CHILDHOOD OBESITYBY: Cheryl Hamilton, Tiffany Neuman

Leslie Crittendon, Audra Brooks

Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States

“Childhood overweight rates in the United States have nearly doubled among 2-to 5-year-olds and more than tripled among 6-to 19-year-olds in the past three decades”

Childhood Obesity

9 million children in the U.S. are overweight

10.4% of children aged 2-5 years are obese

19.6% of children aged 6-11 years are obese

18.1% of children aged 12-19 years are obese

Statistics

Nearly a 300% increase since 1979 = epidemic levels

Total cost of obesity in U.S. $117 billion per year

Pediatric obesity several hundred million per year and rising

Statistics Con’t

Body Mass Index

Growth Chart

Determining Obesity in Children

% of Overweight Children World Wide

Childhood Obesity in America

Obesity in MichiganNational Survey of Children’s

Health, 2007

Early: birth – 8 years old-is a time of incredible physical, cognitive, and socio-

emotional development

Middle: ages 6-12 years old-time when children develop skills for

healthy social relationships & learn roles to help them for a lifetime

EARLY & MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

first years of life is important for a child’s development and lifelong learning

first year is also essential for future cognitive, social, emotional, & physical development can influence later success in life

Early childhood the brain grows 90% of its size by age 3

children start to develop emotional regulation and attachment, language development, & motor skills

EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Can be delayed due to environmental stressors & or negative risk factors

Stressors can affect: ◦ child’s brain, physical, social, emotional, & cognitive

growth Early & middle childhood sets the step for

-health literacy-Self-discipline-The ability to make good decisions about risky

situations-Eating habits-Conflict negotiation

CHILDHOOD MILESTONES

Morals Beliefs Values Traditions Customs Perceive Body Image

Culture Roles

Mexican Americans African Americans Native Americans

Exceeds any other ethnic groupin childhood obesity

Race and Ethnicity

Obesity can lead to many biases towards the overweight children◦ It can result in teasing

Approximately 1 in 3 overweight females and 1 in 4 overweight males report being teased by peers at school

◦ Three hypotheses may explain the increase in weight discrimination: rates of obesity have escalated during the same period. perceived weight discrimination may reflect experiences

that have resulted from worsening societal attitudes and the acceptance of weight bias.

the media contribute and encourage weight bias and discrimination

Weight Bias

Obese children can be stereotyped and blamed for their own weight gain

Peers see obese children as lazy, untidy, ugly, stupid, and non-hygienic

The constant teasing and ridicule can cause low self-esteem and depression

Weight Bias cont.

Parental Obesity

Ethnicity

Obesity-Promoting genes

Genetic Risk Factors

Lack of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle

Increased “screen time”• television watching• video/computer game playing

Unhealthy eating habits

Increased snacking

Large portion sizes

Behavioral Risk Factors

Low parental education

Poverty

Urban communities lack of accessibility and affordability of healthy foods

Urban/disadvantaged areas without safe outdoor play areas

Environmental/SocioeconomicRisk Factors

Lack of facilities like safe side walks, bike paths, and safe parks

Lack of physical exercise in schools

Unhealthy foods and drinks in schools

Environmental/SocioeconomicRisk Factors

Family Income (Percent Federal Poverty Limit) Rate of childhood obesity

<100 21.6%

100-199 17.4%

200-399 15.7%

400-499 14.2%

500+ 11.5%

CHILD & ADOLESCENT OBESITY by INCOME 2009-10

This is the age where they start to develop◦ Asthma◦ Obesity◦ Dental caries◦ Child maltreatment◦ Developmental & behavior disorders

*these conditions tend to affects a child’s education, health & well being of the adolescents & adults they will become

CONDITIONS AT RISK FOR

High blood pressure & high cholesterol

Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes

Respiratory problems; i.e. sleep apnea, asthma

Immediate Health Risks

Joint problems & musculoskeletal discomfort

Fatty liver disease, gallstones, gastro-esophageal reflux

Greater risk for social & psychological problems

Immediate Health Risks Con’t

Heart disease

Hypertension

Stroke

Diabetes

Arthritis

Future Health Risks

Cancer • leukemia, breast, colon cancer

Infertility

Premature death

Future Health Risks Con’t

Television shows and advertisements

promote poor eating habits

Promote junk food to children

Media Influences

Parents fail to see their child as overweight

Parents that don’t believe excess weight is a health risk

Parents establish family eating habits; both good and bad

Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children

Parental Influences

Working/busy parents

Don’t teach children healthy habits

Set bad examples for children

Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children

Parental Influences

It’s important to start interventions at an early age◦ Encourage the child to be more active◦ Have healthy snacks available◦ Limit sweetened beverages◦ Limit television and computer time◦ Do activities as a family◦ Be a role model for your kid

How do we prevent it?

Important for growth & development of child

Those with healthy weight:◦ ↓chronic risk factors, such as high BP &

dyslipidemia◦ ↓likelihood of type 2 diabetes, heart disease,

osteoarthritis, and some cancers◦ ↓ likelihood of dying at a young age

NUTRITION

Influences:◦ Schools◦ Restaurants◦ HomeMaking healthy choices:

-knowledge & skills-healthier options are available

DIET

Knowledge and attitudes Skills Social support Societal and cultural norms Food and agricultural policies Food assistance programs Economic price systems

SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIET

Access & availability places where people eat appear to influence

their diet foods eaten away from home have more

calories &lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home

marketing also influences children’s food choices

PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF DIET

Influenced by calories (energy) consumed & expanded

↑physical activity & changes in diet ↓exposure to foods low in nutritional value

and high in calories

MAINTAIN HEALTHY WEIGHT

Theory of Planned Behavior◦ Takes into account that the control of behavior is

not always voluntary◦ Children are not always in control of their

behavior Parents choose the food that’s available to their

children Parents can make the child more active and limit

their T.V. time Schools limit the amount of healthy meal choices

Health Promotion Theory

American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2008). Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture, on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571048/

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Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2013). Basics about childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2013). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm

Ek, L. Livestrong, (2010). Nutrition pyramid for kids. Retrieved from: www.livestrong.com/article/82871-nutrition-pyramid-kids/

Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). (2013). The obesity prevention source. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/

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References

Maville, J., Huerta, C. (2013). Health Promotion in Nursing, 3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Cernage Learning National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2013). Childhood overweight and obesity trends.

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State of Michigan (n.d.). The state of the state: Childhood obesity in Michigan.Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/

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References Con’t