BY: DA KO TA , H O LT , LY D I A , E R I C

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

COLD SORES

Fever Blisters• Small blisters • Herpes simple virus(HSV-1)• Spread from using eating utensils, kissing, or touches infected

saliva. • Around or on the mouth, on the face, inside or on the nose. • Can also show up anywhere on the body.

MOLES

• Cells in the skin grow in a cluster instead of going throughout the skin.

• Cells are called melanocytes, this is what gives the skin the color. • Moles can become darker after exposure of the sun, teen years

and during pregnancy. • Can be raised or flat. • Congenital nevi moles are present at birth and are more likely to

become skin cancer than moles that appear after birth. • Dysplastic nevi moles are larger than average and have a

irregular shape. • They have dark brown centers and lighter, uneven edges. • People who have 10 or more dysplastic nevi have a 12 times

higher risk of skin cancer. • Can be skin cancer if they grow or bleed and does not heal.

ACNE

• Disorder of the hair and oil glands.• Red bumps and pimples.• Shows up on the face, chest and back. • Appears when pores in our skin gets clogged up by dead skin cells

sticking together from a lot of sebum is being produced. • Acne can also be made from p.acnes are in our pores and they

multiply quickly.

EPIDERMIS

• Most superficial layer of the skin. • Covers almost the entire body surface • Protects the deeper and thicker dermis layer of the skin.• Structurally, the epidermis is only about a tenth of a millimeter think but is

made of 40 to 50 rows of stacked squamous epithelial cells. • The cells receive their nutrients via diffusion of fluids from the dermis. • The epidermis is arranged into 4 distinct layers: the palmar surface of the

hands, plantar surface of the feet.• The skin is thicker than in the rest of the body and there is a fifth layer of

epidermis. • The stratum basale is the deepest region of the epidermis.• The stratum lucidum is made of several rows of clear, dead keratinocytes that

protect the underlying layers. • Outermost layer is the the stratum corneum.• It is made of many rows of flattened, dead keratinocytes that protect the

underlying layers. • Dead keratinocytes are constantly being shed from the surface of the stratum

corneum and being replaced by cells arriving from the deeper layers.

DERMIS

• The dermis is the deep layer of the skin found under the epidermis. • Mostly made of dense irregular connective tissue along with nervous

tissue, blood, and blood vessels. • Much thicker than the epidermis.• Gives the skin its strength and elasticity. • There are two distinct regions within the dermis: the papillary layer and

the reticular layer. • The papillary layer is the superficial layer of the dermis that borders the

epidermis. • Contains many finger-like extensions called dermal papillae that protrude

superficially towards the epidermis. • The dermal papillae increase the surface area of the dermis and contain

many nerves and blood vessels that are projected toward the surface of the skin.

• The dermal papillae provides nutrients and oxygen for the cells of the epidermis.

• The nerves in the dermal papillae are used to feel touch, pain, and temperature through the cells of the epidermis

DERMIS/ HYPODERMIS

• The reticular layer is the deeper layer of the dermis and is the ticker and tougher part of the dermis.

• The reticular layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue that contains many tough collagen and stretchy elastin fibers.

• The elastin fibers run in all directions to provide strength and elasticity to the skin.

• The reticular layer also contains blood vessels to support the skin cells and nerve tissue to sense pressure and pain in the skin.

Hypodermis• Underneath the dermis. • The hypodermis is made up of loose connective tissues.• It serves as the flexible connective between the skin and the underlying

muscles and bones.• It is also the flexible connective tissue for a fat storage area.

ANATOMY OF THE HAIR

• Hair is an accessory organ of the skin. • It is made of columns of tightly packed dead keratinocytes found in most

regions of the body. • It helps protect the body from UV radiations by preventing sunlight from

hitting the skin. • There are three major parts of the structure of the hair:

• Follicle • Root• Shaft

• Hair follicle is a depression of the epidermal cells deep into the dermis. • The hair root is within the follicle. • The hair root is below the skins surface.• The follicle will produce new hair and the cells in the root push up to the

surface until they leave the skin. • The hair shaft is the part of the hair that is found outside of the skin.

ANATOMY OF THE NAILS

• The nails are made of sheets of hardened keratinocytes. • The nails are found on the distal ends of the fingers and toes. • There are three main parts of the a nail: the root, body, and free edge. • The nail root is the portion of the nail under the surface of the skin. • The body is the visible external portion of the nail. • The free edge is the distal portion of the nail that has grown beyond the

end of the finger or toe. • The nail grows from a deep layer of epidermis tissue known as the nail

matrix, which surrounds the nail root. • The stem cells of the nail matrix reproduce to form keratinocytes. • The keratinocytes of the stem cells produce keratin protein and pack into

tough sheets of hardened cells. • Under the bail body is a layer of epidermis and dermis known as the nail

bed. • The nail bed is pink because of the presence of capillaries that support the

cells of the nail body.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR

• The ear canal enhances sound vibrations. • Once a vibration has been made it sets the bones in the middle of the ear

in motion to make fluid in the cochlea to vibrate. • The vibration in the inner ear fluid causes the hair cells to move. • Once this happens it changes the movement into electrical impulses. • The electrical impulses are transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain

to be made into sound.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HAIR

• there are three phases of the hair. • The anagen phase is where the hair is in active growth. • In the anagen phase the hair follicle enlarges which is when it reaches the

characteristics of the onion shape and a hair fiber is produced. • The catagen phase starts when the anagen growth phase comes to the

end. It will signal the end of the active growth of hair.• It can last for 2-3 weeks, this is when the hair converts to a club hair. • The telogen phase is the last phase and this is when the hair goes into a

resting phase. • During this phase the hair falls and the hair follicle re-enters the growth

phase.

PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN

• The process of keratin accumulating within keratinocytes is known as keratinization.

• When the stem cells multiply it pushes the older keratinocytes towards the surface of the skin and into the superficial layer of the epidermis.

• Once the keratinocytes have reached the stratum granulosum they have become flatter, harder and more water- resistant.

• Once the cells have reached this point the cells are removed from the nutrients that diffuse from the blood vessels in the dermis that the cells go through the process of apoptosis which is when the cell digests its own nucleus and organelles, only leaving a tough, keratin-filled shell behind.

• The dead keratinocytes form a very flat, hard and tightly packed keratin barrier to protect the underlying tissues when they move into the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.

• The homeostasis of the body is when the body gets cold it reduces the body temperature through sweating(made by the sudoriferous glands) and vasodilation.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN

• The sudoriferous glands delivers water to the surface of the body and it evaporates the sweat. When the sweat is evaporates which absorbs heat and cools the body’s surface.

• Vasodilation is the process through which smooth muscle lining the blood vessels in the dermis relax and allow more blood to enter the skin.

• Blood transport heat through the body body to pull heat away from the core so it can be radiated out of the body from the skin.

• When we get goose bumps it is the arrector pili muscles contracting. • When the arrector pili form goose bumps it contracts to move the hair

follicle and lift the hair shaft upright from the surface of the skin. This allows air to be trapped under the hairs to insulate the surface of the body.

• Vasoconstriction is the process of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels in the dermis contracting to reduce the flood of blood to the skin. This lets the skin cool off while the body stays in the body’s core to maintain heat ans circulation to the organs.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NOSE

• The nose brings in warm humidified air into the lungs. • It also filters out particles in inspired air. • First-line immunologic defense by taking in inspired air to a mucous-

coated membranes that have immunoglobulin. • The air comes in contact with the olfactory nerves, which gives us the

sense of smell.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE

Physiology of the eyes• The cornea allows light waves from an object to enter the eye and then it

goes to the pupil. • The pupillary light response will make the pupil get smaller or bigger

depending on how much light is going into the eye. • the crystalline lens, which is behind the iris and pupil, bends the light

more. This is when the images becomes reversed and inverted. • The light will then go through the vitreous humor which makes up 80% of

the eye’s volume. The light will then go to the macula in the retina to give us the best vision.

• When the light is in the retina the light impulses are changed into electrical signals.

• In the optic nerve, visual pathway, and the occipital cortex the electrical signals are interpreted by the brain as a visual image.

LEVELS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Simple • Poriferates

Intermediate

• Arthropods

Complex • Chordates

SIMPLE INTEGUMENT - SPONGES

• Sponges have a simple epithelium, known as the pinacoderm, which covers the external surface and lines the internal waterways of the sponge. Some sponges deposit needlelike spicules of calcium carbonate in gel beneath the outer layer.

INTERMEDIATE INTEGUMENT - INSECTS

• Arthropods adopt an elaborate exoskeleton. Insect epidermis lies on a membrane and secrets a tough cuticle composed of chitin. Chitin is an advanced polysaccharide containing amino acids designed to be both tough and flexible. Although the primary purpose of the integumentary system is protection, the exoskeleton of arthropods also acts as a waterproof covering by secreting a wax like covering through dermal glands. This was covering is often resposible for brightly covered insects.

COMPLEX INTEGUMENT - HUMANS

• The human integumentary system is a complex combination of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis layers of skin which creates the body’s largest organ. These intricate sections do everything from produce vitamins and hormones to combat bacteria and viruses to regulating body temperature and protecting the body from radiation. The weaving of the integumentary system with the circulatory and respiratory systems is what makes the human integument so complex.