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By:
NSABIMANA P. OLIVIER, B. Pharm.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES(NCDs)
DIABETES
DIABETES Diabetes is a group of diseases
characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs
What’s Occuring in the body?
Our body uses a hormone called insulin to handle glucose, which is a simple sugar that’s a main source of energy. In diabetes, something goes wrong in the body so that you can not produce insulin or are not sensitive to it. That means that your body produces high levels of blood glucose, which acts on organs to produce the symptoms of the disease.
To maintain a constant blood glucose level, the body relies on two hormones produced in the pancreas that have opposite actions: insulin and glucagon.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
As blood glucose rises, the body sends a signal to the pancreas, which releases insulin.
MECANISM of ACTION
Glucose gets absorbed from the intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all cells.
The body tries to maintain a constant glucose concentration in the blood.
So, when you over supply on glucose, your body stores the excess in the liver and muscles by making glycogen
When glucose is in short supply, the body makes glucose from stored glycogen or from the food that’s been eaten.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data indicate that by the year 2025, the number of people affected will reach 333 million –90% of these people will have Type 2 diabetes.
Today, not only are adults being diagnosed with this disease, but its also affecting today’s youth.
The annual health costs caused by diabetes and its complications account for around 6-12% of all health-care expenditure.
Burden of Diabetes
MAIN TYPES OF DIABETES
Types 1 DiabetesTypes 2 DiabetesGestational diabetes
Was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic(IMPINDURA) beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose.
This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age.
Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may include autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.
Type 1 diabetes
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Type 1 Diabetes
· auto immune disorder
· insulin-producing cells destroyed
· age of onset: usually childhood, young adulthood
· daily insulin replacement necessary
· most prevalent type of diabetes in children and adolescents
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SYMPTOMS:
Type 1 Diabetes
increased urination
tirednessweight loss
CAUSE: uncertain, likely both genetic and environmental factors
increased thirsthungerblurred vision
ONSET: relatively quick
Was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.
Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in children and adolescents.(!!!!??????)
Type 2 diabetes
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Are overweight. Are 45 or older. Are physically inactive. Have a parent or sibling with type 2
diabetes. Are African American, Native American,
Hispanic American, or Pacific Islander. Have abnormal cholesterol levels. Have had gestational diabetes, or given
birth to a baby greater than 9 lbs. Have high blood pressure.
Type 2 is more common in people who:
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SYMPTOMS:
Type 2 Diabetes
tired, thirsty, hunger, increased urination
A form of glucose intolerance(Extreme sensitivity) that is diagnosed in some women during pregnancy.
During pregnancy, gestational diabetes requires treatment to normalize maternal blood glucose levels to avoid complications in the infant.
After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes.
Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 20% to 50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5-10 years.
Gestational diabetes
Symptoms of Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is often without symptoms in its early stages. That’s the reason there are 40% of people with Type 2 diabetes are unaware of their
disease. When there are symptoms, they may occur gradually. If present, they usually are:
feeling tired and weak passing large volumes of urine,
especially during the night having frequent infections having blurred eyesight Excessive hunger and thirst
COMPLICATION OF DIABETES
Why is the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes increasing?
Aging of the population. Increased incidence due to urbanization
especially in the developing countries.– More sedentary lifestyle.– Food consumption patterns, – more foods with high fat content – more refined carbohydrates.– Physical inactivity
Prevention of diabetes
Recommendations to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes– Regular physical activity– Interventions to reduce obesity ( Control your
BMI)– Individuals at risk should have dietary intake
assessed and receive individualised dietary advice and continued dietetic support
Evidence Based Guideline for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Australian Government NHMRC www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/education_info/nebg.html
The major components of the treatment of diabetes are:
Management of DIABETES
• Diet and ExerciseA
• Oral hypoglycaemic therapyB
• Insulin TherapyC
ADVICES
Eat more fruit and vegetables
Fresh Frozen Tinned Dried Juice
Eat starchy foods regularly
Bread Potatoes Rice Pasta Cereals Plantain Chapatis
Reduce animal or saturated fat intake
Use low fat milk Use low fat spread
instead of butter Use oil high in
unsaturated fat, eg olive oil, rapeseed oil
Cut down on sugary foods
Not a sugar free diet Cut out sweets Cut out sugary
drinks
Be Active…Often Exercise for 30 minutes or
more at least 4 days a week.
PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE !!!!!!!
BUT IF ANY COMPLAINTS OCCUR TO YOU, CONSULT YOUR PHYSICIAN ASSP !!!!
MAY GOD BLESS U ALL!!!!!
THANK YOU VERY MUCH