CHAPTER 10:ANCIENT ROME

LESSON ONE: ROME’S BEGINNINGS

I. Legend a. Roman legend claimed that brothers, Romulus and Remus founded Rome after they were raised by a she-wolf.

II. LANDFORMS AND BODIES OF WATER IN ROME

a. Mountainous (like Greece)b. Longest coastlines

i. became a center of trade because of its many harbors and ports with access to the Mediterranean Sea.c. Surrounded by Mediterranean Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, and Adriatic Sea

III. CONNECTION

a. Rome was considered a bridge between Western Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.

IV. TRADING

a. Tiber River was important because foreign ships could bring goods up the river to Rome.

i. Rome became very rich.

b. Because of trade, Romans studied new ideas about growing crops and they learned about other cultures through stories and legends.

V. ETRUSCANSa. Etruscans took over Rome about 600 B.C. b. Romans learned how to build aqueducts. i. aqueducts- structures that carry flowing water to supply water to cities.c. The Romans also learned how to make better weapons and ships.d. The Romans resented Etruscan rule. i. Junius Brutus forced the Etruscans out of Rome and became the new leader.

THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT—BUILT IN THE 2ND CENTURY A.D.

LESSON 2 OUTLINE

LESSON 2-THE ROMAN REPUBLICI. Nationalism

a. Romans were proud of their soldiers and loyal to their homeland. Told many war hero stories to raise pride and nationalism- a strong devotion to one’s country.

II. Two Groups of Citizensa.patricians – rich and powerfulb.plebeians – all other people, 90% of the

people. 

patricianssoldier and slave

farmer/craftsmen

plebeians

III. REPUBLICa. Citizens have the right to vote, or choose

their leadersb. Elected officials represented the people in

the Senate (governing body)c. At first the Senate made up of patricians.d. Each year two patricians were elected as

consuls (officials for the government and army)

IV. CITIZENSHIPa. Slaves and most foreigners

were NOT citizens.b. Women WERE citizens with limited power.

i. Women could not vote or hold public office but they had more freedom than Greek

women. ii. Women could own property, testify in court and play major roles in government.

 

Patricians

V. TRIBUNESa. men who were appointed to

protect the rights of the plebeians b. set up to protect plebeians from the harsh treatment from patricians c. Over time plebeians gained in wealth and power, but the patricians always had more power. 

VI. CARTHAGE a. City-state located in North Africa.b. Had a large and powerful navy and one of the strongest armies.

VII. ROME AND CARTHAGE a. Rome and Carthage fought three times in the battles called the Punic Wars.

i. Wars lasted a total of 120 years and theRomans won all three wars.

b. 1st War of the Punic Wars- fought over land off the coast of Italy

 

c. 2nd War of the Punic Wars- MOST FAMOUS OF THE THREEi. Hannibal (Carthaginian general) took his army across the

Alps on elephants and surprised the Romans. ii. The Romans learned of the attack by Hannibal.iii. The Romans were saved when Scipio(Roman General)

attacked Carthage and Hannibal had to rush back home to Carthage to help.

iv. Carthage was defeated.

d. 3rd War of the Punic Wars- Romans captured and destroyed Carthage

i. surviving Carthaginians were sold into slavery and Rome controlled the entire Western Mediterranean

region.

VIII. CONQUERED PLACES

a.Romans tried to keep people happy and patriotic (loyal to Rome).

i. They granted Roman citizenship to people they conquered

ii. allowed others to keep local self- government and their leaders remained in power  

a. Money came to Rome but only the patricians were wealthier.

i. Plebeians lost jobs to wartime slaves

ii. farmland and homes were destroyed because of fighting

iii. This angered the plebians

IX. EFFECTS OF WAR ON ROME

X. JULIUS CAESARa. Won battle between two other Roman generals and was made a ruler for life.

b. The patricians feared that Caesar would take total power, so he was stabbed on the floor of the Senate.

i. This lead to a civil war (which is when people from the same country fight one another) as leaders fought for power.c. The Roman Republic came to an end. 

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On March 15, Julius Caesar was stabbed on the Senate floor.

XI. ADVANCEMENTS OF THISTIME

a. Romans built aqueducts, roads and buildings in conquered land.(Roads were made of concrete—not dirt)

i. Most famous of the roads was the Appian Way, which stretched 350 miles east and south of Rome)  

LESSON 3 OUTLINE

The Roman Empire

I. AUGUSTUS a. Emperor of Rome who stabilized Rome after Julius

Caesar’s death and the civil war b. Centralized the government and improved the

economyc. Began a long period of peace called Pax Romana

(Roman Peace). i. 200 YEARS OF PEACE

d. Made people conquered by Rome loyal to Romei. this united the Roman Empire

i. ii. Roman Empire spread eastward and westwardii. on three continents.

II. GOOD AND BAD EMPERORS

a. Although there were many good emperors, there were also bad emperors.

i. Period of bad emperors lasted for thirty years until Marcus Aurelius.

b. “Five Good Emperors”i. more stable leadership led to 84 years

of peace and prosperityii. Marcus Aurelius was the last and greatest emperor of this time.

IV. CONQUERED PEOPLE (THE PEOPLE THE ROMANS TOOK OVER)a. All spoke their own language and Latinb. The conquered people also had citizenshipc. Local leaders were allowed to remain in

poweri. This led to the empire being

united!

V. ROMAN LAW (SIMILAR TO U.S. LAW) THAT ALL PEOPLE COULD FOLLOW:

a. All free people have equal rights.b. A person is innocent until he or she is

proven guilty. c. Accused people should be allowed to face

their accusers and defend themselves.d. Judges must interpret the law and make

decisions fairly.e. People have rights that no government can

take away.

The Twelve Tables were laws engraved on tablets and put on

display in the Forum in Rome for everyone to see, so they could be

understood by all of the citizens of Rome.

VI. ROMAN CULTURE

a. The Colosseum is the most famous Roman arena. It held the following events:

i. gladiator fights (most important), plays and religious ceremonies

b. Built aqueducts that brought fresh water.c. Roman rule led to the growth of many cities in the Empire.

LESSON 4 OUTLINE

The Rise of Christianity

I. CHRISTIANITY

a. A religion based on the teaching of Jesus (who was a Jewish man).

II. Jesus’ beliefs (monotheistic)a. believed that God loved everyoneb. wanted people to be kind to one

anotherc. he preached about forgiveness and

mercy

III. JESUS IS CRUCIFIED

a. Jesus was crucified because local leaders thought his message would upset Roman rulers.

b. After his death disciples spread Jesus’ teachings and Christianity continued to spread.c. Peter and Paul were the most famous

disciples.

IV. PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS

a. At first Christians were persecuted (being punished for religious beliefs) because they refused to worship the emperor as a god.

b. Emperor Constantine made Christianity equal to all other religions and outlawed the persecutions.

LESSON 5 OUTLINE

Rise and Fall

EMPERORS FOR SALE

I. Emperorsa. Most Emperors after Marcus Aurelius cared aboutincreasing their wealth and power not the welfare of

the Roman Empire.II. Choosing a New Ruler

a. Roman Army began to fight each other to get their favorite person as an Emperor.

b. The Roman Army spent so much time fighting within Rome (Romans fighting Romans) that they had to pay mercenaries to fight foreign battles.

i. Mercenaries (hired soldiers) were not loyal to the Roman Empire.ii. Mercenaries allowed their own tribes to attack Rome, especially German tribes.c. Roads were unsafe and trade decreased.

THE EMPIRE DIVIDED

III. Restoring Ordera. To restore order and bring money to

the empire, Emperor Diocletian divided the empire.

b. Diocletian and a co-emperor ruled the eastern portion, while two co-emperors ruled the western portion.

THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE/ CHRISTIANITY DIVIDES

IV. Emperor Constantine a. Constantine united the empire again b. He made a new capital city in the

eastern part of the Empire, Byzantium (later known as Constantinople).

CONSTANTINOPLE

c. Constantinople became the center of the Byzantine Empire.

d. After Constantine’s death the empire was split again.

V. DIFFERENCES AMONG THE EMPIRES

a. Eastern part of the empire was strong and rich; capital city was Constantinople.

i. Emperor was the head of the church-Byzantine Orthodox

Church.b. Western part of the empire was

weak and poor; capital city was Rome. i. Pope was the head of the church-

the Roman Catholic Church.

Western EmpireEastern Empire

THE FINAL DAYS OF ROME/ THE FALL

VI. Visigoths (German Tribe) a. Attacked the eastern Empireb. Alaric, leader, reached the gates of

Rome. c. He surrounded the city, cutting off

its food supply. i. He pillaged (robbed) the homes

of the wealthy in Rome and burned what he could not take. 

VII. ROME FALLS

a. As Rome declined, the Byzantine Empire became even more prosperous.b. When Rome fell, the Byzantine Empire became the center of Roman Power.