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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN SELECTED UNGULATE
SPECIES IN AL AIN WILDLIFE PARK AND RESORT, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
By:Chege S.M., Kitala, P. & Muchemi G.
AWPR (Formerly Al Ain Zoo) founded in 1968 by the late
Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan
Importance of zoos – education, conservation,
exhibition(Goossens et al. 2005)
Ex-situ conservation challenges- resistance to diseases,
naivety to predators, Inbreeding (few founders)
Introduction
Overall objective
◦ To investigate the causes of morbidity and mortality in some selected
ungulate species in the zoo
Specific objectives
◦ Estimate crude and cause-specific morbidity and mortality rates
◦ Determine the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality
Objectives
Study area - Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort (Latitude
24°10'45.37"N, Longitude 55°44'19.99"E), Abu Dhabi, in the
United Arab Emirates
Climate – Long summer (temperatures > 50oc) and short
winter (≤ 6oc). Average annual rainfall >100mm
Study design – Historical data(6yrs) and follow up study
(6mo)
Data analysis – Excel, Genstat, Univariate and multivariate
analysis (Logistic regression-backward elimination)
Materials and methods
Study population
Study pop continued
Sex and age structure – (1Y:6A), (1M:1F), Arabian
oryx neonates (2M:1F)
Feed – Alfalfa, hay, & pellets
1keeper per 100 animals
Vet care – team, clinic, vaccination program
2005-2010 morbidity cases = 1021. Arabian
Oryx(28.5%) and Speke’s gazelle(27%)
Results
Species 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Arabian oryx
130 156 166 158 154 180 174
Addax 22 29 41 40 42 47 52
Dama 28 29 28 24 21 25 21
Mhorr 22 24 30 40 41 43 45
SHO 120 139 167 181 179 195 195
Speke’s 56 64 72 64 66 58 60
Total 378 441 504 507 503 548 547
Previous population (2004-2010)
Morbidity and Mortality trends (2005-2010)
Year
50
100
150
2007
175
200
2005 2006 2008
125
75
225
20102009
Nu
mbe
r of ca
ses (M
orb
idity &
Mo
rtality)
Mortality v YearMorbidity v Year
Trends of morbidity and mortality of the selected ungulate species at AWPR, (2005-2010)
Morbidity causes Trauma (40%) Septicaemia(18%) Diarrhoea(16%) Reproductive
disorders(9%) Pneumonia(6%) Nutritional
deficiency(5%) Unknown (5%)
Mortality causes Septicaemia(38%) Trauma (25%) Reproductive
disorders (12%) Pneunomia (8%) Diarrhoea (6%) Unknown (6%) Nutritional
deficiencies (3%)
Major causes of Morbidity & Mortality
Constant Estimate s.e t* tpr OR
4.8 13.9 0.35 0.728Age (Young=1, Old=0)
1.995 0.347 5.75 <.001 7.3Sex (M=1, F=0)
1.548 0.308 5.02 <.001 4.7
Risk factors -Morbidity & Mortality
Constant Estimate s.e t* tpr OR
-3.055 0.212 -14.41 <0.001 0.0471Age (Young=1, Old=0)
2.981 0.307 9.7 <0.001 22.8
Morbidity and mortality increases with increased herd size (Lance et al. 1992; Silva del Rio et al. 2007)
Biased sex ratio of 2:1of the Arabian oryx newborns. Price (1989) reported a similar finding. On the contrary, Vie (1996),observed a sex ratio of 1:1
Neonates were 7x and 23x likely to get sick or die respectively…other similar reports ;Heinrichs and Radostits, (2001), Morrow et al. (1999),.
Lower birth weights recorded – may be related to inbreeding
Discussion
Conclusion True rates of morbidity(19.2%) and
mortality (11.3%) per animal-month respectively – high
Trauma as leading cause of morbidity. Young die more than old. Low birth weights
Recommendations Trauma – manage overcrowding , single
male & several females Initiate studies on genetic viability and
maternal relatedness of the population
Conclusion & Recommendation
Thank you for your attention