RNA and Protein Synthesis

By: Anne Russell, Madelyn Stroder, Hannah Black, And Bailey Mills

The double helix in DNA allows in to be copied. DNA controls the production of proteins in the

cell. The first step in converting DNA to RNA is

coping the nucleotide sequence to RNA.

DNA

RNA Coded information for

making proteins Long chain of

nucleotides The sugar is ribose Single stranded Has uracil Disposable of DNA segment Working copy on single

gene One job: protein

synthesis

DNA The sugar is

deoxyribose Double helix or

double stranded Has thymine Single gene

produces hundreds or thousands of RNA molecules.

DNA vs. RNA

Messenger RNA: controls assembly of amino acids into proteins.

Ribosomal RNA: carries instruction copies from DNA to cell.

Transfer RNA: during protein construction, or transfers amino acids to the specific Ribosome that is specified by the RNA’s information.

The 3 different kinds of RNA

The production of RNA molecules by copying nucleotide sequence to a complementary RNA sequence.

RNA polymerase: and enzyme used in transcription, similar to DNA polymerase.

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds DNA and separates DNA strands.

Then RNA polymerase strands use one strand of DNA as a template which nucleotides are assembled into RNA.

Promoters- regions of DNA with specific base sequences which the enzyme uses in transcription.

Promoters- Regions of DNA with Specific base sequences which the enzyme uses in transcription. Promoters cause enzymes to start and stop making RNA.

Transcription

Introns- sequences: nucleotides not involved in coding for the proteins in eukaryotic genes.

Exons-sequences: used for coding proteins. Introns are cut out of RNA while in the

nucleus. Remaining exons are squished together to

form the final mRNA. Introns and exons being cut are ways to create

different tissues and help in evolution.

Genetic editing

Proteins are made by joining amino acids in polypeptide chains.

Each chain has and combination of amino acids. Protein properties are determined by the order of

amino acids. Using the “Genetic code” and A, U, C, G form 20

acids. Each section, “word” is three letters long: codon

UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU Serine-Histidine-Glycine 4 bases 64 possible 3-base condon. Some condons represent the same condon.

Genetic Code

Translation: decoding mRNA into polypeptide chain.

mRNA is released into the cytoplasm. As mRNA travels through the ribosome, tRNA

brings amino acids. Each tRNA, which can only carry 1 a,a, has 3

bases, called and anticodon. After aminoacids are joined, the tRNA is released. Amino acids continue to combine until a stop

condon in the mRNA is reached. They polypeptide chain is then released with

mRNA completing translation.

Translation

RNA is a disposable copy of DNA Proteins are microscopic tools used to build

and operate a living cell. Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze

and regulate chemical reactions.

Genes and Proteins