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Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

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Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment. John Robinson, PG, CPG Hydrogeologist GeoEnvironmental Research. Project Tasks to Evaluate Byram’s Water Resources. Prepare Aquifer GIS Maps Gather Information Collect Baseflow stream samples Prepare Aquifer Testing Ordinance - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Byram Township Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment Groundwater Assessment John Robinson, PG, CPG John Robinson, PG, CPG Hydrogeologist Hydrogeologist GeoEnvironmental Research GeoEnvironmental Research
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Page 1: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Byram TownshipByram TownshipNJDEP Matching Grant NJDEP Matching Grant

Groundwater AssessmentGroundwater Assessment

John Robinson, PG, CPGJohn Robinson, PG, CPGHydrogeologistHydrogeologist

GeoEnvironmental ResearchGeoEnvironmental Research

Page 2: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Project Tasks to Project Tasks to Evaluate Byram’s Evaluate Byram’s Water ResourcesWater Resources

Prepare Aquifer GIS MapsPrepare Aquifer GIS Maps Gather InformationGather Information Collect Baseflow stream samplesCollect Baseflow stream samples Prepare Aquifer Testing OrdinancePrepare Aquifer Testing Ordinance Prepare ReportPrepare Report Prepare Educational Slide ShowPrepare Educational Slide Show

Page 3: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion Geology and Groundwater Geology and Groundwater

OccurrenceOccurrence Aquifer MaterialsAquifer Materials Groundwater ContaminationGroundwater Contamination Residential Well Testing Residential Well Testing

Page 4: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater Groundwater OccurrenceOccurrence Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Runoff and RechargeRunoff and Recharge Recharge and DischargeRecharge and Discharge Changes in the Water TableChanges in the Water Table

Page 5: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Precipitation may runoff, evaporate, percolate to root zone, or Precipitation may runoff, evaporate, percolate to root zone, or enter aquifer. Water table changes seasonally. Aquifers vary enter aquifer. Water table changes seasonally. Aquifers vary

with geologywith geology

Page 6: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Precipitation that enters the aquifer flows directionally from recharge areas to discharge areas. The constant flow of groundwater that discharges into a stream is called baseflow.

Page 7: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

BaseflowBaseflow water samples may be collected from streams to evaluate the quality of water samples may be collected from streams to evaluate the quality of the discharging groundwater. Lubbers Run Upstream Sample Location.the discharging groundwater. Lubbers Run Upstream Sample Location.

Page 8: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

gwflowproblems1.jpg

Groundwater supply wells may alter the natural flow groundwater. Pumping wells depress the water table around the intake. The localized decline is called a cone of depression. Water drawn from a stream into a well through the aquifer is called induced infiltration.

Page 9: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Public Community Supply WellsPublic Community Supply Wells

Page 10: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

This groundwater physical flow mode simulates the recharge/discharge and baseflow of a stream system. Water is added to the sides as recharge and migrates to the middle (steam) as discharge. Dye traces the groundwater flow paths.

Page 11: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Shallow to deep flow paths migrate to the stream as baseflow discharge.

Page 12: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater physical model depicting injection scenario common in septic systems. Notice mounding and radiating flow paths that spread out before reaching the water table.

Page 13: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater flow concepts applied to typical Wallkill Watershed aquifer. Water table occurs as a subdued replica of the surface topography. Notice the water table is deeper at the upland watershed boundary and intersects the ground surface at wetlands and streams. Town well may draw from both groundwater and surface water.

Page 14: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Physical model depicting flow to a well. Notice the cone of depression and flow paths to the well intake. Deeper flow paths may be influenced by pumping but escape intake.

Page 15: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater discharge from a bedrock outcrop. Position of the water table surface is clearly visible.

Page 16: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Aquifer MaterialsAquifer Materials Unconsolidated DepositsUnconsolidated Deposits BedrockBedrock Limestone and KarstLimestone and Karst

Page 17: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Sand and gravel deposit in the Waterloo section of Byram depicts the coarse grained and permeable nature of glacial outwash aquifers.

Page 18: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

The Aquifers of ByramThe Aquifers of Byram

Page 19: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Glacial Sediments andGlacial Sediments andSurfacial AquifersSurfacial Aquifers

Page 20: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Surficial AquifersSurficial Aquifers

Page 21: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Buried valleys in the Northern NJ area were formed by glaciers and the release of sediments in the ice interacting and deposited with the meltwater.

Page 22: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater in bedrock aquifers flows through interconnected fractures. Fractures close at depth with increased lithostatic pressure. Wells that miss the interconnected fracture network may be dry.

Page 23: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Bedrock AquifersBedrock Aquifers

Page 24: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

This fractured crystalline bedrock outcrop along Lakawanna Road is typical of the upland areas of the watershed. Notice the irregular occurrence of the fracture network.

Page 25: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Limestone outcrop along Route 15 in Sparta. This type of bedrock is typical beneath the valleys in the Wallkill Watershed. Notice the more regular spaced and frequent bedding plane fractures.

Page 26: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Limestone outcrop along Route 94 in McAfee. Notice the soluble nature of limestone.

Page 27: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment
Page 28: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment
Page 29: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater RechargeGroundwater Recharge

Page 30: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Soil filled vertical fracture in limestone.

Page 31: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Quantitative HydrogeologyQuantitative Hydrogeology Groundwater and BaseflowGroundwater and Baseflow Gradient and Hydraulic Gradient and Hydraulic

ConductivityConductivity TestingTesting

Page 32: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Seasonal changes in the water table is accompanied with a change in gradient and volume of baseflow.

Page 33: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment
Page 34: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Aquifer yield is evaluated by conducting an aquifer pump test. A controlled pumping stress is applied to the aquifer and the results are measured and interpreted.

Page 35: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Pumping wells spaced too close together may create cumulative drawdown.

Page 36: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Groundwater Groundwater ContaminationContamination

Sources of ContaminationSources of Contamination Well Head ProtectionWell Head Protection

Page 37: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment
Page 38: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Contamination threats to groundwater are everywhere. They may be organic, inorganic or both. Each type reacts differently in the subsurface.

Page 39: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Organic chemicals, such as petroleum based fuel, have a specific gravity less than water and float on the water table. Their subsurface movement is influenced by the direction of groundwater flow, including the rising and falling of the water table.

Page 40: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Chlorinated organic chemicals, such as dry cleaning fluid (TCE) and PCBs are denser than water and sink to an impermeable layer. The migration of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLS) is dictated by gravity, not the direction of groundwater flow.

Page 41: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

In areas serviced by septic systems, delivery of chemicals into the subsurface is as common as going to the supermarket.

Page 42: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Septic systems work by maintaining vertical unsaturated separation of at least 4 feet between the leach field and groundwater. In high volume systems, the vertical separation is rarely unsaturated.

Page 43: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Septic Suitable SoilsSeptic Suitable Soils

Page 44: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Karst aquifers have special problems. The enhanced permeability created by solution makes them exceptional aquifers. Unfortunately, this characteristic also makes them extremely vulnerable to contamination by run-off short-circuiting through sinkholes.

Page 45: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Contaminant Threats in ByramContaminant Threats in Byram

Page 46: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Well head protection identifies the ground surface areas around wells which contribute to direct recharge of the well.

Page 47: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment
Page 48: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

The commonly used arbitrary fixed radius method of delineating well head protection areas is just that - arbitrary. No thought is given to pumping rates, aquifer properties or anything scientific. Its use may be justified by political motives, such as preserving current zoning.

Page 49: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Calculated fixed radius is simplistic but considers properties such as pumping rates.

Page 50: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Well Head Protection AreasWell Head Protection Areas

Page 51: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Known Contaminant ThreatsKnown Contaminant Threats

Page 52: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Things to RememberThings to Remember Groundwater is out of sight, but not Groundwater is out of sight, but not

mysteriousmysterious Groundwater can be protected with Groundwater can be protected with

thoughtful planningthoughtful planning Runoff is episodic and baseflow is Runoff is episodic and baseflow is

constantconstant The landscape and movement of water The landscape and movement of water

and contaminants is dictated by and contaminants is dictated by underlying geology.underlying geology.

Page 53: Byram Township NJDEP Matching Grant Groundwater Assessment

Next Steps Next Steps Collect Additional Well Information Collect Additional Well Information Implement Residential Well Implement Residential Well

OrdinanceOrdinance Identify Vulnerable EnvironmentsIdentify Vulnerable Environments Plan to protect Vulnerable Plan to protect Vulnerable

Environments From contaminants Environments From contaminants and groundwater mining.and groundwater mining.


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