C-HWM Slides

7/29/2019 C-HWM Slides

1/123


2/123

HARDWARE


3/123


4/123

COMPUTER


5/123

Parts Of Computer

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM APPLICATION

COMPUTER


6/123

Generation of Computer

1st Generation :- Vacuum Tubes

2nd Generation :- Transistor

3rd Generation :- ICs (Integrated

Circuits)

4th Generation :- Microprocessor

5th Generation :- AdvancedMicroprocessor


7/123

ELECTRONIC PART


8/123

Types of computerMicrocomputers

desktop, laptop, notebook and palmtop personal computers (PCs)

used in businesses, schools/colleges and home.

Minicomputers

Often used as multi-user systems, with 100s of Minicomputers (

terminals)attached to a central Mainframe computers. No personal storage

space.

Mainframe computersUsed by large organisations which may have 1000s of Microcomputer,

Client pc connected to Mainframe computer.

Supercomputerslargest category of computer used mostly by scientific & industrial

research departments, NASA, the Weather Centre, stock


9/123

What is Computer Hardware?

Hardware is the physical equipment that

comprises a computer system. Examples of

hardware include the monitor, printer,

keyboard and cables.


10/123

What is an Input Device?

An input device is any hardware which allows

you to send data into the computer in a format

which the computer understands. Examples of

input devices include a : keyboard, mouse, diskdrive and scanner.

Keyboard MouseScanner


11/123

What is an Output Device?

An output device is any hardware which

displays, stores or presents informationprocessed by the computer. Examples of

output devices include : monitor, printer,and disks.

PrinterMonitor


12/123

Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.)?The CPU acts as the computers brain. It carries out program

commands by performing calculations and communicating with

various components of the computer. The CPU is made up of

three parts : a Control unit, a Memory Unit , and an Arithmetic

logic unit (ALU). Data coming into the CPU by an input device

first enters the memory register to wait for processing. Once data

is in the memory register, the control unit sends the data to the

ALU which performs all mathematical operations. The control

unit takes the results of the ALU and sends it back through the

memory register to an output device.


13/123

Block Diagram of Computer


14/123

MICROPROCESSORThe CPU acts as the computers brain.

It carries out program commands by performing

calculations and communicating with variouscomponents of the computer.

The CPU is made up of three parts : a control unit,a memory register, and an arithmetic logic unit

(ALU).


15/123

Types of Processors

SOCKET

SLOT


16/123

Types of Processors


17/123

5th

Generation Microprocessor

Pinless CPUPinless CPU Socket


18/123

PINLESS PROCESSOR


19/123

PINLESS LGA 775 SOKET


20/123

DAY - 2


21/123

MotherboardIt is also called as System Board

All the components inside the systemcabinet gets attached on the motherboard.

In 1982, IBM or International BusinessMachines made the original PCmotherboard which used the 8088 CPU or

Central Processing Unit. This simple boardalso had a BIOS, memory sockets andadapter slots

INTRODUTION TO


22/123

INTRODUTION TO

MOTHERBOARD


23/123

Types of MotherboardAT (Advanced Technology)

It has 12 pins Power

Connector

It has all the ports built-in

The processor slot or socket

and memory sockets are

located at the front of themotherboard with longer

expansion cards to extend

over them

ATX (Advanced

Technology Extended)It has 20 pins PowerConnector

It has all the portsOn board

Soft power support and

3.3v power support.Intel only uses ATX formfactor.


24/123

AT (Advanced Technology)


25/123

PENTIUM II MOTHERBOARD


26/123

ATX (Advanced


27/123

ATX (Advanced

Technology Extended)

I t l D kt B d


28/123

Intel Desktop Board

D845GVSR (SOKET 478 )


29/123

GIGABYTE GA-8I865GVMK


30/123

LGA 775 SOKET( PINLESS MBD )


31/123

DAY - 3


32/123

Back Panel Of Motherboard


33/123

TYPES OF PORT

VGA: (Video Graphic Array)

15 Pin Female

Monitor

PS/2: (Personal System)

DIN5: ( Deutsche Industry Norm ) 5 Pin Connector

Key Board ( NORMAL )

Two 6 pin connectors

Green Mouse

Purple -- Keyboard


34/123

Parallel Portsparallel port is It is also known as a printer port. still a

commonly used interface for printers. Parallel ports can be

used to connect a computer peripherals .

Printers

ScannersCD burners

External hard drives

Tape backup drives

25 Pin Printer port


35/123

SERIAL PORTSerial Ports

Considered to be one of the most basic externalconnections to a computer, the serial port has been an

integral part of most computers for more than 20 years.

Few computers have more than two serial ports calledCOM 1 & COM 2.

Used in serial Mouse & serial modem etc .

9 Pin male connector


36/123

Universal Serial Bus (USB) PortsUSB is a serial bus standard to interface devices

USB was designed to improve the plug-and-playcapabilities .

USB Provides features include providing to low-

consumption devices without the need for an external

power supply .

USB can connect computer peripherals such as mousedevices, keyboards, joysticks, scanners, cameras,

printers, personal media players, and flash drives .


37/123

USB : (Universal Serial Bus)Different versions of USB ports are:-

USB 1.0: Released in 1996. data rates of

1.5 Mbit/s (Low) and 1Mbit/s(High).

USB 1.1: Released in 1998. Fixedproblems identified in 1.0, mostly relating

to hubs.

USB 2.0: Released in 2000. Added higher

maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s.


38/123

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports


39/123

IEEE 1394 port (Fire Wire Port )A very fast external bus standard that supports

data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in 1394a)and 800Mbps

single 1394 port can be used to connect up 63

external devices

supports both Plug-and-Play and hot plugging,

and also provides power to peripheral devices.

Fire Wire Port


40/123

Fire Wire Port


41/123

Expansion SlotsPCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect):

This is used for all kinds of expansion cardsand is the most common expansion

interface. All sorts of PCI expansion cards

are available, network cards, sound cards,

some older video cards,

PCI Slots


42/123

PCI-X 64 BIT SLOT

PCI X : This Slot is used in Server

Motherboard for expansion Card


43/123

AGP : (Accelerated Graphic Port)

This is used for Graphic purpose means 2D

& 3D animation cards

AGP : (Accelerated Graphic Port)

Width(bits) 32 BIT

Speed (MHz) 533 MHZ

PCI-Express Slots


44/123

p

PCI-Express Slots PCI-Express VGA Card

Width(bits) 32 BIT

Speed (MHz) 2500 MHZ


45/123

Game and Sound Card

15 Pin female connector

Joystick

Line IN Line Out MIC

External

AudioSources Speakers

Micro

phones


46/123

LAN CARD ( N.I.C. CARD )


47/123

DAY - 4


48/123

Memory Types

RAM (Random access memory):

SRAM (Static RAM)

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

ROM (Read only memory) PROM (programmable)

EPROM (erasable programmable)

EEPROM (electronically erasable

programmable)


49/123

RAM

A collection of cells

Each cell has an address and a value

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Cells can be accessed randomly

Ram is volatile

All data stored in binary formatBit, byte and word are the unit of data


50/123

SRAM & DRAM

SRAM is called static because the memory retains its

contents as long as power is supplied-It does not have tobe periodically refreshed as in DRAM. It is faster than

DRAM (The contents of the memory can be read much

faster), however is more expensive and is larger in sizeDRAM is called Dynamic RAM because the memory

content needs to be refreshed periodically (every few

milliseconds) due to leakage of electrical charge. It isslower than SRAM, but cheaper and smaller in size

TYPES OF DRAM

1> EDO RAM (Extended Data Out Random


51/123

1> EDO RAM (Extended Data Out Random

Access Memory)

4MB 16MBAvailable capacity per

module

132 MB/s33 MB/sDTR

33 MHz33 MHzSpeed

72 pin SIMM30 pin SIMMModule

32 bit8 bitWidth

2> SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic


52/123

2> SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic

Random Access Memory)

32MB - 1GB

Available capacity

per module

1066 MB/s800 MB/s533 MB/sDTR

133 MHz100 MHz66 MHzSpeed

168 pin DIMMModule

64 - bitWidth


53/123

128MB - 4GBAvailable

capacity permodule

4200

MB/s

4000

MB/s

3600

MB/s

3200

MB/sDTR

533 MHz500 MHz444 MHz400 MHzSpeed

2600MB/s

2400MB/s

2100MB/s

1600MB/s

DTR

333 MHz300 MHz266 MHz200 MHzSpeed184 - pin DDR DIMMModule

64 - bitWidth

3> DDR (Double Date Rate)


54/123

128MB - 4GBAvailable capacityper module





240 - pin DDR2 DIMMModule

64 - bitWidth

4> DDR2 (Double Date Rate)

5> RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random


55/123

5> RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random

Access Memory)

128MB - 8GBAvailable capacityper module

9600MB/s

8400MB/s

6400MB/s

DTR

1200

MHz

1066

MHz800 MHzSpeed

326 - pin RIMMModule

64 - bitWidth

EDO SD & DDR RAM


56/123

EDO RAM

SD RAM

DDR RAM

EDO, SD & DDR RAM

DDR2 & RD RAM


57/123

DDR2 & RD RAM

DDR2 RAM

RDRAM

ROM


58/123

ROM

ROM(Read Only Memory) ROM can typically be written

once, but read many times. It is used to store BIOS (BasicInput/Output System-helps to load and locate an operating

system), external to microprocessor, and computer

instruction sets, internal to microprocessor

The contents of the ROM are hard wired by the

manufacturer in a typical ROM chip. When you turn the

computer on, ROM automatically prepares the computersystem and loads the initial display screen prompt

Types of ROM


59/123

Types of ROM

PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory), in which the user canload programs and data that are read only. This can be done with

device called a PROM programmer. Writing to a PROM destroys theinternal links, so a basic PROM can only be programmed once

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is a variationof PROM, and is rewritable. It can be erased by exposing the chip toultraviolet light. It can then be programmed with an EPROM

programmer

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory) is a type ofPROM that can be easily altered by the user. They are also calledFlash Memory because they can be electrically erased then written on

to (flashed) without having to take them out of the computer, andwithout using ultraviolet light.


60/123

DAY - 5

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)


61/123

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)

The power supply provides electrical current to all of the computer'scomponents.

In the United States and Canada, power supplies deliver 110Vcurrent at 60 Hz, while in Europe the standard is 230V at afrequency of 50 Hz, which is why most computer power supplieshave a switch so that you can choose the voltage.It is essential to make sure that the switch is in the correct positionfor the right voltage, so that there is no risk that the CPUcomponents will deteriorate

A power supply takes power from a local source (wall outlet) andconverts it to +/- 3.3 to 5 volts DC for on-board electronics and +/-12 volts DC for motors and hard drives.

Used for Converting AC Voltage to Different DC Voltages.

Power Good Signal (P G )


62/123

Power Good Signal (P.G.)

The power supply ensures that the system does not run unlessthe power supplied is sufficient to operate the system properly.

The power supply completes internal checks and tests beforeallowing the system to start.

The Power Good signal (sometimes called Power OK oPWR_OK)

is a +5V (nominal) active high signal (with variation from +2.4Vthrough +6.0V generally being considered acceptable) that issupplied to the motherboard when the power supply passed itsinternal self test and output voltage have stabilized.

Types Of SMPS


63/123

Types Of SMPS

24 pin + 4 pin connectorMicro BTX

20 pin + 4 pin connectorBTX(Balance Technology Extended)

20 pin connectorATX

(Advance Technology Extended)

Two 6-pin connectorsAT

(Advance Technology)

S M P S


64/123

S.M.P.S

AT

(Advance Technology)

ATX

(Advance Technology Extended)

S M P S


65/123

S.M.P.S

BTX

(Balance Technology Extended)

Micro BTX


66/123

DAY - 6

Storage Devices


67/123

Storage Devices

Magnetic disk Hard disk (File, Directory, Folder)

Floppy disks

Zip disks

Optical media CD (680 MB)

DVD (4.7 GB)

Magneto-optical disks (Pinnacle drives)Magnetic tape (used primarily for long termarchive)

HARD DISK


68/123

HARD DISK

It is a secondary Storage device

It has a large - capacity of storageUsed to Store information such as programsand documents

It gets Connected on the IDE Connector

It has a capacity Of 20GB, 40GB, 80GB,

120GB, 160GB, 200GB, 220GB, 260GB,500GB, 1TB etc.

Hard Disk


69/123

Hard Disk

Internal Structure of Hard Disk


70/123

Internal Structure of Hard Disk

IDE Controllers


71/123

IDE Controllers

Primary IDE or IDE 1

Secondary IDE or IDE 2

IDE Cable

Interface 1 Interface 2

40 Pins

Power Cable

HARD DISK


72/123

IDE CONTROLER PCI CARD


73/123


74/123

SATA HARD DISK DRIVE


75/123

SCSI HARD DISK DRIVEThe SCSI standard (Small Computer System

Interface) is an interface used to connectseveral different types of peripherals to a

computer via a card, known as the SCSI

adaptor or SCSI controller (generally

connected using a PCI connector.

Ex. SCSI HARD DISK , SCSI CD/ DVDROM, SCSI BACKUP DEVICE.

SCSI HARD DISK & INTERFACE


76/123

Floppy Drive


77/123

ppy

It is a Secondary Storage Device

A Normal Floppy Drive has a Capacity of 1.44MB &the Size of 3.5 Inch

It is portable i.e. we can rotate from one place to

another

It gets Damage with the Dust Particles & finger Prints

It gets connected on the FDD Connector.It has the Concentric Circles Called as Tracks &

tracks are divided into Wedge shaped called as Sectors

Floppy Drive


78/123

ppy

Tracks & Sectors


79/123

FDD Controllers


80/123

Floppy Cable

FDD Controller 34 Pins

Floppy Drive Power

Cable

Troubleshooting Floppy

Disk Drive


81/123

To resolve a problem when a floppy disk

drive stops working, steps areCheck the floppy disk.

Check for data errors on the disk.Check the CMOS setting.

Check the floppy controller.

Check the cable.

Replace the floppy drive.


82/123

DAY - 7

CDROM (Compact Disk

Read Only Memory)


83/123

It is a Secondary Storage device

It has a capacity of 680MBIt is Used to Store Songs, Movies, DataBackups.

It is used to read the contents from the CD

To Write the Data to a CD CD-RW is

RequiredIt gets connected on the IDE connector

CDROM & CD


84/123

DVD ROM & DVD RW


85/123

CDCD--ROM speedsROM speeds


86/123

SpeedSpeed

------------1x2x4x

6x8x

12x16x24x32x40x

Data RateData Rate

------------------------153,600 bytes per second307,200 bytes per second614,400 bytes per second

921,600 bytes per second1,228,800 bytes per second1,843,200 bytes per second2,457,600 bytes per second3,688,400 bytes per second4,915,200 bytes per second6,144,000 bytes per second

ApproximationApproximation

------------150 KB/s300 KB/s600 KB/s

900 KB/s1.2 MB/s1.8 MB/s2.4 MB/s3.6 MB/s4.8 MB/s6 MB/s

DVD CapacitiesDVD Capacities


87/123

FeatureFeature

---------------------------------single-sided, single-layersingle-sided, dual-layer

double-sided, single-layerdouble-sided, dual-layer

CapacityCapacity

------------4.7 GB8.5 GB9.4 GB17 GB

HOW TO WRITE CD / DVD


88/123

Basic Troubleshooting


89/123

1.CD Drive Not Detected -To correct this Problem check the

CD drive is properly configured in the BIOS settings first.

And check if the connector and cable properly inserted toboth the ends.

2. CD Read Error - wash the CD with clear water and wipe it

gently with soft cloth. Clean the head of the drive with ahead cleaning CD.

3. CD Write Error - Check if the disc has empty space for

storing data. Check if the source disc having scratches.Clean the source disc.

4. Changing Boot Sequence When you want to boot from

CD- ROM instead of Hard Disk.


90/123

DAY - 8

I/O (Input/Output) Devices


91/123

Keyboard

Mouse

Monitor

PrinterScanner

Keyboard


92/123

It is an Input Device

It consist of a vertical small line which is alwaysBlinking called as Cursor

The contents are typed at the Cursor position

A keyboard typically has characters engraved orprinted on the keys in most cases, each press of akey corresponds to a single written symbol.

To produce some symbols requires pressing andholding several keys simultaneously.

Types of Keyboard


93/123

101 Key Enhanced Keyboard

102-Key Enhanced Keyboard

104 Key Windows keyboard

Ergonomic keyboardProgrammable keyboard

Cordless KeyboardsPin PS/2 Connector

Keyboards


94/123

104 Windows Keyboard Multimedia Keyboard

Ergonomic Keyboard

Mouse


95/123

It is a input devices

It acts as a pointing device

It has a pointer, the pointer changes as per theapplication.

It has Two buttons Left & Right, Left button is usedto access any Program and Right button is used forshortcuts

According to the type of mouse it can have a Centrebutton or Wheel Used to Scroll the page Up &Down

Types of Mouse


96/123

Mechanical Mouse

Optical MouseCordless Mouse

Mouse


97/123

Mechanical or Serial

Mouse

Optical Mouse

USB Mouse

Printers


98/123

It is an Output Device.

The printer is a peripheral that allows youto make a print-out (on paper) of computer

data.

Printers are one of the most used peripherals

on computers and are commonly used to

print text, images and photos.

Characteristics of Printer


99/123

Print speed: expressed inpages per minute (ppm), printspeed represents the printer's ability to print a large number

of pages per minute. For colour printers, a distinction isgenerally made between monochrome and colour print speed.

Resolution: expressed in dots per inch (abbreviated as dpi),resolution means the sharpness of printed text. Sometimes theresolution is different for a monochrome, colour or photoprint-out.

Paper format: depending on their size, printers are able to

accept different sized documents, generally in A4 format (21x 29.7 cm) or less frequently A3 (29.7 x 42 cm).

Types of Printers


100/123

Dot Matrix printer

Inkjet printerLaser printer

Thermal printer

Dot Matrix printer


101/123

The dot-matrix printer (sometimes called

a matrix printer or an impact printer)allows you to print documents on paperthanks to the "back and forth" motion of a

carriage housing a print head.The head is made up of tiny metal pins,driven by electromagnets, which strike a

carbon ribbon called an "inked ribbon",located between the head and the paper.

Inkjet Printer


102/123

The inkjet printer technology was

originally invented by Canon. It is based onthe principle that a heated fluid produces

bubbles.

Inkjet printers use nozzles that have their

own built-in heating element. Thermal

technology is used here

Laser Printer


103/123

The laser printer produce quality print-outsinexpensively at a high print speed.

These Printers are mostly used in professional andsemi-professional settings because of their high cost.

A laser printer is mainly made up of anelecrostatically charge photosensitive drum thatattracts the ink in order to make a shape that will bedeposited on the sheet of paper.

Because laser printers do not have mechanical heads,they are quick and quiet

Thermal Printer


104/123

A Thermal Printer is a printer that prints by

heating spots on the paper with an array oftiny, fast-acting heating elements.

Their advantage is they are very inexpensive.

Their disadvantage is they require specialpaper that may discolor with age.

These types of printer also can be used toprint labels and barcodes.

Printers


105/123

Dot Matrix Inkjet

Printers


106/123

Laser

Thermal

Scanner


107/123

A scanner is an acquisition peripheral for

scanning documents, i.e. converting apaper document to a digital image

There are generally three types of scanner:

Flat scanners

Hand scanners

Sheet-fed scanners

Characteristics of a scanner


108/123

Resolution: expressed in dots per inch (referred to as dpi), theresolution defines the fineness of the scan. The order of

magnitude of the resolution is around 1200 per 2400 dpi.The format of the document: depending on their size,scanners are able to accommodate documents of differentsizes, generally A4 (21 x 29.7 cm), or more rarely A3 (29.7 x42 cm).

Acquisition speed: expressed inpages per minute (ppm), theacquisition speed represents the scanner's ability to pick up a

large number of pages per minute. The acquisition speeddepends on the document format and the resolution chosen forthe scan.

Scanner


109/123

Flatbed Hand Scanners


110/123

DAY - 9

Monitor ( OUTPUT DEVICE)


111/123

It is an Output device

It is a V.D.U (Visual Display Unit) that displays thevisual output from your computer

The Image is made up of a small Dots called as Pixels

The Image Clarity depends on Resolution.

The Resolution isthe number of pixels per surface

unit (given in linear inches). This is abbreviated DPI, for

Dots Per Inch

Resolution Of Monitors


112/123

1600x120021Monitor

1280x102419Monitor

1024x76817Monitor

800x60015 Monitor

Screen ResolutionDiagonal Measured

Graphics Modes


113/123

The term Graphics Mode refers to howinformation is displayed on the screen, in terms of

definition and number of colours.

It represents the ability of the graphics card tohandle details, or the ability to display them

The are many types of Graphic Modes : EGA,VGA, XGA, SVGA, VESA, SXGA, UXGA etc

Types of Monitors


114/123

Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT)

Flat monitors :- Two types

1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

2. Plasma screens

Monitors


115/123

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)


116/123

DAY - 10

BIOS


117/123

BIOS ("Basic Input/Output System" is an

essential component in computers, which isused for controlling hardware.

It is a small software program, part of which

is loaded in ROM (read-only memory,

which cannot be modified), and part of

which is in EEPROM (electrically erasableprogrammable read-only memory).

BIOS ERRORS

Meaning of beeps in recent Award BIOS systems


118/123

Check that the graphics card is correctly

placed in its slot. If need be, test with

another video card.

Problem with graphics

card

1 long beep / 2 short

beeps

Place RAM modules correctly in slot,

test RAM or change it

Problem with

motherboard or RAM

1 long beep / 1 short

beep

Reinitialize the CMOS by removing the

BIOS stack and replacing it, or bymoving jumper JP4

CMOS problem2 short beeps

PC is booting normally1 short beep

How to resolve the problemMeaning# of beeps

Meaning of beeps in recent Award BIOS systems

BIOS


119/123

POST (Power on self test)

When a computer system is turned on or reset, the BIOS does an


120/123

p y

inventory of the hardware found on the computer and carries out a test

(called POST for "Power-On Self Test") in order to verify that all of it is

functioning properly.

Testing the processor (CPU)

Checking the BIOS

Checking CMOS configuration

Checking RAM and cache memory

Checking all configurations (such as the keyboard, disk drives, and hard

drives)If the POST discovers an error, it will attempt to continue booting the

computer. However, if the error is serious, the BIOS will stop loading

the system and display a message on the screen,

CMOS (Complementary MetalOxide Semiconductor)

The BIOS needs various parameter (hardware configuration)


121/123

p ( g )information to perform its task, these are permanently saved inCMOS RAM.

The CMOS power is supplied by a little battery, so its contentswill not be lost after the PC is turned off.

The information contained in a CMOS chip will depend on themanufacturer. Typically, CMOS contains at least the followinginformation:

CPU and memory size

Date and time

Floppy and hard drive disk types Optional password for security for startup and system setup

Serial and parallel port information

Video information

BIOS


122/123

THE END


123/123

THE END

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ruchita-dalal
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

C-HWM Slides

Documents