One-day Conference 18 March 2017
Power Supply, EMC and Signalling, in Railway Systems
EMC Management and Related Technical Aspects in Railway Systems
By
Dr Peter S W LEUNG
http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~pswleung/
1
Hong Kong Chapter
2
Fixed installation - A particular combination of several types of apparatus, and where applicable, other devices, which are assembled, installed and intended to be used permanently at a predefined location. EMC Directive 2014/30/EU ). Fixed installation/Large systems - Large in size, and require system integration.
Features :
Whole system cannot be EMC tested prior to installation Required to Commit to comply with some EMC particular specifications, code or practice.
3
What is the EMC assurance process for Large Systems? EMC is an essential part in the system assurance for a complex project, in providing a top level guidelines for all parties including the contractors, subcontractors and equipment suppliers delivering the railway system to produce a structured evidence of EMC analyses and submissions. How to meet the requirements for EMC assurance?
The railway environment is considered harsh with respect to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
function satisfactorily and safely
DDefinition of EMC : Function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to other equipment in that environment - EMC Directive 2014/30/EU Often this is also the ultimate goal and objective of EMC management plan or control plan to the assurance process.
4
The EMC Management is commonly based on a systematic approach, taking into account all sources and susceptible equipment, subsystem and systems located internally and externally to the rail environment and where all EMC interactions exists for at different levels :
Equipment level – EMC type tests… Inter-(sub)system level – EMC guidelines, Risk analysis… Extra-system level – third parties, EMC impacts, human safety issues…
5
EMC Assurance Process relies on major components of:
Compliance to EMC standards and guidelines
Risk Identification and Risk Analysis
for various system integration aspects and for different prospective of an EMC solution…
EMC Risk Log or safety Hazard Log
6
7
Axle counter
IInter- subsystem
Other, future
Railways
External EM Environment
Third Party Systems and Infrastructure
Extra
Extra
Extra
CBTC
Intra
SIG
Tetra
Walkie talkie
Intra
COMM
Intra
ATC
Intra
VEH
Inter- subsystem
Inter- subsystem
Inter- subsystem Rectifier
Switchgear
Inverter
Capacitor
Railway System
Extra
Airport
Extra
Police & Fire Stations
Extra
TVS
PDS
8
Emissionn EEmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmiiiiiiiiiisssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssi
RE
CE
ESD
CS
RS
9
10
EN 55011 Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment….. EN 55022 ITE. ..Radio disturbance characteristics. Limits and methods of measurement EN 61000-4-2 ESD immunity test EN 61000-4-3 Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test EN 61000-4-4 Electrical fast transient/ Burst immunity test EN 61000-4-5 Surge immunity test EN 61000-4-6 Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields EN 61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic field immunity test EN 61000-4-11Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests EN 61000-4-13 Harmonics and inter-harmonics EEN61000-3-2 : Harmonics Emissions EN61000-3-3 : Flickers and voltage fluctuations
• Conducted disturbance (150 kHz – 30 MHz) Class A and Class B ITE with both AAverage and Quasi peak limits Mains terminal disturbance – Voltage (in dBuV) Common mode disturbance at telecommunication ports –Voltage and Current • Radiated disturbance (30 MHz – 1 GHz) Class A and Class B ITE with Quasi peak limit Enclosure (10m distance) – E-field When reading shows fluctuations close to the limits, observed for at least 15s at each measurement frequency • Remarks: If average limit is met when using a quasi-peak detector receiver, the EUT shall deemed to meet both limits.
• Radiated disturbance (1 GHz – 6 GHz) Class A and Class B ITE with Peak and Average limits Enclosure (3m distance) – E-field When reading shows fluctuations close to the limits, observed for at least 15s at each measurement frequency.
• 150KHz to 30MHz depend on type of device (steps limits at 0.15, 0.5 and 5 MHz)
• Measurement according to class A/B devices, warning shall be labelled as in Class A
80MHz – 1GHz ◦ EN 61000-6-1 (RCL environment)
80M-1000MHz, 3V/m 1.4G-2GHz, 3V/m 2G-2.7GHz, 1V/m
◦ EN 50121-3-2 ( Rolling stock -Apparatus) 80M-1000MHz, 20V/m 1.4G-2GHz, 10V/m 2.1G-2.5GHz, 5V/m
To all 4 sides..
14
Ambient temperature: 15 oC to 35 oC Relative humidity: 30 % to 60 % Atmospheric pressure: 86 kPa to 106 kPa
EElectrostatic Discharge (ESD) EN61000-4-2
15
Discharge Electrodes of the ESD Generator
Well defined dimensions for the discharge electrodes
Threshold of feeling: 2 - 4kV Everyone can feel: 5kV Memorable event: 15kV
C = 50 to 250 pFR = 500 to 10k |VC| = 0 to 30kV ( above 30V will have corona effect ) L = 50 - 200nH First order model, TRIBOELECTRIC EFFECT
simulating the impact of spark or arcing, commonly from opening/ breaking of a current flowing switch
Coupling of the EFT into electronic products occurs when power cables handling high currents are spontaneously varies nearby of power, data, I/O cables.
EFT is the immunity requirement on impact from power switches
Measurement done on +/- 2KV on line-line or +/- 1KV on Line to earth
No degradation of performance (A) is expected to EUT under the influence
Surges on the AC power mains is result of switching operations in power grid and from nearby lightning strikes, either directly to power distribution system or nearby ground. Radiated coupling of surges into I/O lines generally occurs when the lines are considerably lengthy (thus proud of induction). • Electronic products are tested for Surge immunity to ensure their continued reliable operation under realistic levels of surge voltages.
• It is essential to demonstrate apparatus used in Railway able to sustain and self recoverable (B) under surge conditions
To simulate the impact lightening strike +/- 2KV line-line, +/- 1KV Line-Earth Functions of Railway EUT expected to be self recoverable (B).
Disturbance is generated by intentional RF transmitters Cable attached to the EUT are in resonant mode (λ/4, λ/2) CDN to ensure one-directional RF injection into EUT Rail apparatus to 10V/m across 9KHz to 80 MHz
b d b l
ESD EFT Surge Pulse characteristic Sharp rise time Sharp rise time,
repeated pulse Slower rise time and declining pulse
Relative energy mJ mJ J Peak voltage 15KV 2KV 2KV Eff. Current range A A KA Sources Static Switching of circuit lighting
• harmonics is regulated and verified up to 40th harmonics (2KHz).
• voltage fluctuations - Certain products intermittently take power from mains and causing the supply voltage to dip, resulting potentially supplier instable, lighting to flick.
• Flicker measures current variation over time (up to 2 hours) and uses statistical techniques to quantify the severity of flicker.
Max allowable voltage fluctuation > 4% or 3.3% for disturbance >0.5s
magnetic fields at AC mains frequencies, in association with power transformers. Common problems to electronic displays, Hall effect sensors, and other electronic products having a sensitivity to magnetic fields.
• EUT to sustain H field @100 A/m immunity for 50 Hz and 300 A/m for DC (no degradation (A) is allowed)
In compliment with Power magnet field, Pulse Magnetic Fields are produced as a result of a large current impulse through a conductor.
Example is lightening current flowing through a grounding conductor at a power sub-station.
• Pulse magnetic fields can also occur in railway system where very large current impulses are used in a power transmission process (Traction substation).
• Immunity to pulse magnetic field of 300 A/m (self recoverable (B) is expected)
Category A - The measured object continues operating normally, unaffected by the interference Category B - The measured object is interfered with, but functions without degradation once the interference has been removed Category C - Loss of function during the test, but functions resume after resetting the measured object
Category D - the function was lost permanently
Compliance Matrix: Summarizing EMC type test information according to the requirements.
Pre-compliance test/ type test information.
Provide judgment on discrepancies, and justification on deviation.
Compliance Matrix:
27
PDS
Signalling and Telecomm
SIG & COMM Apparatus
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaallllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnng aaaaaaaand TTTTTTTTelecommmmmmmm
29
EEN50121 :2015 EN50121-1 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic compatibility , Part 1 General EN50121-2 Railway Applications – EMC, Part 2 Emissions of the whole railway system to the outside world EN50121-3-1 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic compatibility , Part 3-1: Rolling Stocks EN50121-3-2 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic compatibility , Part 3-2: Rolling Stocks EN50121-4 Railway Applications – EMC, Part 4 Emission and immunity of the signalling and telecommunication Apparatus EN 50121-5 Railway applications –EMC, Part 5 Emission and immunity of fixed power supply installations and apparatus
EN61000-6 EN 61000-6-1 EMC. Generic standards - Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments EN 61000-6-2 EMC Generic Standard – Immunity for industrial environments EN 61000-6-3 EMC - Generic standards. Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments EN 61000-6-4 EMC - Generic Standard – Emission standard for industrial environments Others EN 61000-5-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC): Part 5 Installation and mitigation guidelines, Section 2 Earthing and cabling EN 62128-1 Railway applications – Protective Provisions against Electric Shock EN 62305 Protection against lightning(Parts 1-4)
30
System Level - EN50121 :2015 EN50121-1 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic compatibility , Part 1 General EN50121-2 Railway Applications – EMC, Part 2 Emissions of the whole railway system to the outside world EN50121-3-1 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic compatibility , Part 3-1: Rolling Stocks EN50121-3-2 Railway Applications – Electromagnetic compatibility , Part 3-2: Rolling Stocks EN50121-4 Railway Applications – EMC, Part 4 Emission and immunity of the signalling and telecommunication Apparatus EN 50121-5 Railway applications –EMC, Part 5 Emission and immunity of fixed power supply installations and apparatus
