BY: Shanise Levi,Tatyana Howard, and Alexiya Cridell.

Ngarta Tombalbaye was the 1st president of the independent Republic of Chad.

Felix Malloum became the chief of the state after the 1975 coup, but was ousted 1979.

Goukouni Oueddei served as president and subsequently led a Libyan baked rival government in northern. Chad Hissene Habre, a Muslim military leader , seized power in 1990after a French supported from Sudan.

N'djamena with 600 in habitants is Chad’s capital. The city is primarily an administrative center and an important port on the 949 kilometers Chari River. In addition to being the national capital is also the capital of Chari –Baguirmi prefective. The city was founded by French in 1990and the original colonial name was Fort Lamy N’djamena was adopted since 1973 meat processing is the main industry ,but the capital is also a regional market for livestock, salt,dates and grains. N’djamena has schools of administration and veterinary medicine and an international airport.

This is Jarbridge river.

This is a landforms of Chad.

Chad, parts of France's African holding until 1960, endured 3 decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution , and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998 a rebellion broke out in northern Chad which has sporadically flared up despite peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007 power remains in the hands of an ethic minority. In June 2005, president Irises DEBY held a referendum successfully removing conditional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006 sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007 and the capital experienced a significant rebel threat in early 2008.

Droughts and floods , out of season rain and dry spells are affecting the welfare of million of people. The suspected root of the problem climate change is reality for the people of Africa humanity role in this changing climate is more or less certain and despite the fact that Africans have contributed the least to humans _ induced climate change there are wide spread fears that Africa best course of action is not to balm, but adopt befo5re the changing environment impacts even more severely on people lives.◦

Area:Total:1.254 million sq kmLand:1,259,200 sq kmWater:24,800 sq kmArea Comparative :slightly more than 3 time the size

of California.Coastline:0 km (landlocked)Climate: tropical in south,desert in northTerrain; broad arid, plans in center desert in north

mountains I northwest, lowland in south.Natural Resources: petroleum,uranium, kaolin, fish.Natural Hazards: hot,dry, dusty ,winds occoyr in

north; periodic droughts;locust plagues.

Chad culture is chadian. The religion of Chad include

Muslim,catholic, and Protestant. Ethnic group – Sara, Muslim, and Islamic. Food – Peanut sauce over rice. Language – Chad official language is

French. Music – Folk,Tead music.

Here are some of the

clothing were in Chad.

Government – Republic Location – In the northern Central Africa.

Motto: Unite Travail Progres =Unity Work Progress.

This is Chad state flag.