Byzantine Empire

Christian church became known as

Eastern Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church Orthodox Church

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Hagia SophiaHagia SophiaConstantinopleConstantinople

PatriarchPatriarch

led Eastern Orthodox Church

PopePope

led Roman Catholic Church

The Great SchismThe Great Schism separation between the Roman Catholic Church

the Eastern Orthodox Church

• Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the

Pope’s claim as head of Church

The Great SchismThe Great Schism separation between the Roman Catholic Church

the Eastern Orthodox Church

• Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the

Pope’s claim as head of Church

• 1054 Pope & Patriarch excommunicated each other

Seljuk Turks threatened ConstantinopleSeljuk Turks threatened Constantinople

CrusadesCrusades

Alexius IAlexius I (Constantinople) asks

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II (Rome) for help

• Protect ConstantinopleProtect Constantinople• Liberate Jerusalem and Palestine Liberate Jerusalem and Palestine

regionregion

Urban II called for crusades against– InfidelsInfidels– A cursed raceA cursed race

CrusadesCrusades

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II Called For the First CrusadeCalled For the First Crusade

“From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report,

… An accursed race…has violently invaded the lands of those Christians…

“Both knights and footmen, both rich and poor…strive to help expel…from our Christian lands before it is too late…

Christ commands it. Remission of sins will be granted for those going thither.”

Pope Urban II Called For the First Crusade

“GOD WILLS IT”

Hopes of ManHopes of ManEuropeans Pope UrbanEuropeans Pope Urban

• Men and women left for Holy Land - Few returned

• Religious Zeal

• Wealth and Land

• Adventure

Hopes of ManHopes of ManEuropeans Pope UrbanEuropeans Pope Urban

• Men and women left for Holy Land - Few returned

• Religious Zeal

• Wealth and Land

• Adventure

• Heal the SchismSchism

• Increase his power in Europe

• Slow the European Wars between lords

• Massacred Jewish communities in Europe on way to Jerusalem

First First CrusadesCrusades

• Massacred Jewish communities in Europe on way to Jerusalem

• French knightscaptured Antioch in 1098

Jerusalem in 1099

First First CrusadesCrusades

• Massacred Jewish communities in Europe on way to Jerusalem

• French knightscaptured Antioch in 1098

Jerusalem in 1099

• Massacred Muslim, Jewish, and some Christians

First First CrusadesCrusades

SaladinSaladinrecaptures Jerusalem

11871187

“To us Jerusalem is a precious…as it is to you, because it is the place from where our Prophet made his journey by night to heaven…Do not dream that we will give it up

to you”

- Saladin

33rdrd Crusade Crusade11891189

Richard I of EnglandRichard I of England(Richard the Lionheart)

Negotiated a settlement withNegotiated a settlement with

SaladinSaladin

to allow Christian pilgrims freeaccess to Jerusalem

44thth Crusade Crusade

• 1193 - Pope Innocent III initiated the 4th crusade

44thth Crusade Crusade

Crusaders diverted to Constantinople

& attacks the city in 1204

44thth Crusade Crusade

Permanently separated the

Catholic Church and Greek Orthodox Church

Port ofPort of

AcreAcrelast Christian outpost conquered last Christian outpost conquered

(north of Jerusalem)(north of Jerusalem)12911291

Just as Bloody as the sacking Just as Bloody as the sacking of Jerusalem – of Jerusalem –

This time - the Christians diedThis time - the Christians died

Increased wealth of

Genoa and Venice, Italy

Began Jewish persecutio

n and genocidegenocide

Increased wealth of

Genoa and Venice, Italy

Increased wealth of

Genoa and Venice, Italy

Began Jewish persecutio

n and genocidegenocide

Fall of Fall of Feudalism…Feudalism…

Increase power Increase power of Kingsof Kings

““Centralized Government”Centralized Government”

Began Jewish persecutio

n and genocidegenocide

Increased wealth of

Genoa and Venice,

ItalyFall of Fall of

Feudalism…Feudalism…Increase power Increase power

of Kingsof KingsTechnology:Technology:

ShipsShipsMapsMaps

WeaponsWeapons

Began Jewish persecutio

n and genocidegenocide

Increased wealth of

Genoa and Venice, Italy

Fall of Fall of Feudalism…Feudalism…

Increase power Increase power of Kingsof Kings

Technology:Technology:ShipsShipsMapsMaps

WeaponsWeapons

DevelopmenDevelopmentt

Of Of UniversitiesUniversities

Universities DevelopUniversities Developin Europein Europe

• Oxford Oxford (unknown, 1096)(unknown, 1096)

• Cambridge Cambridge (1209)(1209)

• New interest in learning from New interest in learning from CrusadesCrusades• Need for priestsNeed for priests

Sultan Mahmet II:Conqueror of

Constantinople

Ottoman Turks

Ottoman Turks eventually conquer a weakened Byzantine Empire1451

Constantinople was weakenedConstantinople was weakened

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