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By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor...

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Page 1: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

By Arghyadip Bhattacharya

Page 2: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210) Qutbuddin Aibak was a slave of Muhammad

Ghori, who made him the Governor of his Indian

possessions. He set up his military

headquarters @ Indraprasta, near Delhi.

He raised a standing army and established his

hold over north India even during the life time of

Ghori.

Page 3: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

कुतुफुद्दीन ऐफक (1206-1210) कुतुफुद्दीन ऐफक भहुम्भद गोयी का गरुाभ था, जजसने उसे अऩनी बायतीम सॊऩजतत का गवननय फनामा था। उसने अऩनी सेना खडी कय दी

भखु्मारम @ इॊद्रप्रस्थ, ददल्री के ऩास।

उन्होंने एक स्थामी सेना खडी की औय घोयी के जीवन कार भें बी उततय बायत ऩय अऩनी ऩकड फनाई।

Page 4: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

After the death of Ghori in 1206, Aibak

declared his independence. He severed

all connections with the kingdom of

Ghori and thus founded the Slave

dynasty as well as the Delhi Sultanate.

He assumed the title Sultan and made

Lahore his capital.

Page 5: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

1206 भें घोयी की भतृमु के फाद, ऐफक ने अऩनी स्वतॊत्रता की घोषणा की। उसने घोयी के याज्म के साथ सबी कनेक्शनों को ववच्छेद कय ददमा औय इस तयह गुराभ वॊश की स्थाऩना के साथ-साथ ददल्री सल्तनत की स्थाऩना की।

उन्होंने सुल्तान की उऩाधध धायण की औय राहौय को अऩनी याजधानी फनामा।

Page 6: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

His rule lasted for a short period of four years.

Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Baksh or giver of lakhs

because he gave liberal donations to them.

Aibak patronized the great scholar Hasan Nizami.

He also started the construction of qutub minar after

the name of a famous Sufi saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakthiyar.

It was later completed by Iltutmish.

Aibak died suddenly while playing chaugan (horse polo) in

1210.

He was succeeded by his son Aram Baksh, who was

replaced by Iltutmish after eight months.

Page 7: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

उनका शासन चाय सार की छोटी अवधध तक चरा। भजुस्रभ रेखक ऐफक राख फख्श मा राखों के दाता कहते हैं क्मोंकक उन्होंने उन्हें उदाय दान ददमा था।

ऐफक ने भहान ववद्वान हसन ननजाभी का सयऩयस्ती ककमा। उन्होंने एक प्रससद्ध सपूी सॊत ख्वाजा कुतुफुद्दीन फजख्तमाय के नाभ के फाद ़ुतुफ भीनाय का ननभानण बी शुरू ककमा। इसे फाद भें इल्तुतसभश ने ऩूया ककमा।

1210 भें चौगान (घोडा ऩोरो) खेरते सभम ऐफक की अचानक भतृमु हो गई।

वह अऩने फेटे अयाभ फख्श द्वाया सपर हो गमा, जजसे आठ भहीने फाद इल्तुतसभश ने फदर ददमा था।

Page 8: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Q. How did Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak die?

A.He was treacherously stabbed to death by one

of his ambitious nobles

B.He was killed in a battle with Taj-u-din Yildiz,

the ruler of Ghazni who entered into a contest

with him over the capture of Punjab

C.He sustained injuries while besieging the

fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand and

succumbed to death later

D.He died after a fall from his horse while

playing Chaugan

CSP 2003

Page 9: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Q.सलु्तान कुतुफ-उद-दीन ऐफक की भतृमु कैसे हुई? A.उसके ववश्वासघाती यईसों भें से एक ने उसे फुयी तयह भाया था B. वह ताज-मू-ददन नमजल्डज़ के साथ रडाई भें भाया गमा था, गजनी के शासक ने ऩॊजाफ ऩय कब्जा कयने के सरए उसके साथ एक प्रनतमोधगता भें प्रवेश ककमा C. उन्होंने फुॊदेरखॊड के कासरॊजय के ककरे को घेयते हुए चोटों का साभना ककमा औय फाद भें दभ तोड ददमा D.चौगान खेरते सभम अऩने घोड ेसे धगयने के फाद की भतृमु हो गई

Page 10: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Iltutmish (1211-1236)

What is meant by Real Founder ?

1. Real founder refers to the ruler who

protects newly established state from

internal & external challenges

2. Initiate steps to provide a Socio-Politico-

Administrative & Cultural platform so

that the state could continue for a long

time

Page 11: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

इल्तुतसभश (1211-1236)

रयमर पाउॊ डय से क्मा भतरफ है? वास्तववक सॊस्थाऩक उस शासक को सॊदसबनत कयता है जो आॊतरयक औय फाहयी चुनौनतमों से नव स्थावऩत याज्म की यऺा कयता है

साभाजजक-याजनीनतक-प्रशासननक औय साॊस्कृनतक आधाय प्रदान कयने के सरए कदभ उठाए, ताकक याज्म रॊफे सभम तक जायी यह सके

Page 12: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Iltutmish as a Real Founder of Delhi Sultanate

1) Transformation of capital from Lahore to

Delhi to control over Rajputana & other

rebellious provinces

2) Introduction of Turkan -I – Chihalgani(a

group of meritorious trusted slaves)

3) Reorganization of Iqta system

4) Creation of small body of central

standing Army known as ‗Hashm-I-Qalb‘

and Royal body guards – Sar-I-Jan-Dar

Page 13: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Iltutmish as a Real Founder of Delhi Sultanate

1. याजऩूताना औय अन्म ववद्रोही प्राॊतों ऩय ननमॊत्रण के सरए राहौय से ददल्री याजधानी का ऩरयवतनन

2. तुकानन - ई - धचहरगनी का आयॊब कयना- (भेधावी ववश्वसनीम दासों का एक सभूह)

3. इकता प्रणारी का ऩुनगनठन 4. कें द्रीम स्थामी सेना के छोटे ननकाम का ननभानण जजसे-

हश्भ-ए-़ल्फ ’औय यॉमर फॉडी गाडन के रूऩ भें जाना जाता है - सय-आई-जान-दाय

Page 14: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Temujin popularly known as Chengiz

Khan, the leader of the Mongols, started

invading Central Asia.

He defeated Jalaluddin Mangabarni, the

ruler of Kwarizam.

Mangabarni crossed the river Indus and

sought asylum from Iltutmish.

Iltutmish refused to give him shelter

in order

to save his empire from the onslaught

of the Mongols.

PORTRAIT OF CHENGIZ KHAN

Page 15: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

भॊगोरों के नेता चेंज़ी खान के रूऩ भें रोकवप्रम टेम्ऩुजजन ने भध्म एसशमा ऩय आक्रभण कयना शुरू कय ददमा।

उसने कवीज़भ के शासक जरारुद्दीन भॊगफनी को हयामा। भॊगफनी ने ससॊधु नदी को ऩाय ककमा औय इल्तुतसभश से शयण भाॊगी।

इल्तुतसभश ने उसे शयण देने से इनकाय कय ददमा भॊगोरों से अऩने साम्राज्म को फचाने के सरए।

Page 16: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Fortunately for Iltutmish,

Chengiz Khan returned

home without

entering into India.

In fact, the Mongol policy

of

Iltutmish saved India from

the wrath of Chengiz Khan.

सौबाग्म से इल्तुतसभश के सरए, चेंधगज़ खान बायत भें प्रवेश ककए

बफना घय रौट आमा। वास्तव भें, इल्तुतसभश की भॊगोर

नीनत ने बायत को चेंधगज़ खान के प्रकोऩ से फचामा।

Page 17: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Q. The Mongols under Gengis Khan invaded

India during the reign of

A.Balban

B.Feroze Tughlaq

C.Iltutmish

D.Muhammad bin Tughlaq

CSP 2001

Page 18: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

गेंधगस खान के अधीन भॊगोरों ने बायत ऩय शासन ककमा A. फरफन ने B.कपयोज तुगरक C. इल्तुतसभश D. भुहम्भद बफन तुगरक

Page 19: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Iltutmish marched against Bengal and Bihar

and reasserted his control over them. He also

annexed Sind and Multan into the Delhi

Sultanate.

He suppressed the Rajput revolts and

recovered Ranthampur, Jalor, Ajmir and

Gwalior.

He led an expedition against the Paramaras

of Malwa but it was not successful.

Iltutmish (1211-1236)

Page 20: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

इल्तुतसभश ने फॊगार औय बफहाय के खखराप भाचन ककमा औय उन ऩय अऩना ननमॊत्रण कपय से जभामा। उन्होंने ससॊध औय भुल्तान को बी ददल्री सल्तनत भें सभरा सरमा।

उसने याजऩूत ववद्रोह को दफामा औय यणथभऩुय, जारोय, अजभीय औय ग्वासरमय को ऩुन् प्राप्त ककमा।

उन्होंने भारवा के ऩयभायों के खखराप असबमान का नेततृव ककमा रेककन मह सपर नहीॊ यहा।

Page 21: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Iltutmish was a great statesman.

He received the mansur, the letter of

recognition, from the Abbasid Caliph in 1229 by

which he became the legal sovereign ruler of

India.

Later he nominated his daughter Raziya as his

successor.

Thus the hereditary succession to

Delhi Sultanate was initiated by Iltutmish.

Page 22: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

इल्तुतसभश एक भहान याजनेता था।

उन्हें 1229 भें अब्फाससद खरीफा से भान्मता प्राप्त ऩत्र, भॊसूय सभरा, जजसके द्वाया वह बायत के कानूनी सॊप्रबु शासक फन गए।

फाद भें उन्होंने अऩनी फेटी यजजमा को अऩना उततयाधधकायी नासभत ककमा।

इस प्रकाय वॊशानुगत उततयाधधकाय ददल्री सल्तनत की शुरुआत इल्तुतसभश ने की थी।

Page 23: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

He patronized many scholars and a number Sufi

saints came to India during his reign. Minhaj-us-

Siraj, Taj-ud-din., Nizam-ul-mulk,Muhammad

Janaidi, Malik Qutb-ud-din Hasan and Fakhrul-Mulk

Isami were his contemporary scholars who added

grandeur to his court.

Apart from completing the construction of Qutb

Minar at Delhi, the tallest stone tower in India

(238 ft.), he built a magnificent mosque at Ajmir.

Iltutmish (1211-1236)

Page 24: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

उन्होंने कई ववद्वानों का सयऩयस्ती ककमा औय उनके शासनकार भें कई सपूी सॊत बायत आए। सभन्हाज-हभ-ससयाज, ताज-उद-दीन।, ननज़ाभ-उर-भलु्क, भहुम्भद जानीदी, भसरक कुतुफ-उद-दीन हसन औय पखरूर-भलु्क इसाभी उनके सभकारीन ववद्वान थे जजन्होंने उनके दयफाय भें बव्मता जोडी थी।

ददल्री भें कुतुफ भीनाय का ननभानण ऩूया कयने के अरावा, बायत का सफसे रॊफा ऩतथय का टॉवय (238 पीट), उन्होंने अजभीय भें एक शानदाय भजस्जद का ननभानण ककमा।

Page 25: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Iltutmish introduced the Arabic

coinage into India and the silver

tanka

weighing 175 grams became a

standard coin in medieval India.

The silver tanka remained the

basis of the modern rupee.

Iltutmish had also created a

new class of ruling elite of forty

powerful military leaders, the

Forty.

Iltutmish (1211-1236)

Page 26: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

इल्तुतसभश ने अयफी ससक्का बायत भें ऩेश ककमा औय चाॊदी टॊका

175 ग्राभ वजन भध्मकारीन बायत भें एक भानक ससक्का फन गमा।

चाॉदी का टाॊका आधुननक रुऩमे का आधाय फना यहा। इल्तुतसभश ने चारीस शजक्तशारी सैन्म नेताओॊ, पोटी के शासक असबजात वगन का एक नमा वगन बी फनामा था।

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Q. Delhi Sultanate was not a Theocratic

State- critically comment.

Q.Though Aibak was the founder of Slave

Dynasty but its Real founder was

Iltutmish.Comment.

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Q. ददल्री सल्तनत एक रोकताॊबत्रक याज्म नहीॊ था- आरोचनातभक दटप्ऩणी।

Q. ऐफक गुराभ वॊश का सॊस्थाऩक था रेककन इसका वास्तववक सॊस्थाऩक इल्तुतसभश था।

Page 29: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

Sultana Raziya

Only woman ruler in the history of Delhi Sultanate

Ruled for a period of about 3 & ½ years

But even during short reign ,she left a lasting impact in the

history of Delhi Sultanate.

After the death of Iltutmish his son Rukn-uddin Firoz Shah

was placed on the throne by Shamsi nobles

Iltutmish wanted Raziya to succeed as she was the most

capable among his sons & daughters

Page 30: By Arghyadip Bhattacharya - WiFiStudy.com · 2020-01-09 · Muslim writers call Aibak Lakh Bakshor giver of lakhs because he gave liberal donations to them. Aibak patronized the great

सुल्ताना यजज़मा ददल्री सल्तनत के इततहास भें एकभात्र भदहरा शासक

रगबग साढे 3 वषों की अवधध के लरए शासन ककमा

रेककन छोटे शासनकार के दौयान बी, उन्होंने ददल्री सल्तनत के इततहास भें एक

स्थामी प्रबाव छोडा।

इल्तुतलभश की भतृ्मु के फाद उनके फेटे रुकन-उद्दीन कपयोज शाह को शभसी यईसों ने गद्दी ऩय बफठामा

इल्तुतलभश यज़िमा को सपर कयना चाहता था क्मोंकक वह अऩने फेटों भें सफसे अधधक सऺभ थी

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Rukn ud din Firuz was the fourth sultan of

the Mamluk Sultanate (Slave Dynasty),

who ruled for a little over six

months, which is said to be a very less

time compared to other rulers and was the

Governor of the Royal state of Badayun.

He was the son of Iltutmish(1211–36) and

was raised to become Iltutmish's heir.

Rukn ud din Firuz

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रुकन उद दीन कपरुज

रुकन उद दीन कफयोज़ भाभरुक सल्तनत (गुराभ वॊश) का चौथा सुल्तान था, जजसने छह भहीने तक शासन ककमा, जजसे अन्म शासकों की तुरना भें फहुत कभ सभम कहा जाता है औय वह फदामूॉ के शाही याज्म का गवननय था। वह इल्तुतसभश (1211-36) का फेटा था औय इल्तुतसभश के वारयस फनने के सरए उसका ऩारन-ऩोषण ककमा गमा।

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As the newly crowned ruler he had the

following qualities; physical aristocracy,

courteous behaviour and resolved

consciousness. He was a self-endowed

person and spent much of his time

resolving in music. Taking advantage of

his vulnerability as a king, his mother

Shah Turkan embraced the entire power of

the throne to herself.

Rukn ud din Firuz

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रुकन उद दीन कपरुज नए ताज शासक के रूऩ भें उनके ऩास ननम्नसरखखत गुण थे; बौनतक असबजात वगन, ववनम्र व्मवहाय औय सुरझी हुई चेतना। वह एक आतभ-सॊऩन्न व्मजक्त थे औय अऩना अधधकतय सभम सॊगीत भें हर कयने भें व्मतीत कयते थे। एक याजा के रूऩ भें अऩनी बेद्मता का राब उठाते हुए, उसकी भाॊ शाह तुकानन ने ससॊहासन की ऩूयी शजक्त को खुद को गरे रगा सरमा।

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As a person, Shah Turkan was a tyrannical

ruler on her command many people of the

kingdom were killed. She took this

opportunity to wreak vengeance against

all those who had slighted her in the past.

Consequently, Ruknuddin's rule turned

unpopular and paved the way for the

ascension of Razia Sultana.

Rukn ud din Firuz

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एक व्मजक्त के रूऩ भें, शाह तुकन न एक अतमाचायी शासक था, उसकी आऻा ऩय याज्म के कई रोग भाये गए थे। उसने उन सबी रोगों के खखराप प्रनतशोध सभटाने का मह भौका सरमा, जजन्होंने उसे अतीत भें जकड सरमा था। नतीजतन, रुकनुद्दीन का शासन अरोकवप्रम हो गमा औय उसने यजजमा सुल्ताना के उदगभ का भागन प्रशस्त ककमा।

रुकन उद दीन कपरुज

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When the governor of Multan revolted, Ruknuddin marched to

suppress that revolt. Using this opportunity, Raziya with the

support of Amirs of Delhi seized the throne of Delhi Sultanate.

She appointed an Abyssinian slave

Yakuth as Master of the Royal Horses.

Also, Raziya discarded the female

apparel and held the court with her face

unveiled.

She even went for hunting and led

the army.

Sultana Raziya

YAKUT

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सुल्ताना यजज़मा जफ भुल्तान के गवननय ने ववद्रोह ककमा, रुक्नुद्दीन ने उस ववद्रोह को दफाने

के सरए भाचन ककमा। इस अवसय का उऩमोग कयते हुए, ददल्री के अभीय के सहमोग से यजजमा ने ददल्री सल्तनत के ससॊहासन को जब्त कय सरमा।

उसने एक एबफससननमन दास को ननमुक्त ककमा माकूफ यॉमर घोड ेके भास्टय के रूऩ भें।

साथ ही, यजजमा ने भदहरा को छोड ददमा ऩरयधान औय उसके चेहये के साथ

अदारत का आमोजन ककमा अनावयण ककमा।

वह सशकाय के सरए बी गमा औय नेततृव ककमा सेना।

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Raziya discarded female dress & used to wear male clothes

Used to attain court like her father

All important Admin decisions were taken by her

Refused to accept the domination of Shamsi nobles

Her religious outlook was liberal & didn‘t use any discrimination on the

basis of religion or any other factors

Appointed non-turks in state offices

Imparted justice even handedly

She even punished senior officials

Sultana Raziya

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सुल्ताना यजज़मा यजजमा ने भदहरा ऩोशाक को त्माग ददमा औय ऩुरुष कऩड ेऩहनत ेथे

अऩने पऩता की तयह दयफाय ऩाती थी सबी भहत्वऩूर्ण व्मवस्थाऩक तनर्णम उसके द्वाया लरए गए थे

शम्सी यईसों के वचणस्व को स्वीकाय कयने से इनकाय कय ददमा

उसका धालभणक दृजटटकोर् उदाय था औय उसने धभण मा ककसी अन्म कायकों के आधाय ऩय ककसी

बी बेदबाव का उऩमोग नहीीं ककमा

याज्म कामाणरमों भें गैय-तुकण तनमुक्त

न्मामऩूवणक न्माम बी सौंऩ ददमा

उसने वरयटठ अधधकारयमों को दींडडत बी ककमा

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Had qualities of military commander

A military campaign to re-conquest Ranthambore

Raziya was defeated by the alliance of Turkish nobles in

the battles of Bhatinda & Kaithal

Though she captured the throne with the help of Turkish

Nobles & ‗amir‘ people of Delhi

The members of Turkan-i-Chihalgani accepted

Raziya under the impression that Raziya being an woman

would remain under their control

Sultana Raziya

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सुल्ताना यजज़मा सैन्म कभाॊडय के गुण थे यणथॊबौय को कपय से जीतने के सरए एक सैन्म असबमान

यजज़मा को बदटॊडा औय कैथर की रडाई भें तुकी यईसों के गठफॊधन से हाय

सभरी थी

हाराॉकक उसने तुकी नोफल्स औय ददल्री के 'अभीय' रोगों की भदद से ससॊहासन ऩय कब्जा कय सरमा

तुकानन-ए-धचहरगनी के सदस्मों ने यजजमा को इस धायणा के तहत स्वीकाय कय सरमा कक यजजमा एक भदहरा होने के नाते उनके ननमॊत्रण भें यहेगी

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In 1240, Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda revolted

against her. She went in person to suppress the revolt

but Altunia killed Yakuth and took Raziya prisoner.

In the meantime, the Turkish nobles put Bahram,

another son of Iltutmish on the throne.

However, Raziya won over her captor, Altunia, and after

marrying him proceeded to Delhi.

But she was defeated and killed.

Sultana Raziya

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सुल्ताना यजज़मा 1240 भें, अल्तुननमा, बदटॊडा के याज्मऩार ने उसके खखराप ववद्रोह ककमा। वह ववद्रोह को दफाने के सरए व्मजक्त के ऩास गमा रेककन अल्तुननमा ने माकूत को भाय डारा औय यजजमा को फॊदी फना सरमा।

इस फीच, तुकी के यईसों ने फहयाभ को, ससॊहासन ऩय इल्तुतसभश का एक औय ऩुत्र।

हाराॊकक, यजजमा ने अऩने कैप्टन अल्तुननमा ऩय जीत हाससर की औय उससे शादी कयने के फाद ददल्री चरी गई।

रेककन वह हाय गई औय भाय दी गई।

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Turkan-i-Chihalgani

Created by Iltutmish

to provide solid administrative mechanism

to the newly established Turkish Indian

empire.

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तुकानन-इ- धचहरगनी इल्तुतसभश द्वाया फनामा गमा नव स्थावऩत तुकी बायतीम साम्राज्म को ठोस प्रशासननक तॊत्र प्रदान कयना।

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Background

When Iltutmish set on throne Sultanate was facing a

no. of serious challenges internally and externally –

there was no proper administrative mechanism

Iltutmish appointed his trusted slave officers in Turkan

–I –Chihalgani

It was also known as “group of Forty”(Chalisa) The name Forty was symbolic in nature because it is

believed that this institution had only sixteen members

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ऩषृ्ठबूसभ जफ इल्तुतसभश ने ससॊहासन ऩय सेट ककमा तो सल्तनत एक नहीॊ का साभना कय

यही थी। आॊतरयक औय फाह्म रूऩ से गॊबीय चुनौनतमों का - कोई उधचत प्रशासननक तॊत्र नहीॊ था

इल्तुतसभश ने अऩने ववश्वसनीम गुराभ अपसयों को तुकानन-इ-काहरगनी भें ननमुक्त ककमा

इसे "चारीस का सभूह" (चारीसा) बी कहा जाता था

पोटी नाभ प्रकृनत भें प्रतीकातभक था क्मोंकक मह भाना जाता है कक इस सॊस्था भें केवर सोरह सदस्म थे

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Functions

Looking after different functions of state

Looking after administration

Giving suggestions to Sultan as required

They were greatly loyal & committed

during the reign of Iltutmish

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कामन याज्म के ववसबन्न कामों की देखबार प्रशासन देख यहा है आवश्मकतानुसाय सुल्तान को सुझाव ददए वे इल्तुतसभश के शासन के दौयान फहुत वपादाय औय प्रनतफद्ध थे

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Activities after the death of Iltutmish

Became highly ambitious & indiscipline

Perceiving their personal interest

Tried to keep real powers in their hands

Supported weak rulers

That is the reason why they supported Rukn-uddin Firoz Shah

When Razia ascended to the throne with the help of Amirs of

Delhi,the members of Turkan-I-Chihalgani accepted her because

she was a women & would limit herself in the four walls of palace

& they would continue to exercise the authority.

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इल्तुतसभश की भतृमु के फाद की गनतववधधमाॉ अतमधधक भहतवाकाॊऺी औय अनुशासनहीन हो गए

उनके व्मजक्तगत दहत को देखत ेहुए असरी शजक्तमों को अऩने हाथों भें यखने की कोसशश की कभजोय शासकों का सभथनन ककमा

मही वजह है कक उन्होंने रुकन-उदीन कपयोज शाह का सभथनन ककमा जफ यजजमा ददल्री के अभीय की भदद से ससॊहासन ऩय फैठी, तो तुकानन-ए-धचहरगानी के

सदस्मों ने उसे स्वीकाय कय सरमा क्मोंकक वह एक भदहरा थी औय खुद को भहर की चाय दीवायी भें सीसभत कय रेती थी औय वे अधधकाय का प्रमोग कयना जायी यखेंगी।

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When Sultana Razia started participating

in royal court like her father ,these people

were disappointed .

They started questioning her character

They started conspiracy against her

Activities after the death of Iltutmish

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जफ सुल्ताना यजज़मा ने अऩने वऩता की तयह शाही दयफाय भें बाग रेना शुरू ककमा, तो मे रोग ननयाश हो गए।

वे उसके चरयत्र ऩय सवार उठाने रगे

उन्होंने उसके खखराप साजजश शुरू कय दी

इल्तुतसभश की भतृमु के फाद की गनतववधधमाॉ

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After the death of Raziya a political turmoil was

created

Bahram Shah (1240-42) was placed on throne

At his death Ala Uddin Masud Shah was made Sultan

After his death one of the member of ‗Turkan-i-

Chihalgani‘ named Kishlu Khan tried to capture

power but other members of the group supported Nasir

Uddin Mahmud,grandson of Iltutmish & he became

Sultan

Activities after the death of Raziya

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यजजमा की भतृमु के फाद एक याजनीनतक उथर-ऩुथर भच गई थी फहयाभ शाह (1240-42) को ससॊहासन ऩय बफठामा गमा

उनकी भतृमु ऩय अरा उद्दीन भसूद शाह को सुल्तान फनामा गमा

उनकी भतृमु के फाद, ककश्रू खान नाभक तुकानन-ए-धचहरगनी ’के एक सदस्म ने सतता ऩय कब्जा कयने की कोसशश की, रेककन सभूह के अन्म सदस्मों ने इल्तुतसभश के ऩोते नाससय उद्दीन भहभूद का सभथनन ककमा।

इल्तुतसभश की भतृमु के फाद की गनतववधधमाॉ

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Balban

During the reign of the Sultan Nasir Uddin

Mahmud,Balban emerged as a main power

behind the throne

He was a member of ‗group of Forty‘

He was given the designation of

‗Naib‘(Deputy)

After the death of Nasir Uddin Mahmud

Balban captured the throne

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सुल्तान नाससय उद्दीन भहभूद के शासनकार के दौयान, फरफन ससॊहासन के ऩीछे एक भुख्म शजक्त के रूऩ भें उबया

वह 'पोटी के सभूह' का सदस्म था उन्हें 'नामफ' (उऩ) का ऩदनाभ ददमा गमा नाससय की भतृमु के फाद उद्दीन भहभूद फरफन ने ससॊहासन ऩय कब्जा कय सरमा

फरफन

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Since Balban was a member of

‗group of Forty‘ he was aware of it

He destroyed ‗Turkan-I -

Chihalgani‘ by using his policy

BLOOD & IRON

Balban

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चूॊकक फरफन पोटी के सभूह का सदस्म था, इससरए वह इसके फाये भें जानता था

उसने अऩनी नीनत यक्त औय रोहे का उऩमोग कयके ’तुकानन- I - धचहरगनी’ को नष्ट कय ददमा

फरफन

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known as Ulugh Khan,

served as Naib or

regent to Sultan

Nasiruddin Mahmud

He also strengthened

his position by

marrying his daughter

to the Sultan.

उरुग खान के नाभ से जाना जाता है,

नामफ मा सुल्तान नसीरुद्दीन भहभूद के शासन के रूऩ भें सेवा की

उन्होंने अऩनी फेटी की शादी सुल्तान से कय अऩनी जस्थनत बी भजफूत कय री।

Balban (1246-1287)

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Balban was all powerful

in the administration but

he had to face the

intrigues of his rivals in

the royal court.

He had overcome all the

difficulties.

In 1266 Nasiruddin

Mahmud died without

issues and

Balban ascended the

throne.

फरफन प्रशासन भें सबी शजक्तशारी थे रेककन उन्हें शाही दयफाय भें अऩने प्रनतद्वॊद्ववमों की साजज़शों का साभना कयना ऩडा।

उसने सबी कदठनाइमों को ऩाय कय सरमा था।

1266 भें नसीरुद्दीन भहभूद की भतृमु बफना भुद्दों के हुई

फरफन ससॊहासन ऩय चढा।

Balban (1246-1287)

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Balban started his life as a

slave water carrier

He became a soldier & rose

to a position of Military

Commander & finally, sat on

the throne of Delhi

Sultanate

During his reign Balban

initiated a no. of measures

& among his initiatives ‗The

Theory of Kingship‘ was the

most important.

फरफन ने अऩने जीवन की शरुुआत एक दास जर वाहक के रूऩ भें की थी

वह एक सैननक फन गमा औय सैन्म कभाॊडय की जस्थनत भें फढ गमा औय अॊत भें, ददल्री सल्तनत के ससॊहासन ऩय फैठा

अऩने शासनकार के दौयान फरफन ने कई उऩामों की शरुुआत की औय उनकी ऩहरों भें 'द थ्मोयी ऑप ककॊ गसशऩ' सफसे भहतवऩूणन थी।

Background

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Background

When Balban sat on the throne

the Sultanate was passing

through a phase of serious

crisis

INTERNAL & EXTERNAL

challenges emerged

The power & prestige of crown

had deteriorated

Fear of authority of Sultan had

disappeared from the minds of

the ‗Forty‘

Law and order broke down

‗Forty‘ became king –maker &

main source of power

जफ फरफन ससॊहासन ऩय फैठा तो सल्तनत गॊबीय सॊकट के दौय से गुजय यही थी

आॊतरयक औय फाहयी चुनौनतमाॊ साभने आईं

ताज की शजक्त औय प्रनतष्ठा खयाफ हो गई थी

सुल्तान के अधधकाय का डय authority चारीस ’के ददभाग से गामफ हो गमा था

कानून-व्मवस्था टूट गई 'पोटी' ककॊ ग -भेकय औय शजक्त का

भुख्म स्रोत फन गमा

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Robbers were active on highways-problem for

merchant & traders. Mewat region was

famous for that

Revolts & rebellions in various parts of

Sultanate

Tughril Begh –Governor of Bengal declared

independence

Mongol threat

Controversy about his

accession on the throne

Background

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व्माऩायी औय व्माऩारयमों के सरए याजभागों-सभस्माओॊ ऩय डाकू सकक्रम थे। भेवात ऺेत्र इसके सरए प्रससद्ध था

सल्तनत के ववसबन्न दहस्सों भें ववद्रोह औय ववद्रोह तुगरक फेग-फॊगार के गवननय ने स्वतॊत्रता की घोषणा की भॊगोर की धभकी ससॊहासन ऩय उसके प्रवेश को रेकय वववाद

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Balban’s Theory of Kingship

Balban‘s experience as the regent made him

to understand the problems of Delhi

Sultanate.

He knew that the real threat to the monarchy

was from the nobles called the Forty.

He was convinced that only by enhancing the

power and authority of the monarchy he could

face the problems.

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यीजेंट के रूऩ भें फरफन के अनुबव ने उन्हें ददल्री सल्तनत की सभस्माओॊ को सभझने के सरए फनामा।

वह जानता था कक याजतॊत्र के सरए वास्तववक खतया ककरे नाभक यईसों से था।

वह आश्वस्त था कक याजतॊत्र की शजक्त औय अधधकाय को फढाकय ही वह सभस्माओॊ का साभना कय सकता है।

फरफन का 'थ्मोयी ऑफ ककॊ गसशऩ'

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The stern, harsh and violent policy adopted by

Balban to suppress the internal revolts and

meeting with the challenges posed by foreign

invaders of Mongols is known as the policy of

blood and iron.

The theory of kingship propounded by Balban led

to the adoption of the policy of blood and iron.

Balban was convinced that the only way to face

the internal and external dangers was to increase

the power and prestige of the Sultan (King).

Balban’s Theory of Kingship

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आॊतरयक ववद्रोहों को दफाने औय भॊगोरों के ववदेशी आक्रभणकारयमों द्वाया उतऩन्न चुनौनतमों से ननऩटने के सरए फरफन द्वाया अऩनाई गई कठोय, कठोय औय दहॊसक नीनत को यक्त औय रोहे की नीनत के रूऩ भें जाना जाता है।

फरफन द्वाया प्रनतऩाददत याजसतता के ससद्धाॊत ने यक्त औय रोहे की नीनत को अऩनामा। फरफन आश्वस्त था कक आॊतरयक औय फाहयी खतयों का साभना कयने का एकभात्र तयीका सलु्तान (याजा) की शजक्त औय प्रनतष्ठा को फढाना था।

फरफन का 'थ्मोयी ऑफ ककॊ गसशऩ'

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‗Sword‘ was the chief weapon of Balban to

achieve his objectives. He used this weapon

with a great vengeance against his rivals,

rebels, robbers, thieves and the invaders. By

following this policy, he wanted to create

terror in the minds of the people that

whosoever dared to challenge the authority of

the Sultan, he would not be spared.

Balban’s Theory of Kingship

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'तरवाय' अऩने उद्देश्मों को प्राप्त कयने के सरए फरफन का भुख्म हधथमाय था। उसने अऩने प्रनतद्वॊद्ववमों, ववद्रोदहमों, रुटेयों, चोयों औय आक्रभणकारयमों के खखराप एक फड ेप्रनतशोध के साथ इस हधथमाय का इस्तेभार ककमा। इस नीनत का ऩारन कयके, वह रोगों के भन भें आतॊक ऩैदा कयना चाहता था कक जो कोई बी सुल्तान के अधधकाय को चुनौती देने की दहम्भत कयेगा, उसे फख्शा नहीॊ जाएगा।

फरफन का 'थ्मोयी ऑफ ककॊ गसशऩ'

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On account of this policy he was able to

remain at the helm of affairs for about 40

years i.e. 20 years as the Naib/Prime Minister

of Nasir-ud-din Mohmud and then after as the

Sultan of Delhi. He executed his policy of

blood and iron very successfully and raised

the prestige and power of the Sultan in the

eyes of the nobles and his subjects.

Balban’s Theory of Kingship

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इस नीनत के कायण वह रगबग 40 वषों तक मानी 20 वषन तक नाससय-उद-ददन भोहम्भद के नामफ / प्रधान भॊत्री औय कपय ददल्री के सुल्तान के रूऩ भें भाभरों के शीषन ऩय फने यहे। उन्होंने अऩनी यक्त औय रोहे की नीनत को फहुत सपरताऩूवनक अॊजाभ ददमा औय यईसों औय उनके ववषमों की दृजष्ट भें सुल्तान की प्रनतष्ठा औय शजक्त को फढामा।

फरफन का 'थ्मोयी ऑफ ककॊ गसशऩ'

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Main principles of Balban‘s theory of Kingship:

Main principles of the theory of Kingship were

as under:

1. Divine right of Kings:

Balban said that the king was the

representative of God on the earth and

Kingship was a divine institution. He declared

this to make the nobles believe that he got the

crown or the Kingship not through their mercy

but by the mercy of God.

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भुख्म ससद्धाॊत ननम्नानुसाय थे

1. याजाओॊ का दैवीम अधधकाय: फरफन ने कहा कक याजा ऩथृ्वी ऩय बगवान का प्रनतननधध था औय ककॊ ग्ससशऩ एक ददव्म सॊस्थान था। उन्होंने यईसों को मह ववश्वास ददराने के सरए घोवषत ककमा कक उन्हें ताज मा ककॊ ग्ससशऩ उनकी दमा से नहीॊ फजल्क ईश्वय की दमा से सभरी है।

फरफन का 'थ्मोयी ऑफ ककॊ गसशऩ‘ के भुख्म लसद्ाींत

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2. Royal descent:

Balban realized that people at that time

believed that it was only the prerogative of

the ancient royal families to rule and

exercise power, he therefore declared that

he was the descendant of the legendary

Turkish warrior Afrasiyab and that

circumstances only had made him a slave.

Main principles of Balban’s theory of Kingship:

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2. शाही वॊश: फरफन ने भहसूस ककमा कक उस सभम रोगों का भानना था कक मह शासन कयने औय व्मामाभ कयने के सरए केवर प्राचीन शाही ऩरयवायों का ववशषेाधधकाय था, इससरए उन्होंने घोषणा की कक वह भहान तुकी मोद्धा अपयाससमाफ के वॊशज थे औय ऩरयजस्थनतमों ने ही उन्हें गुराभ फनामा था।

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3. King as a despot:

He said to his son Bughra Khan that

―Kingship is the embodiment of

despotism‖. He believed that it is the

―King‘s superhuman awe and status which

can ensure people‘s obedience.

Main principles of Balban’s theory of Kingship:

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3. फादशाह के रूऩ भें याजा:

उन्होंने अऩने फेटे फुघया खान से कहा कक "ककॊ ग्ससशऩ ननयाशावाद का अवताय है"। उनका भानना था कक मह "याजा की अरौककक ववस्भम औय जस्थनत है जो रोगों की आऻाकारयता सुननजश्चत कय सकती है।

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4. Word of difference between descendants

of noble lineage and commoners:

Historian Zia-ud-Din Barni has gone to the extent of

remarking that whenever Balban saw a man of low birth, his

eyes started burning with rage and anger and his hands

reached his sword to murder him. This view seems to be on

the extreme side.

However this much is believable that because of this outlook

of Balban, he dismissed all officials not born of noble

families, from all important posts.

Main principles of Balban’s theory of Kingship:

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4.कुरीन वॊश औय साभान्म के वॊशजों के फीच अॊतय का शब्द: इनतहासकाय जज़मा-उद-दीन फयनी दटप्ऩणी कयने की हद तक चरे गए हैं कक जफ बी फरफन ने कभ जन्भ के व्मजक्त को देखा, उसकी आॉखें क्रोध औय क्रोध से जरने रगीॊ औय उसके हाथ उसकी हतमा कयने के सरए उसकी तरवाय तक ऩहुॉच गए। मह दृश्म चयभ सीभा ऩय रगता है।

हाराॉकक मह फहुत ववश्वसनीम है कक फरफन के इस दृजष्टकोण के कायण, उन्होंने सबी भहतवऩूणन ऩदों से भहान ऩरयवायों के ऩैदा नहीॊ होने वारे सबी अधधकारयमों को फखानस्त कय ददमा।

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5. Recognition of tripartite relationship:

Balban emphasized the relationship between God

and the Sultan, Sultan and the people and the God

and the people.

He considered himself the representative of God

on the earth to look after the welfare of the

people—people created by God. Accordingly he

emphasized that treasury should be used for the

benefit of his subjects. Likewise the king should

be impartial in dispensing justice.

Main principles of Balban’s theory of Kingship:

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5. बत्रऩऺीम सॊफॊध की भान्मता:

फरफन ने बगवान औय सलु्तान, सलु्तान औय रोगों औय बगवान औय रोगों के फीच सॊफॊधों ऩय जोय ददमा।

वह अऩने आऩ को ऩथृ्वी ऩय ईश्वय का प्रनतननधध भानता था ताकक रोगों का कल्माण हो सके- ईश्वय द्वाया फनाए गए रोग। तदनुसाय उन्होंने इस फात ऩय जोय ददमा कक याजकोष का उऩमोग अऩने ववषमों के राब के सरए ककमा जाना चादहए। इसी तयह याजा को न्माम देने भें ननष्ऩऺ होना चादहए।


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