By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Pirated and changed by Mr. Smalley

So… The DocTor haS been arounD forever… IS he an

early or moDern explorer?

I . E arlier E xplorations A. What preceded the interest??? 1. Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca

• Dominated by Turkish Ottomans and Persian Safavids

• Indian Ocean Trade

2. A New Player Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Technology improves

3. Admiral Z heng H e

1371-1435

Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Europe was a minor outpost compared to the East

What now Columbus!!!

Who the man? I’m the man!?!

Z heng H e’s V oyages

In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Did Zheng He reach America???

A M ap of the K nown W orld, pre- 1492

B . M otives for E uropean E xploration - Guess

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. (Who would that be??) a. Portugal and Spain want to bypass

____and ____ b. Fall of Constantinople - Reading c. End monopoly and ____ d. Wanted trade from Indian Ocean

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

a. Middle class seeks increased trade – material (spices) = $

b. Nations willing to risk $/capital/prestige for hope of rewards

5. Fame/Glory

6. Technological advances.

7. Population increase

8. Intrigue -

C. P ortugal

1. P rince H enry, the Navigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Inspired looking for all-water route

D . P ortuguese M aritime E mpire 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. What about the Muslims

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut. 4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510;

Malacca, 1511). 5. What did John Green say about Portugal???

E . Spanish M aritime E mpire

1. Why did Spain get involved???

2. Christofo Colon [1451- 1506]

a. So what…

Columbus’ F our V oyages

• W as Columbus a lucky I diot? ? ? • W as he a genocidal maniac? ? ?

3. W ho were the other E xplorers? ? ?

Let the Games B egin!!!

Why did England and France get involved? What did they try to do? How was their exploration and desires the same and

different???

F erdinand M agellan & the F irst Circumnavigation of the W orld: E arly 16c

D istance around world ends Spanish desire to go to I ndia, they stay in Latin America.

Other V oyages of E xploration

Atlantic E xplorations

Looking for “El Dorado”

New Colonial R ivals

4. New Colonial R ivals a. Portugal lacked the numbers

and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Dominated by other countries

b. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.(Philip?) Begin to run into other

countries interests Spain and Port argue over

Americas

T reasures from the Americas!

E uropean E mpires in the Americas

T he T reaty of T ordesillas, 1494 & T he P ope’s Line of D emarcation

(P ope A lexander V I )

c. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

Eng. Raid Spanish colonies

Eng. destroy Spanish Armada

Eng. Seize Dutch colonies

Eng and France fight four major wars (ends with 7 Years War)

d. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

Not as powerful as other countries

F ernando Cortez

5. T he F irst Spanish Conquests: T he Aztecs – (Schmoop)

M ontezuma I I

vs.

How did such a small force win?

T he D eath of M ontezuma I I

M exico Sur renders to Cortez

F rancisco P izar ro

6. T he F irst Spanish Conquests: T he I ncas

Atahualpa

vs.

How did such a small force win? Video – 1 Video 2

7. S laves W orking in a B razilian Sugar M ill

8. F ather B artolome de Las Casas

New Laws 1542 Primary Doc

9. T he I nfluence of the Colonial Catholic Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

10. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers

Official European Colony!

11. Administration of the Spanish E mpire in the New W orld

a. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy – extremely powerful Audiencia Corregidores

New Spain and Peru. b. House of Trade –controlled trade and people c. Papal agreement. d. Encomienda or forced

labor.

T he Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

T he “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets Liquor GUNS

New P atterns of W orld T rade

F . T rans- Atlantic S lave T rade

T he S lave T rade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the

Europeans. 2. Genoese got slaves from the Ottomans then

from Guanches, Muslim prisoners, Jews, Africa

3. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.

4. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” P osition B elow D eck

A frican Captives T hrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

G. I mpact of E uropean E xpansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. New products introduced across the

continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 3. D eepened colonial rivalries.

1592

4. E uropean migrate overseas – civilization spreads 5. I nsurance started – Lloyd’s of London 6. S hift in P ower due to trade route shift. I taly and north

Ger. Cities decline = Nation state becomes the power. 7. W estern E ur. pop. increased with more food supply.

P eople move to cities for jobs. a. Cities offer business owners (entrepreneurs)

opportunities (printing, ship building, armaments, manufacturing)

b. = greater social mobility, richer cultural existences, and wider life style variety.

8. W estern E ur. middle class grows – merchants, bankers, capitalists

a. middle class grows discontent b. seen as inferior to nobles and rulers c. want social status & pol. P ower (future!!!)

9. Mercantilism a. want gold and silver b. export more than import = fav. bal. of trade c. increase exports by helping domestic industries with

subsides/ bounties d. discourage imports with tariffs e. acquire colonies = raw materials for manu f. restrict colonial manufacturing g. forbid colonies to trade with other countries (only

trade with Mother Country)

10. M ove toward capitalism a. E ntrepreneurs – take risks, face competition to

make a profit b. O perate in a market economy – price of goods

and wages are impacted by supply and demand c. T hey found J oint S tock Companies - B usiness

whose capital is held in transferable shares of stock by its joint owners. E ast I ndia Company =

- get charters for a monopoly - forerunner to corporation

d. B anks increase - more currency due to more gold and silver - Catholic lowers standards on usury - use bills of exchange - checks - bank notes e. Limited Guild restrictions – - domestic system starts – send raw materials

into homes – becomes later the factory system (Commercial R evolution)