51.1%

83.7%

Alcohol/Diesel blends

Fossil-free fuels

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Oxygen mass fraction (%)

IS s

oot

em

issio

ns (

g/k

Wh)

HVO containing

point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4 diesel nButanol isoButanol 2ethylhexanol nOctanol

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Oxygen mass fraction (%)

IS s

oot

em

issio

ns (

g/k

Wh)

HVO containing

point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4 diesel nButanol isoButanol 2ethylhexanol nOctanol

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Oxygen mass fraction (%)

IS s

oot

em

issio

ns (

g/k

Wh)

HVO containing

point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4 diesel nButanol isoButanol 2ethylhexanol nOctanol

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Heat release of fossil-free fuels were similar to that of fossil Diesel at tested

conditions.

Compared to fossil Diesel, fossil-free fuels generated slightly higher thermal

efficiency at higher load, while producing higher fuel consumption due to the

low heating value.

Soot emission declined sharply when using fossil-free fuels instead of fossil

Diesel.

Fundamental spray study will be performed to investigate the differences of

evaporation, sooting and combustion behavior for tested fuels.

Summary and future plan

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Acknowledgements

Thanks for your attention!