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C. Establishes an equilibrium potential for a particular ionbased on Donnan equilibrium
Nernst equation1. What membrane potential would exist at the true equilibrium for a particular ion?
- What is the voltage that would balance diffusion gradients with the force that would prevent net ion movement?
2. This theoretical equilibrium potential can be calculated (for a particular ion).
Eion = RT ln [X]outside
zF [X]inside
ENa,K,Cl = RT PK [K+]out + PNa [Na+]out + PCl[Cl-]in
PK [K+]in + PNa [Na+]in + PCl[Cl-]outF_____________________________ln___
Goldman Equation
1. quantitative representation of Vm when membrane is permeable to more than one ion species
2. involves permeability constants (P)
pp 72-73
Resting Potential
A. Vrest
1. represents potential difference at non-excited state
-30 to -100mV depending on cell type
2. not all ion species may have an ion channel
3. there is an unequal distribution of ions due to active pumping mechanisms
- contributes to Donnan equilibrium- creates chemical diffusion gradient that contributes to the equilibrium potential
Resting Potential
B. Ion channels necessary for carrying charge across the membrane1. the the concentration gradient, the greater its contribution to the membrane potential
2. K+ is the key to Vrest (due to increased permeability)
Resting PotentialC. Role of active transport
ENa is + 63 mV in frog muscleVm is + -90 to -100mV in frog muscle
Action Potentials
large, transient change in Vm
depolarization followed by repolarizationpropagated without decrementconsistent in individual axons“all or none”
Action Potentials
A. Depends on1. ion chemical gradients established by active transport through channels2. these electrochemical gradients represent potential energy3. flow of ion currents through “gated” channels
- down electrochemical gradient4. different types of Na+ and K+ channels than seen in most cells
- voltage-gated
Action PotentialsB. Properties
1. only in excitable cells- muscle cells, neurons, some receptors, some secretory cells
Action PotentialsB. Properties
2. a cell will normally produce identical action potentials (amplitude)
Action PotentialsB. Properties
3. depolarization to threshold
- rapid depolarization- results in reverse of polarity
- or just local response (potential) if it does not reach threshold
Action PotentialsB. Properties
a. threshold current (-30 to -55 mV)b. AP regenerative after threshold (self-perpetuating)
Action PotentialsB. Properties
4. overshoot: period of positivity in ICF5. repolarization
a. return to Vrest
b. after-hyperpolarization
Action PotentialsB. Properties
6. accommodationa. time-dependent decrease in excitability b. result of a series of subthreshold depolarizationsc. threshold increasesd. the slower the rate of depolarization (current intensity), the greater the in thresholde. change in sensitivity of ion channels
Action PotentialsC. Refractory period
1. absolute2. relative
a. strong enough stimulus can elicit another APb. threshold is increased
Action PotentialsD. ∆ Ion conductance
- responsible for current flowing across the membrane
Action PotentialsD. ∆ Ion conductance
1. rising phase: in gNa
overshoot approaches ENa
(ENa is about +60 mV)
2. falling phase: in gNa and in gK
3. after-hyperpolarizationcontinued in gK
approaches EK
(EK is about -90 mV)
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
1. localization
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
1. localizationa. voltage-gated
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
1. localizationb. ligand-gated at synapses
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
1. localizationNa+ channels occupy only a small fraction of surface area100-500 channels/m
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
2. current flowa. Na+ ions flow through channel at 6000/sec at emf of -100mVb. number of open channels depends on time and Vm
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
3. opening of channela. gating molecule with a net charge
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
3. opening of channelb. change in voltage causes gating molecule to undergo conformational change
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
4. factors contributing to specificitya. anions at mouth of channelb. sizec. ability to dehydrate (shed water of hydration)
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
5. generation of AP dependent only on Na+
repolarization is required before another AP can occurK+ efflux
Gated Ion ChannelsA. Voltage-gated Na+ channels
6. positive feedback in upslopea. countered by reduced emf for Na+ as Vm approaches ENa
b. Na+ channels close very quickly after opening (independent of Vm)
Gated Ion ChannelsB. Voltage-gated K+ channels
1. slower response to voltage changes than Na+ channels2. gK increases at peak of AP
Gated Ion ChannelsB. Voltage-gated K+ channels
3. high gK during falling phasedecreases as Vm returns to normalchannels close as repolarization progresses
Gated Ion ChannelsB. Voltage-gated K+ channels
4. hastens repolarization for generation of more action potentials
Does [Ion] Change During AP?A. Relatively few ions needed to alter Vm
B. Large axons show negligible change in Na+ and K+ concentrations after an AP.