C O LO R AD O PARKS & WILD LIFE Wildlife Species Profiles · For birds, the following resources...

C O L O R A D O P A R K S & W I L D L I F E

Wildlife Species Profiles

The purpose of these profiles is to provide landowners and land managers with easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of priority wetland-dependent wildlife.

IntroductionThis series of species profiles consists of 18 profiles for 26 wetland-dependent wildlife species; three profiles cover guilds with multiple related species: the dabbling duck profile includes seven species; the frog profile and the redbelly dace profile each include two species. These 26 species were selected because they were included in research on habitat preferences completed as part of projects in the Lower South Platte River Basin (Ortega 2013) and the Lower Arkansas River Basin (Ortega

2014). Additional wetland-dependent priority species more specific to the mountains or western Colorado are not included in this series, but may be developed in the future.

Colorado DistributionCounty occurrence for species in the series is provided on the following page. A checkmark does not suggest regular occurrence in a county; rather, it may indicate that the species has been observed at least once or may hypothetically occur. If a species is checked, please refer to the profile for more detailed information.

Maps Colorado distribution maps were created using multiple credible sources. Maps were created for fish using Hydrologic Unit Codes, according to

Woodling (1985), NDIS (2014), and Paul Foutz (pers. comm., CPW). The remaining maps were created using county occurrence. For birds, the following resources were used: Andrews and Righter (1992), First Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (Kingery 1998), Second Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (COBBAII 2015), and CFO (2015). Reptile and amphibian maps were created using Hammerson (1999) and NDIS (2014). Mammal maps were created using NDIS (2014), Boyle (2006), Grunau et al. (1999), and Schorr (2001).

Habitat Condition ScorecardsHabitat Scorecards are included with each species profile for the purpose of assessing habitat conditions before and after implementation of wetland habitat improvement projects. Please check the instructions for each species. In most cases, habitat variables should be assessed during late spring or early summer. Each habitat variable has as-signed values for ranges of conditions; the variables and their assigned values are weighted according to importance of each variable as perceived by experts in the field.

Getting HelpMost variables can easily be measured or determined by anyone. In some cases, users may wish to solicit assistance from CPW staff, such as District Wildlife Managers, Wetland Focus Area Committees, or Private Land Biologists at Natural Resources Conservation Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Questions can also be addressed to the CPW Wetlands Program Coordinator, Brian Sullivan at (970) 472-4306 or [email protected].

ASSESSING HABITAT QUALITY FOR PRIORITY WILDLIFE SPECIES IN COLORADO WETLANDS

COLORADO PARKS & WILDLIFE • 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 • (303) 297-1192 • cpw.state.co.us

Wildlife species profiles have been created for priority wetland-dependent birds, mammals, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Example species covered include (clockwise from top left): least tern, Preble’s meadow jumping mouse, redbelly dace, and northern leopard frog.

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Adams √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Alamosa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Arapahoe √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Archuleta √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Baca √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Bent √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Boulder √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Broomfield √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Chaffee √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Cheyenne √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Clear Creek √ √ √ √ √

Conejos √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Costilla √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Crowley √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Custer √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Delta √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Denver √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Dolores √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Douglas √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Eagle √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Elbert √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

El Paso √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Fremont √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Garfield √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Gilpin √ √ √

Grand √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Gunnison √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Hinsdale √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Huerfano √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Jackson √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Jefferson √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Kiowa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Kit Carson √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Lake √ √ √ √ √ √

La Plata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Larimer √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Las Animas √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Lincoln √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Logan √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √


Colorado Distribution by County

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Mesa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Mineral √ √ √ √ √ √

Moffat √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Montezuma √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Montrose √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Morgan √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Otero √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Ouray √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Park √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Phillips √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Pitkin √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Prowers √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Pueblo √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Rio Blanco √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Rio Grande √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Routt √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Saguache √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

San Juan √ √ √ √ √ √

San Miguel √ √ √ √ √ √

Sedgwick √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Summit √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Teller √ √ √ √ √ √

Washington √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Weld √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Yuma √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √


CitationsAndrews, R., and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds.

Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado.

Boyle, S. 2006. North American river otter (Lontra canadensis): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

COBBAII (Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas II). 2015. Maps available online at http://bird.atlasing.org/Atlas/CO/.

CFO (Colorado Field Ornithologists). 2015. Colorado county birding. http://coloradocountybirding.org/CountySelector.aspx.

Grunau, L., R. Schorr, D. Green, B. Rosenlund, C. Pague, and J. Armstrong. 1999. Conservation and management plan for the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse on the U. S. Air Force Academy. Colorado Natural Heritage Program unpublished report to the Natural Resources Branch, U.S. Air Force Academy.

Hammerson, G. A. 1999. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado: A Colorado Field Guide. University Press of Colorado and Colorado Division of Wildlife.

Kingery, H. E., Editor. 1998. Colorado breeding bird atlas. Colorado Bird Atlas Partnership and Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado.

NDIS (Natural Diversity Information Source). 2014. On-line mapping tool formerly available through Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Ortega, C. P. 2013. Habitat quality for wetland-dependent priority wildlife species in the Lower South Platte River Basin, Colorado: species assessments and monitoring protocol. Report prepared for Colorado Natural Program, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8.

Ortega, C. P. 2014. Habitat quality for wetland-dependent priority wildlife species in the Lower Arkansas River Basin, Colorado: species assessments and monitoring protocol. Report prepared for Colorado Natural Program, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8.

Schorr, R. A. 2001. Meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius preblei) on the U.S. Air Force Academy, El Paso County, Colorado. Colorado Natural Heritage Program unpublished report to the Natural Resources Branch, U.S. Air Force Academy.

Woodling, J. 1985. Colorado’s little fish: a guide to the minnows and other lesser known fishes in the state of Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado.

*The black rail is not on the official list of priority species, but is a species of interest in the Lower Arkansas River Basin.


American Bittern

Species DescriptionIdentification The American bittern is a type of heron with a haunting low-frequency dunk-a-doo vocalization that sounds similar to a metal stake being driven into mud. Even with their large size (24–33 inches), they can be difficult to find because they are secretive, fairly solitary, and cryptic among emergent vegetation, especially dry vegetation.

Preferred Habitats American bitterns occur primarily in emergent marshes. However, de-pending on size and condition of the habitat, they might be found in beaver ponds, oxbows, herbaceous riparian wetlands, warm water sloughs, wet meadows and reclaimed gravel pits.

Diet American bitterns consume a wide variety of animal matter, such as am-phibians, snakes, small mammals, fish, crayfish, crabs, insects, and spiders. They frequently feed at the interface of water and emergent vegetation.

Conservation StatusAmerican bitterns are listed as a Non-game Species of Management Concern by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. States list them as endangered, imper-iled, at risk, species of special concern, or species of greatest conservation need. In Colorado, American bitterns are listed as a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015). The International Union for Conserva-tion of Nature lists the population as decreasing, but because of its extensive range and low rate of decline, it is con-sidered of least concern.

Species DistributionRangeAmerican bitterns breed from the mid United States through northern Canada. In Colorado, American bitterns occur in non-contiguous areas throughout the state and are most common in the San Luis Valley.

North America map used by permission from Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Birds of North America Online (http:/bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna). Colorado map based on Andrews and Righter (1992), Kingery (1998), COB-BAII (2015), and CFO (2015).



The American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus, Family Ardeidae) is a secretive, marsh bird found throughout Colorado at lower elevations.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDistance to disturbances buffer >220 yardsDominant vegetation tall, dense and robust emergent vegetationHeight of herbaceous vegetation 3–6.5 feetInterspersion complex patterns that maximize interface between

water and vegetationLandscape context proximity to other wetlands on the landscapePercent emergent cover 60–80% with high amount of edgeResidual cover (litter) mix of dead and live vegetation, with moderate

litter depthSize of habitat large wetlands >25 acresWater depth (predominant) at least some open water 3–25 inches deepWater quality unpolluted water that will support preferred foods

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for American bitterns.

Hydrology• Preserve shallow wetlands interspersed with water.• Avoid complete drawdowns to maintain food base.• Throughout breeding season, maintain water levels between 3–25 inches.• Avoid drawdowns before mid-August.

Vegetation• Preserve wetlands with robust vegetation.• Occasionally set back succession with disking and/or drying.• Maintain wide and dense vegetated buffer around emergent wetlands.• Limit mowing, burning, and deferred grazing to once every 2–5 years, and avoid

immediately around wetland, especially during breeding.• Use no-tillage or minimal tillage practices; avoid conventional tillage.

Contamination• Reduce application of agricultural chemicals and other toxins.• Reduce siltation and eutrophication.

Land Use• Restrict livestock grazing within 220 yards of wetland edge.

Conservation• Preserve wetlands greater than 25 acres, preferably larger.• Maintain mosaic of wetlands in different successional stages.


AcknowledgementsPete Walker (Colorado Parks and Wildlife) and Colin Lee (Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory/Colorado Parks and Wildlife/Natural Resources Conservation Service) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsAndrews, R., and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado

Birds. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado.

Brown, M., and J. J. Dinsmore. 1986. Marsh size and isolation for marsh bird management. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 392-397.


CFO (Colorado Field Ornithologists). 2015. Colorado county birding. Maps available at http://coloradocountybirding.org/CountySelector.aspx.

CPW (Colorado Parks and Wildlife). 2015. State Wildlife Action Plan: A Strategy for Conserving Wildlife in Colorado. Denver, Colorado.

Dechant, J. A., M. L. Sondreal, D. H. Johnson, L. D. Igl, C. M. Goldade, A. L. Zimmerman, and B. R. Euliss. 2003. Effects of management practices on grassland birds: American Bittern. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, North Dakota.

Gibbs, J. P., and S. M. Melvin. 1992. American Bittern. In Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the northeastern United States. K. Schneider and D. Pence, Eds. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Massachusetts.

Kingery, H. E., Editor. 1998. Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas. Colorado Bird Atlas Partnership and Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado.

Lowther, P., A. F. Poole, J. P. Gibbs, S. Melvin, and F. A. Reid. 2009. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus). The Birds of North America No. 018. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Rehm, E. M., and G. A. Baldassarre. 2007. The influence of interspersion on marsh bird abundance in New York. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119: 648-654.

Wiggins, D.A. 2006. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

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Project Name:_______________________________________________________ Date(s) of Assessment: ___________________

Instructions: Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterSize of habitat

>25 acres 10.8>12 – 25 acres 7.22.5 – 12 acres 3.6

Residual cover (litter) depth>15 – 25 inches 10.3>8 – 15 inches OR >25 – 40 inches 6.84 – 8 inches 3.4

Percent of water with emergent vegetation>60 – 80% 10.3>30 – 60% OR >80 – 100% 6.815 – 30% 3.4

Water qualityNo visual evidence of turbidity or other pollutants 10.3

Some turbidity or presence of other pollutants, but limited to small and localized areas within the wetland. Water may be slightly cloudy. 6.8

Water is cloudy or has unnatural oil sheen, but the bottom is still visible. Note: If the sheen breaks apart when you run your finger through it, it is a natural bacterial process and not water pollution. 3.4

Dominant vegetationRobust wetland herbaceous plants (e.g., cattail, bulrush, reedgrass) OR tall sedges >8 inches 10.3Low sedges, rushes, or grasses <8 inches 6.8Annual and perennial forbs OR open willows and shrubs 3.4

Height of herbaceous vegetation>3 – 6.5 feet 9.7>1.5 – 3 feet 6.51 – 1.5 feet OR >6.5 feet 3.2

Distance to developed areas (urban or industrial land uses)>250 yards 9.7>100 – 250 yards 6.550 – 100 yards 3.2

InterspersionB or C or D 9.7E 3.2

Interspersion patterns refer to the diagram(stippled = water, solid = vegetation)

Percent of wetland with some water>70 – 100% 9.7>50 – 70% 6.510 – 50% 3.2

Predominant depth of water2 – 8 inches 9.2>8 – 40 inches 6.1<2 inches or >40 – 50 inches 3.1

Total (of 100 possible): add all numbers in before or after columns

A B C D E


Bald Eagle

Species DescriptionIdentification Our national emblem, the bald eagle, is distinguished by its white head and tail contrasting with a dark brown body in its full adult form. Immature bald eagles (first four years) may have light or brown heads and tails; they can best be distinguished from immature golden eagles by the light leading edge of the wing contrasting with darker flight feathers.

Preferred Habitats The most important wetland habitats for bald eagles are those connected with large bodies of water, such as riv-ers and reservoirs. Bald eagles use tall trees and dead snags along the edge of waterbodies to perch and watch for prey.

Diet Bald eagles are opportunistic forag-ers. They prefer fish when available, but also consume small mammals and birds, especially during winter.

Conservation StatusThe U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed bald eagles from the Federal list of endangered species in 2007 (USFWS 2007). In Colorado, bald eagles are listed as a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015). The number of bald eagle pairs breeding in Colorado increased from 14 pairs during Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas I (1987–1994) to 148 pairs during Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas II (2007–2011).

Species DistributionRangeBald eagles live almost entirely within North America. Their distribution is highly scattered throughout North America and in Colorado. Up-to-date maps of their distribution in Colorado are unavailable due to their sensitive status.




Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Family Accipitridae) prefer tall, mature trees for perching and nesting. From these perches, they watch for fish or other small prey.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDistance between tall trees and open water with fish

the closer the better, best within 1 mile

Distance from human disturbance varies with location; 100 to >500 yardsDominant vegetation open canopy and easy-to-access large trees with

open horizontal branchesTree size mature, tall, large-diameter trees for perching and

nesting

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for bald eagles.

Hydrology• Maintain water levels to maximize prey availability and foraging.• Manage for a diversity of fish.

Vegetation• Thin dense forests (particularly in the vicinity of reservoirs), burn by prescription,

and selectively harvest to achieve desired open canopy.• Avoid clearcutting.• Manage for age diversity and species diversity.• Protect existing tall, large-diameter trees, including open-top trees and snags.• Promote growth of trees in areas where lacking.• Create super-canopy trees (much taller than the rest) by cutting.• Revegetate with trees where appropriate.• Create or protect openings that are ≥8.5 acres within 2 miles of shoreline; main-

tain these openings with sparsely-spaced roosting and/or nesting trees.

Contamination• Reduce contaminants.

Land Use• Reduce visual contact with disturbance using vegetation strips 8–100 yards wide.• Minimize development along shorelines.

Conservation• Preserve undeveloped shores and adjacent forests.• Maintain mosaic of wetlands in different successional stages.


AcknowledgementsChase Taylor (Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.



Berry, M. E., C. E. Bock, and S. L. Haire. 1998. Abundance of diurnal raptors on open space grasslands in an urbanized landscape. Condor 100: 601-608.

Caton, E. L., B. R. McClelland, D. A. Patterson, and R. E. Yates. 1992. Characteristics of foraging perches used by breeding bald eagles in Montana. Wilson Bulletin 104: 136-142.

Chester, D. N., F. Stauffer, T. J. Smith, D. R. Luukkonen, and J. D. Fraser. 1990. Habitat use by nonbreeding bald eagles in North Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Management 54: 223-234.





Grubb, T. G., and R. M. King. 1991. Assessing human disturbance of breeding bald eagles with classification tree models. Journal of Wildlife Management 55: 500-511.

USFWS. 2007. Bald eagle fact sheet: natural history, ecology, and history of recovery. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterDominant vegetation

Open canopy with dominant snag or tall trees with open horizontal branches 18.5

Distance to permanent open water capable of supporting fish from a live or dead tree >30 feet tall<55 yards 17.555 yards – 1 mile 11.7>1 – 2 miles 5.8

Percent total canopy cover that is >6.5 feet10 – 40% 17.5>40 – 60% 11.7>60 – 100% 5.8

Height of tallest tree within 100 yards of focal area>50 feet 17.5>30 – 50 feet 11.715 – 30 feet 5.8

Distance from development>0.3 mile 10.30.2 – 0.3 miles 6.8100 yards – 0.2 miles 3.4

Apparent water depth<20 feet deep within 100 yards of shore 14.5<20 feet deep within 50 yards from shore but deeper beyond 9.7>20 feet deep within 50 yards from shore 4.8



Black Rail

Species DescriptionIdentification Secretive amongst dense vegetation and no larger than a sparrow (about 6 inches long), black rails are difficult to detect in the field. Their gravely kee-kee-deer song and their haunting kookaburra-like call are heard more at night than during the day.

Preferred Habitats Black rails rely most frequently on dense emergent marshes, including beaver ponds.

Diet From limited knowledge, the diet of black rails appears to consist primarily of invertebrates and some seeds.

Conservation StatusBlack rails appear to have declined over the last century, due almost entirely to habitat loss and destruction. They are listed as endangered in Arizona, threat-ened in California, and near threat-ened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Though they are not listed as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Colorado (CPW 2015), they are locally important in the Lower Arkansas River Basin.

Species DistributionRangeBlack rails are widely, but sparsely, distributed through North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. In Colorado, they are known from five counties: Bent, Lincoln, Otero, Prowers, and Pueblo.




Black rails (Laterallus jamaicensis, Family Rallidae) are both the smallest and most secretive rails in North America. They hide within dense marsh vegetation.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDepth of water and water fluctuations

<1.2 inches water with little fluctuation

Dominant vegetation cattails, rushes, sedges, and grasses; in Colorado, occupied habitats are dominated by cattails

Herbaceous cover height tall vegetation, presumably for protectionInterspersion interspersion patterns favoring high vegetation

densityPercent of emergent vegetation dense or thickResidual cover (litter) depth mixture of new and residual growth

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for black rails.

Hydrology• Reduce fluctuations of water levels through the nesting season to maintain moist

soil or shallow water.• Improve water control devices where needed.• Impoundments should provide sloping shoreline that provides 25% shallow water

averaging 1 inch.

Vegetation• Maintain emergent vegetation.

Contamination• Reduce contaminants where needed.

Conservation• Reduce habitat destruction.• Manage wetlands on regional scale.


AcknowledgementsTony Leukering (formerly with Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and Citations

Andrews, R., and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado.




Eddleman, W. R., R. E. Flores, and M. Legare. 1994. Black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis). The Birds of North America No. 123. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Flores, R. E., and W. R, Eddleman. 1993. Nesting biology of the California black rail in southwestern Arizona. Western Birds 24:81-88.

Flores, R. E., and W. R, Eddleman. 1995. California black rail use of habitat in southwestern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:357-363.


Legare, M. L., and W. R. Eddleman. 2001. Home range size, nest-site selection and nesting success of black rails in Florida. Journal of Field Ornithology 72:170-177.

Tsao, D. C., J. Y. Takekawa, I. Woo, J. L. Yee, and J. G. Evens. 2009. Home range, habitat selection, and movements of California black rails at tidal marshes at San Francisco Bay, California. Condor 111:599-610.

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Habitat Scorecard for Black Rails (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions




Robust wetland herbs (cattails, bulrush, reedgrass, etc.), Tall sedges, rushes, and grasses 17.2

Water depth and hydrology

<1.2 inch water and little to no water fluctuation or moist soil throughout 17.2

Percent of emergent vegetation>90 – 100% 17.2>80 – 90% 11.570 – 80% 5.7

Height of emergent vegetationOpen (little to no vegetation) 18.5

Residual cover depth>20 – 80 inches 16.4>12 – 20 inches 10.98 – 12 inches 5.5

InterspersionE 15.6D 10.3

Interspersion patterns refer to the above diagram (stippled = water, solid = vegetation)


A B C D E


Dabbling Ducks

Species DescriptionPreferred Habitats The most important wetland habitats for dabbling ducks during spring and fall migration include beaver ponds, emergent marshes, warm water sloughs, moist soil units, wet meadows, and herbaceous riparian wetlands. During winter, most small wetlands freeze and ducks congregate in deeper water, such as open river channels, warm water sloughs, reservoirs, and deep gravel pits, or on open sandbars. During the breeding season, most dab-bling ducks nest in upland vegetation.

Diet Most dabbling ducks consume far more invertebrates during the breeding season compared with other times of year. During non-breeding seasons, the diet varies according to species but includes seeds, aquatic vegetation, tubers, and crop grains.

Conservation StatusThe population status differs among species. All ducks in this guild are federally protected game birds in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Colorado Parks and Wildlife desig-nated these ducks as priority species because they provide valuable hunting and viewing opportunities.

Species DistributionRangeThe ducks in this guild are widely distributed. With the exception of cinnamon teal, all have a distribution beyond the Americas. They are found throughout most of Colorado during at least part of the year. In general, outside of winter, the greatest concentrations include the San Luis Valley, North Park, and the Front Range within the South Platte River Basin.



Several species are included in the Dabbling Duck guild. Top row from left: American wigeon (Anas americana), blue-winged teal (A. discors), cinnamon teal. (A. cyanoptera). Second row from left: gadwall (A. strepera), green-winged teal (A. crecca), mallard (A. platyrhynchos). Bottom: northern pintail (A. acuta).

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation sedges, rushes, grasses, forbs, and aquatic

vegetationDensity of plants desirable to ducks

abundant (desireable plants are often seed bearing species such as pondweeds, dock, sedges, and some grasses)

Emergent vegetation within open water

21–50% for diurnal use61–80% for nocturnal use

Interspersion complex patterns that maximize interface between water and vegetation

Landscape context proximity to other wetlands on the landscapeSize of habitat >20 acres for wet meadows

>2 acres for other wetlands excluding reservoirsSubmergent vegetation 31–60%Water depth (predominant) 4–12 inches

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for dabbling ducks.

Hydrology• Maintain water depths 4–12 inches.• Time drawdowns in summer to coincide with desired vegetation.• Drawdown gradually for the greatest diversity of vegetation.• Re-flood in late summer or early fall for fall migrants.

Vegetation• Consider establishing submerged aquatic vegetation.• Consider revegetating with native plants during drawdown if devoid of vegetation

for long periods.• Use disturbance techniques to set back succession.• Control undesirable vegetation, especially robust plants, exotics, and woody

vegetation.• Control woody vegetation at young age.• Create 50:50 interspersion or hemimarsh conditions (1:1 open water to emergent

vegetation).• Manage for diversity of native plants.• Use drawdowns to accelerate decomposition.

Land Use / Other• Limit time of grazing and maintain appropriate stocking rate; where possible,

protect wetland with fencing.

Conservation• Minimize disturbance by humans.• Control for burrowing mammals only if needed

to maintain integrity of levees or to avoid excessive vegetation removal or obstructions.

• Control fish that cause turbidity, e.g., carp.• Provide diversity through wetland complexes on

landscape.


AcknowledgementsBrian Sullivan (Colorado Parks and Wildlife) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsAustin, J. E., and M. R. Miller. 1995. Northern

pintail (Anas acuta). The Birds of North America No. 163. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Drilling, N., R. Titman, and F. Mckinney. 2002. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). The Birds of North America No. 658. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Gammonley, J. H. 1996. Cinnamon teal (Anas cyanoptera). The Birds of North America No. 209. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Johnson, K. 1995. Green-winged teal (Anas crecca). The Birds of North America No. 193. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Leschack, C. R., S. K. McKnight, and G. R. Hepp. 1997. Gadwall (Anas strepera). The Birds of North America No. 283. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Mowbray, T. 1999. American wigeon (Anas americana). The Birds of North America No. 401. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Naugle, D. E., R. R. Johnson, M. E. Estey, and K. F. Higgins. 2001. A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the prairie pothole region of eastern South Dakota. Wetlands 21:1-17.

Rohwer, F. C., W. P. Johnson, and E. R. Loos. 2002. Blue-winged teal (Anas discors). The Birds of North America No. 625. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

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Habitat Scorecard for Dabbling Ducks (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Emergent Wetlands, Playas, and Impoundments, (2) Wet Meadows, or (3) Sandbars. Enter one value that best describes migratory (spring/fall) conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Emergent Wetlands, Playas, and Impoundments


Sedges, rushes, grasses, forbs, and aquatic vegetation 18.7Robust wetland herbs (cattail, bulrush, reedgrass, etc.) 12.5Open willows / shrubs, Closed canopy trees (>50% cover) 6.2

Percent of emergent vegetation within water21 – 50% 18.75 – 20% 12.550 – 100% 6.2

Predominant depth of water4 – 12 inches 18.7>12 – 25 inches 12.5>25 – 40 inches 6.2

Percent submergent vegetation>30 – 60% 17.8>10 – 30% 11.8 0 – 10% 5.9

InterspersionC or D 15.0B 10.0A or E 5.0


Size of habitat>2 acres 11.1>0.5 – 2 acres 7.50.25 – 0.5 acres 3.7


A B C D E




Wet Meadows (natural or irrigation-influenced)


Sedges, rushes, grasses, forbs, and aquatic vegetation 28.2

Robust wetland herbs (cattail, bulrush, reedgrass, etc.) 18.8Open willows / shrubs, Closed canopy trees (>50% cover) 9.4

Percent of herbaceous vegetation that is too dense for a duck to move through0 – 20% 28.2>20 – 50% 18.8>50 – 80% 9.4

Height of herbaceous vegetation8 – 20 inches 26.7>20 – 80 inches 17.8>80 inches 8.9

Size of habitat>20 acres 16.9>5 – 20 acres 11.32.5 – 5 acres 5.6





Sandbars


Sedges, rushes, grasses, forbs, and aquatic vegetation 25.6Robust wetland herbs (cattail, bulrush, reedgrass, etc.) 17.1Open willows / shrubs, Closed canopy trees (>50% cover) 8.5

Percent of herbaceous vegetation that is too dense for a duck to move through0 – 20% 25.6>20 – 50% 17.1>50 – 80% 8.5

Percent of herbaceous vegetation that is easy for a duck to move through0 – 30% 25.6>30 – 60% 17.1>60 – 100% 8.5

Percent cover of woody vegetation >6.6 feet (2 meters) in height0 – 20% 23.2>20 – 40% 15.4>40 – 100% 7.7



Least Tern

Species DescriptionIdentification At 8–9 inches in length and slightly smaller than an American robin, the least tern is the smallest tern of North America. Their white forehead contrasting with a black cap is easily seen in flight. They have a yellow bill tipped in black.

Preferred Habitats Interior least terns nest on sandy shores of reservoirs and gravel pits; although not usually considered wet-lands, these habitats are often adjacent to or associated with wetlands along the shores. Sandbars, particularly along the Arkansas River, represent potential nesting habitat, however, the regulation of water probably precludes least terns from successfully nesting. They forage in streams, reservoirs, marshes, gravel pits, and other impounded wetlands.

Diet The diet of least terns consists primarily of small (1–4 inches long), slender (½ inch) fish that swim near the surface. To a lesser degree, they also feed on aquatic invertebrates.

Conservation StatusThe interior population is Federally listed as endangered. In Colorado, least terns are listed as endanged and a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conser-vation Need (CPW 2015). During the second Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (2007–2011), least terns were observed and confirmed breeding in only two priority blocks: Adobe Creek Reservoir and just south of Neesopah and Neegronda Reservoirs. During the previous Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (1987–1994), they had also been confirmed as breeders in the vicinity of Neenoshe Reservoir.

Species DistributionRangeLeast terns range extensively along coasts and major rivers in North America, Central America, the Carib-bean, and northern South America. In Colorado, least terns breed only in the Lower Arkansas River Basin. During migration, they occasionally occur in the Lower South Platte River Basin, and less frequently on the west slope.




The least tern (Sternula albifrons, Family Laridae) is a small, ground nesting bird that nests in open, sandy soil. They are rare throughout their range, including in Colorado.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation open view with little to no vegetationHeight of vegetation < 6 inchesLocation of nesting habitat patch next to water with an unobstructed viewNesting substrate sand or fine gravel, free from silt and/or clayPercent canopy cover nonePercent herbaceous cover 0–5%Size of nesting habitat if other ideal conditions met

> 0.2 acres

Size of unvegetated patch on vegetated bar

> 1 acre

Water depth at nest sites 0 inchesWoody debris on ground presence of woody debris near nests (not well

understood)

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for least terns.

Hydrology / Substrate• Manage and time flows to benefit habitat (scouring) while minimizing nesting

mortality.• Create sand and gravel river islands.• Control vegetation by flooding after breeding and lower water level prior to arrival

in spring.• Add sand to islands as needed.• Add small amount of woody debris where needed.

Vegetation• Control vegetation to create or maintain sparse vegetation.

Land Use• Curtail cattle grazing near potential nesting sites.

Conservation• Provide exclosures/enclosures or electric fencing where needed to protect from

predators.• Close beaches to human use during breeding season.• Create educational signage to protect breeding birds from human disturbance.


AcknowledgementsDr. Eileen Kirsch (U. S. Geological Service) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.







Kirsch, E. M. 1996. Habitat selection and productivity of least terns on the Lower Platte River, Nebraska. Wildlife Monographs 132: 3-48.

Kirsch, E. M., and J. G. Sidle. 1999. Status of the interior population of least tern. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 470-483.

Koenen, M. T., D. M. Leslie, Jr., and M. Gregory. 1996. Habitat changes success of artificial nests on an alkaline salt flat. Wilson Bulletin 108: 292-301.

Sidle, J. G., and E. M. Kirsch. 1993. Least tern and piping plover nesting at sand pits in Nebraska. Colonial Waterbirds 16: 139-148.

Sidle, J. G., and W. F. Harrison. 1990. Recovery plan for the interior population of the least tern Sterna antillarum. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Sidle, J. G., D. E. Carlson, E. M. Kirsch, and J. J. Dinan. 1992. Flooding: mortality and habitat renewal for least terns and piping plovers. 1992. Colonial Waterbirds 15: 132-136.

Thompson, B. C., J. A. Jackson, J. Burger, L. A. Hill, E. M. Kirsch, and J. L. Atwood. 1997. Least tern (Sternula antillarum). The Birds of North America No. 290. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

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Habitat Scorecard for Least Terns (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Nesting (e.g., sandbars, reservoir edges, gravel pits) or (2) Foraging (e.g., emergent marshes, ponds, stream channels, warm water sloughs). Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Nesting Habitat (e.g. sandbars, reservoir edges, gravel pits)


Open bare ground 11.8Low grass 3.9

Location: Juxtaposition of habitat patch to waterTotally surrounded by water 11.8Partially connected and adjacent to water 7.9Not adjacent to water 3.9

Location: Distance with unobstructed view (from appropriate patch)>275 yards 11.8>100 – 275 yards 7.950 – 100 yards 3.9

Percent total canopy cover 6.6 feetNO canopy cover > 6.6 feet 11.8

Substrate>75% coarse and/or fine sand 11.3

Size of habitat patch (Answer for ONLY one, using best option)

Size of entirely unvegetated bar or island>0.25 acre 10.7>0.06 – 0.25 acre 7.10.02 – 0.06 acre (~900 sq feet – ~2,500 sq feet) 3.6

Size of unvegetated patch on otherwise vegetated bar or island>1 acre 10.70.5 – 1 acre 7.10.25 – 0.5 acre 3.6

Predominant water depthNo water 10.7

Vegetation height<6 inches 9.46 – 20 inches 3.1


Habitat Scorecard for Least Terns (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Nesting (e.g., sandbars, reservoirs, and gravel pits) or (2) Foraging (e.g., emergent marshes, ponds, stream channels, warm water sloughs). Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Foraging Habitat (e.g. emergent marshes, ponds, stream channels, warm water sloughs)

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterInterspersion

A or B 27.1C 18.0D 9.0


Dominant vegetationOpen water (no vegetation) 24.3Sparse emergent vegetation 16.2

Presence of small fishAbundant small fish 1 – 4 inches 24.3Abundant aquatic invertebrates 16.2

Distance to potential nesting habitat<3 miles 24.33 – 6 miles 16.2>6 – 9 miles 8.1


A B C D E


Lewis’s Woodpecker

Species DescriptionIdentification Named after the explorer Meriwether Lewis, Lewis’s woodpeckers differ from most other woodpeckers in their forag-ing habits, including catching insects in flight. They are approximately 11 inches long with hefty bodies. Their backs and wings are a greenish black and bellies a pinkish to salmon rose. Their green color is due to reflection from feather structure rather than from green pigment; therefore, the intensity of green varies with lighting, and they can appear almost black in poor lighting.

Preferred Habitats Cottonwood gallery forest is the most important wetland type used by Lewis’s woodpeckers. However, they also use riparian shrub wetlands and wet meadows, and they forage over stream channels.

Diet Lewis’s woodpeckers forage opportunistically on locally abundant insects, including outbreaks in burned forests and hatches over water and wet meadows. During summer months, they feed primarily on insects; in fall and winter, they switch to feeding heavily on mast fruits (especially acorns) and agricultural grains or waste.

Conservation StatusAlmost all populations of Lewis’s woodpeckers have declined. The most recent Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (COBBA 2007–2011) indicates that they were observed in 36% fewer blocks than during the first COBBA (1987–1994). In Colorado, Lewis’s woodpeckers are listed as a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015).

Species DistributionRangeThe patchy distribution of Lewis’s woodpecker is restricted to western North America, from southern New Mexico to mid British Columbia and from California to eastern Colorado. In Colorado, they can occur almost anywhere and have been known to breed in well over half of Colorado’s counties.




Lewis’s woodpeckers (Melanerpes lewis, Family Picidae) nest in open cottonwood or ponderosa pine stands and hunt insect in flight.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsClusters of large-diameter trees 5–15 tree clustersDominant vegetation open canopy with snags (standing dead trees) and

some shrub or brushy layerHeight of trees >50 feetPercent bare ground very little (<5%)Percent cover of canopy trees prefer open canopy >15–30%Percent mowed or fallow fields within 100 yards

>40%

Percent of mast fruits (e.g., acorns) or grain (e.g., corn) within 100 yards

>35%

Percent shrub and/or brushy layer prefer some shrub/brush 10–33%Size of habitat >15 acres

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for Lewis’s woodpeckers.

Hydrology• Manage stream flow to encourage cottonwood regeneration.

Vegetation• Retain at least 50% of snags >9 inches in diameter during post-fire salvage logging.• Retain large snags.• Protect clumps of large trees and snags.• Encourage regeneration of cottonwoods/snags in riparian zones.• Maintain open forests.• Maintain understory shrub community.

Pesticides• Reduce pesticide exposure.

Land Use• Limit browsing by livestock.

Silviculture• Maintain six or more snags per acre.• Where snags are unavailable, con-

sider topping trees.• Provide no-logging buffer zone to

protect nesting habitat.


AcknowledgementsDr. Kerry Vierling (Department of Fish and Wildlife Science, University of Idaho) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsAbele, S. C., V. A. Gaines, and O. Garton. 2004.

Lewis’s woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.


Bock, C. E., H. H. Hadow, and P. Somers. 1971. Relations between Lewis’ and red-headed woodpeckers in southeastern Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 83: 237-248.




Gebauer, M. 2004. Lewis’s woodpecker, Melanerpes lewis. Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife 2004: 1-12.


Saab, V. A., and J. G. Dudley. 1998. Responses of cavity-nesting birds to stand-replacement fire and salvage logging in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests of southwestern Idaho. RMRS-RP-11. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.

Saab, V. A., R. E. Russell, and J. G. Dudley. 2007. Nest densities of cavity-nesting birds in relation to postfire salvage logging and time since wildfire. Condor 109: 97-108.

Vierling, K. T., V. A. Saab, and B. W. Tobalske. 2013. Lewis’s woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis). The Birds of North America No. 284. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

License for Francesco Veronesi photo: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

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Habitat Scorecard for Lewis’s Woodpeckers (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions




Open canopy with snags 15.9

Tree height>50 feet 15.9>35 – 50 feet 10.615 – 35 feet 5.3

Percent cover of dominant canopy trees>15 – 30% 14.4>30 – 50% 9.65 – 15% OR >50 – 80% 4.8

Percent shrub or brush layer10 – 33% 12.6>33 – 50% 8.4>50% 4.2

Percent bare ground0 – 5% 12.6>5 – 15% 8.4>15 – 35% 4.2

Number of mature tree clusters5 – 15 clusters 11.23 – 4 clusters 7.41 – 2 clusters 3.7

Size of habitat>15 acres (>6 ha) 6.2>2 – 15 acres (>2 – 6 ha) 4.11.2 – 5 acres (0.5 – 2 ha) 2.1

Percent mowed or fallow fields within 100 yards>40 – 100% 6.220 – 40% 4.1<20% 2.1

Percent mast fruits (e.g., acorns) or grain (e.g., corn) within 100 yards>35 – 100% 5.620 – 35% 3.7<20% 1.9



Long-billed Curlew

Species DescriptionIdentification The long-billed curlew, at 20–26 inches in length, is the largest shorebird in North America. Their primitive-sounding curlee vocalizations are considered a harbinger of spring. Their down-curved, sickle-shaped bill is the largest among shorebirds and inspired their genus name, Numenius, derived from the Greek word, noumenios, meaning of the new crescent moon.

Preferred Habitats Long-billed curlews are considered a grassland species, but they are rarely observed far from water. In Colorado, they are usually associated with ponds, reservoirs, playas, and wet meadows.

Diet Long-billed curlews probe or peck for invertebrates, including mollusks, worms, crustaceans, spiders, and

insects, particularly grasshoppers. They also eat some vertebrate species, including fish, amphibians, and bird eggs/nestlings.

Conservation StatusPopulations of long-billed curlews have experienced overall declines in many areas, especially throughout the eastern United States, due primarily to habitat loss and historic over-hunting. In Colorado, long-billed curlews are listed as a Tier 2 Species of Great-est Conservation Need (CPW 2015). The Breeding Bird Survey indicates a significant population decline in Colo-rado, and the Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas indicates a decrease in distribu-tion. Confirmed breeding observations of long-billed curlews were reported in ~60% fewer priority blocks during the second Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (2007–2011) compared to the first atlas (1987–1994).

Species DistributionRangeLong-billed curlews breed in the western United States, including eastern Colorado, and in southwestern Canada. During migration, long-billed curlews occur sporadically in western Colorado and regularly throughout eastern Colorado.




Long-billed curlews (Numenius americanus, Family Scolopacidae) have a distinctive long bill that curves downward. They are can be found near playas and ponds in eastern Colorado.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation short grasses, sedges, and short annual forbsHeight of herbaceous vegetation 8–20 inchesLandscape context mosaic of short grasslands, meadows, agricultural

fields, and wetlandsPercent cover of emergent vegetation

0–33%

Size of habitat >50 acresWater depth in wet meadows 0 or hummocksWater depth in wetlands 0–6 inches

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for long-billed curlews.

Vegetation• Create and maintain diversity of vegetation within wet meadows by mowing,

rotational burning, and/or grazing as appropriate.• Remove residual vegetation.• Control tall dense vegetation.• Use periodic prescribed burns to control tall vegetation.• Control woody plants and shrubs within appropriate grasslands.• Control height of vegetation through appropriate livestock grazing.• Use livestock grazing to maximize low vegetation but reduce grazing intensity

during breeding period to reduce trampling effects.

Pesticides• Avoid controlling grasshoppers with pesticides.• Reduce use of herbicides on grasslands.

Conservation• Protect breeding birds from human

disturbance.• Create 220–325-yard buffers around

suitable habitat.


AcknowledgementsColin Lee (Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory/Colorado Parks and Wildlife/Natural Resources Conservation Service) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.






Dark-Smiley, D. N., and D. A. Keinath. 2004. Species assessment for long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) in Wyoming. Report to Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming State Office, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Dechant, J. A., M. L. Sondreal, D. H. Johnson, L. D. Igl, C. M. Goldade, P. A. Rabie, and B. R. Euliss. 2003. Effects of management practices on grassland birds: long-billed curlew. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND.

Dugger, B. D., and K. M. Dugger. 2002. Long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus). The Birds of North America No. 628. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.


Mueller, J. 2000. Long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus). Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management Leaflet, Number 7. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Pampush, G. J., and R. G. Anthony. 1993. Nest success, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of long-billed curlews in the Columbia Basin, Oregon. Condor 95:957-967.

Saalfeld, S. T., W. C. Conway, D. A. Haukos, M. Rice, S. L. Jones, and S. D. Fellows. 2010. Multiscale habitat selection by long-billed curlews (Numenius americanus) breeding in the United States. Waterbirds 33:148-161.

Sedgwick, J. A. 2006. Long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

Lincense for Michael Baird photo: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

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Habitat Scorecard for Long-billed Curlews (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Playas or other wetlands or (2) Wet Meadows. Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Playas or Other Wetlands

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterPercent of water with emergent vegetation

0 – 33% 25.2>33 – 50% 16.8>50 – 70% 8.4


Size of habitat>50 acres 19.9>12 – 50 acres 13.37 – 12 acres 6.6

Height of herbaceous vegetation8 – 20 inches 19.9>20 – 40 inches 13.3>40 inches 6.6

Dominant vegetationLow grasses <8 inches 9.8Low sedges, rushes <8 inches OR Annual or perennial forbs 6.5Tall grasses >8 inches 3.3


Habitat Scorecard for Long-billed Curlews (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Playas or other wetlands or (2) Wet Meadows. Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Wet Meadows

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterHeight herbaceous cover

8 – 20 inches 28.7>20 – 40 inches 19.1>40 inches 9.6

Predominant depth of water0 or hummocks 28.7


Percent of herbaceaous vegetation that is too dense or hard for animal movement0 – 20% 11.2>20 – 50% 7.4>50 – 80% 3.7

Dominant vegetationLow grasses <8 inches 10.0Low sedges, rushes <8 inches OR Annual or perennial forbs 6.7Tall grasses >8 inches 3.3



Piping Plover

Species DescriptionIdentification The piping plover is a small shorebird (about 7 inches long). During the breeding season, the piping plover has a single black neck band and short black-tipped orange bill. The piping plover makes a distinctive high-pitched pipe-pipe-pipe-pipe-pipe… call, emitted during flight. Other common vocaliza-tions include a rattling threat call (bec, bec, bec…) and an alarm call (woo-up, woo-up or kee-ah kee-ah).

Preferred Habitats In Colorado, piping plovers use sparsely-vegetated sandy shores of reservoirs and gravel pits where they nest directly on the ground in simple scrapes that may or may not be lined with small pebbles or shells.

Diet The diet of piping plovers consists entirely of invertebrates.

Conservation StatusThe interior (non-coastal) population of piping plovers is Federally listed as threatened. In Colorado, piping plovers are listed as a threatened, Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015). They nest on beaches, and are vulnerable to human disturbance and increased predation; therefore, conservation strategies include boosting reproductive success with nesting exclosures and closing nesting beaches to humans during the breeding season.

Species DistributionRangePiping plovers have a disjointed, narrow distribution restricted to North America with rare records in Ecuador. They occur in eastern Colorado as very rare migrants and have been known to nest at a few reservoirs: Adobe Creek, John Martin, Neegronda, and Neeskah.




The piping plover (Charadrius melodus, Family Charadriidae) is a rare shorebird that nests on sparsely vegetated, often sandy or rocky beaches.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation none to very sparse clumps of short grasses or

sedgesLandscape context ungrazed and low human disturbanceSize of habitat beaches more than 20 yards wide; the larger, the

better

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for piping plovers.

Hydrology / Substrate• Engineer and maintain sandbars.• Create sand and gravel river islands.• Provide for course material, e.g. pebbles.• Enlarge or widen habitat where possible.• Lower summer flows to expose more habitat.• Manage and time flows to benefit habitat (scouring) while minimizing nesting

mortality.• Control vegetation by flooding after breeding, and lower water level prior to ar-

rival in spring.• Add sand to islands as needed.

Vegetation• Clear vegetation from existing sandbars.• Control vegetation to create or maintain sparse vegetation.

Land Use / Other• Exclude cattle.• Create nutrient-rich foraging habitat.

Conservation• Close breeding beaches to human use.• Create educational signage to protect breeding birds from human disturbance.• Provide exclosures where needed.• Consider exclosure design and use with caution; monitor success.• Remove predators.• Create artificial habitat.• Protect all potential habitat, regardless of size.


AcknowledgementsDr. James Fraser (Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.



Brown, M. B., J. G. Jorgensen, S. E. Steckler, M. J. Panella, W. R. Silcock, and C. M. Thody. 2011. A review of interior least tern and piping plover management, conservation, and recovery on the Lower Platte River, Nebraska. Joint report of the Tern and Plover Conservation Partnership and the Nongame Bird Program at the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Catlin, D. H., J. D. Fraser, J. H. Felio, and J. B. Cohen. 2011. Piping plover habitat selection and nest success on natural, managed, and engineered sandbars. Journal of Wildlife Management 75: 305-310.





Deblinger, R. D., J. J. Vaske, and D. W. Rimmer. 1992. An evaluation of different predator exclosures used to protect Atlantic Coast piping plover nests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 274-279.

Elliott-Smith, E., and S. M. Haig. 2004. Piping plover (Charadrius melodus). The Birds of North America No. 002. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Rimmer, D. W., and R. D. Deblinger. 1990. Use of predator exclosures to protect piping plover nests. Journal of Field Ornithology 61:217-223.

Sidle, J. G., D. E. Carlson, E. M. Kirsch, and J. J. Dinan. 1992. Flooding: mortality and habitat renewal for least terns and piping plovers. Colonial Waterbirds 15: 132-136.

License for Mdf and Dick Daniels photos: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

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Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterPercent open sand or gravel area

>80 – 100% 20.2>50 – 80% 13.540 – 50% 6.7

Size of habitat>22 yards wide 20.2>16 – 22 yards wide 13.511 – 16 yards wide 6.7

Percent total canopy cover >6.6 feet0% 20.21 – 5% 13.5>5 – 20% 6.7

Percent herbaceous cover without woody vegetation0 – 5% 20.2>5 – 10% 13.5>10 – 20% 6.7

Dominant vegetationLow grasses (<8 inches), annual forbs, OR open (unvegetated) 19.2Perennial forbs 12.8



Sandhill Crane

Species DescriptionIdentification With a length of 3½–4 feet and wing-span of 6–7 feet, sandhill cranes are hard to miss, but they are sometimes mistaken for great blue herons. Their graceful dancing helps establish and maintain pair bonds, which last a life-time, and their warbling or trumpeting calls can be heard from a mile away.

Preferred Habitats Sandhill cranes occupy numerous wetland habitats, including emergent marshes, seeps and springs, wet mead-ows, moist soil units, playas, reservoirs, and streams. They rely heavily on grain crops; therefore, wetlands close to crops are preferred.

Diet During migration, sandhill cranes depend on corn and other grains, such as wheat, barley, and oats. Other food

items include snails, crayfish, insects, roots, tubers, small vertebrates, and waterfowl eggs.

Conservation StatusThere are several subspecies of sandhill crane. The greater sandhill crane (G. c. tabida), listed as a Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Colo-rado (CPW 2015), winters primarily in New Mexico, with spring and fall stopovers in the San Luis Valley of Colorado. Grus c. canadensis migrates through the eastern plains of Colorado. Although two other subspecies (G. c. pulla and G. c. nesiotes) are Federally endangered, sandhill crane popula-tions appear to be stable or increasing in most areas. In Colorado, breeding records were confirmed in 40% more priority blocks during the second Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas (2007–2011) than the first atlas (1987–1994), suggesting they use more areas for breeding than was known historically.

Species DistributionRangeSandhill cranes breed in a variety of northern regions, including northwestern Colorado. During migration, sandhill cranes can occur almost anywhere in Colorado.




Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis, Family Gruidae) are impressive birds with a wide wingspan, red eye patch, and loud trumpeting call.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDistance from shore where water is 4–8 inches deep

50–100 yards

Dominant vegetation open water in roosting wetlands; low grasses, annual forbs and crop plants in foraging wetlands

Habitat size >2.5 acresHeight of vegetation <3.3 feetPercent emergent cover in roosting wetlands

0–20% (open view and little to no emergent vegetation)

Percent herbaceous cover in foraging wetlands

80–100%

Water depth (predominant) 4–8 inches in roosting wetlands; 0 or hummocks in foraging wetlands

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for sandhill cranes.

Hydrology• Manage hydrology to maintain adequate width and depth (4–8 inches deep) for

roosting.• Maintain flowing water to prevent spread of disease.

Vegetation• Maintain availability of vegetation that produces food.• Control woody vegetation where needed, especially along shorelines.• Maintain wetland vegetation at early seral stage.• Control encroaching coarse emergent vegetation (e.g., cattail, bulrush).• Use appropriate cattle grazing or fall burning to maintain grass height <10 inches.

Land Use / Other• Maintain juxtaposition of roosting and feeding sites within 2.5 miles.• Discourage land use changes that reduce availability of small grains.• Provide grit (e.g., pebbles and small gravel) at roost sites if needed.• Remove unused fences, towers, and utility lines.• Avoid development of new roosting habitat adjacent to dangers (e.g., utility lines).

Conservation• Monitor harvest rate; adjust as needed to maintain desirable population numbers.• Form and maintain partnerships between agencies and agricultural producers.


AcknowledgementsRick Schnaderbeck (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsArmbruster, M. J. 1987. Habitat suitability index

models: greater sandhill crane. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biol. Rep. 82(10.140). 26 pp.





Iverson, G. V., P. A. Vohs, and T. C. Tacha. 1987. Habitat use by mid-continent sandhill cranes during spring migration. Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 448-458.


Laubhan, M. K., and J. H. Gammonley. 2001. Agricultural producers’ perceptions of sandhill cranes in the San Luis Valley of Colorado. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 639-645.

Littlefield, C. D., and G. L. Ivey. 2000. Conservation assessment for greater sandhill cranes wintering on the Consumnes River floodplain and delta regions of California. Prepared for The Nature Conservancy.

Lovvorn, J. R., and C. M. Kirkpatrick. 1981. Roosting behavior and habitat of migrant greater sandhill cranes. Journal of Wildlife Management 45: 842-857.

Tacha, T. C., S. A. Nesbitt, and P. A. Vohs. 1992. Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis). The Birds of North America No. 031. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

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Habitat Scorecard for Sandhill Cranes (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Roosting (e.g., emergent marshes, playas, moist soil units, reservoirs) or (2) Foraging (e.g., emergent marshes, wet meadows, moist soil units, recharge ponds). Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Roosting Habitat (e.g., emergent marshes, playas, moist soil units, reservoirs)

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterPredominant depth of water

>4 – 8 inches 23.1>8 – 12 inches or 2 –4 inches 15.4

Percent of emergent vegetation0 – 20% 20.8>20 – 40% 13.9>40 – 100% 6.9

Distance from shore where water is 4–8 inches deep>55 – 165 yards 19.6>25 – 55 yards 13.115 – 25 yards 6.5

Dominant vegetationOpen (little to no vegetation) 18.5Grasses 12.3

InterspersionA 9.0B or C 6.0D 3.0


Size of habitat>2.5 acres 9.0<2.5 acres 3.0


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Habitat Scorecard for Sandhill Cranes (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Roosting (e.g., emergent marshes, playas, moist soil units, reservoirs) or (2) Foraging (e.g., emergent marshes, wet meadows, moist soil units, recharge ponds). Enter one value that best describes early to mid-summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Foraging Habitat (e.g., emergent marshes, wet meadows, moist soil units, recharge ponds)


Low grasses, annual forbs, and crops 20.8

Size of habitat> 2.5 acres 20.8< 2.5 acres 6.9

Percent of herbaceous vegetation (no woody plants)>80 – 100% 19.8>60 – 80% 13.230 – 60% 6.6

Predominant depth of water0 or hummocks 19.8

Height of herbaceous cover8 – 20 inches 18.8>20 – 40 inches 12.5>40 inches 6.3



Short-eared Owl

Species DescriptionIdentification At 15 inches long, the short-eared owl is considered a medium-sized owl. They hunt mostly at dawn and dusk and nest on the ground. They have a wide array of vocalizations, including a rapid hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo song.

Preferred Habitats Short-eared owls use emergent marshes, playas, and wet meadows, where they sometimes hunt. Extensive grasslands may represent their most important habitat; therefore, the wetland habitats closest to large tracts of grasslands will be of highest value to short-eared owls.

Diet The diet of short-eared owls consists almost entirely of small mammals, especially voles, mice, and shrews. Less frequently, they eat birds.

Conservation StatusAlthough populations of short-eared owls have significantly declined in many areas, including the United States and Canada, the International Union of Conservation of Nature identifies them as a species of least concern because the large global population and extensive range do not justify placing them in a more vulnerable category. In Colorado, they are listed as a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015).

Species DistributionRangeShort-eared owls exist throughout much of the world. In Colorado, both their breeding distribution and migratory distribution appear sporadic, but in general, they are more common in the grasslands of eastern Colorado.




Short-eared owls (Asio flammeus, Family Strigidae) use both grasslands and wetlands for habitat. They hunt small mammals within the vegetation of wet meadows and marshes.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation grassesHeight of vegetation <20 inchesLandscape context mosaics of grasslands, agricultural fields, and

preferred wetlandsPercent herbaceous cover 70–100%Residual cover 2–8 years old and 40–60%Size of habitat >125 acresWater depth 0 for nest sites

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for short-eared owls.

Vegetation• Mow, burn, or occasionally graze as appropriate to maintain 2–8 years of accumu-

lation of residual vegetation.

Land Use• Reduce amount of land continually grazed.• Hang streamers from fences to avoid collisions.• Remove unused fences.

Conservation• Protect large open areas, especially native grassland.• Preserve wetland/grassland mosaic on landscape scale.• Use Conservation Reserve Program to protect habitat for nesting and foraging.


AcknowledgementsRick Schnaderbeck (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.



Clark, R. J. 1975. A field study of the short-eared owl, Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan), in North America. Wildlife Monographs 47: 1-67.




Dechant, J. A., M. L. Sondreal, D. H. Johnson, L. D. Igl, C. M. Goldade, M. P. Nenneman, and B. R. Euliss. 1998 (revised 2001). Effects of management practices on grassland birds: short-eared owl. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, North Dakota. 10 pages.

Herkert, J. R., S. A. Simpson, R. L. Westemeier, T. L. Esker, and J. W. Walk. 1999. Response of northern harriers and short-eared owls to grassland management in Illinois. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:517-523.


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Habitat Scorecard for Short-eared Owl (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions



Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterHeight of herbaceous vegetation

8 – 20 inches 15.9>20 – 40 inches 10.6>40 inches 5.3

Estimate of percent of grasslands or grasslands with some agriculture within 5 miles>35% 15.9<35% 5.3

Percent herbaceous vegetation (e.g., grasses; do not include woody vegetation)>70 – 100% 15.9>50 – 70% 10.630 – 50% 5.3

Percent residual cover>40 – 60% 14.3>20 – 40% 9.510 – 20% 4.8


Dominant vegetationGrasses (tall and short) 11.9Open canopy trees <50% cover 7.9

Predominant depth of water0 or dry nesting sites with residual cover available 11.8<1 inch 7.91 – 8 inches 4.0



Preble’s Meadow Jumping Mouse

Species DescriptionIdentification Preble’s meadow jumping mice grow to approximately nine inches in length, including their five and a half-inch tails. They are mostly nocturnal and hibernate in upland areas for eight months of the year, making them dif-ficult to observe.

Preferred Habitats During summer months, the most important wetland types occupied by Preble’s meadow jumping mice include riparian areas and adjacent wet meadows. During the summer, they prefer dense shrub, grass and forb ground cover along creeks, rivers, and associated waterbodies. From early fall through the spring, they hibernate underground in burrows that are typically at the base of vegetation and have a northerly aspect.

Diet The diet of Preble’s meadow jumping mice includes, but is probably not limited to, grass seeds, invertebrates, fungi, and insect larvae.

Conservation StatusThe Preble’s meadow jumping mouse is listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1998). In Colorado, they are listed as a threatened, Tier 1, Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015). The Colorado Natural Heritage Program considers the subspecies to be globally-imperiled (G5 T2) and critically-imperiled with the state (S1).

Species DistributionRangePreble’s meadow jumping mice occur only in Colorado and Wyoming. In Colorado, they are known to occupy the counties along the Front Range from the Wyoming border through El Paso County.

Full species range map from USFWS (2004). Colorado map based on Grunau et al. (1999), and Schorr (2001).



Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei, Family Dipodidae) is a rare small mammal that lives in dense riparian vegetation along the Front Range.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDistance from riparian habitat patch to water

<10 yards

Dominant vegetation a combination of grasses, shrubs, forbs, and treesHabitat size >60 acresHerbaceous vegetation height >20–40 inchesLandscape context ungrazedPercent ground cover densely vegetated; between grasses, forbs, and

shrubs, close to 100%Species richness >20 plant species

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for Preble’s meadow jumping mouse.

Hydrology• Maintain or restore natural regime.• Control erosion within stream corridor.

Vegetation• Provide, restore, and enhance riparian vegetation.• Provide, restore, and enhance upland shrub.• Provide, restore, and enhance grassland habitat.• Control noxious weeds, avoiding May through October.• Consider providing woody debris.

Conservation• Use best strategies to minimize disturbance.


AcknowledgementsRobert Schorr (Colorado Natural Heritage Program) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsCPW (Colorado Parks and Wildlife). 2015.

State Wildlife Action Plan: A Strategy for Conserving Wildlife in Colorado. Denver, Colorado.

Grunau, L., R. Schorr, D. Green, B. Rosenlund, C. Pague, and J. Armstrong. 1999. Conservation and management plan for the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse on the U. S. Air Force Academy. Colorado Natural Heritage Program unpublished report to the Natural Resources Branch, U.S. Air Force Academy.

Meaney, C. A., A. K. Ruggles, B. C. Lubow, N. W. Clippinger. 2003. Abundance, survival, and hibernation of Preble’s meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius preblei) in Boulder County, Colorado. Southwestern Naturalist 48: 610-623.

Schorr, R. A. 2001. Meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius preblei) on the U.S. Air Force Academy, El Paso County, Colorado. Colorado Natural Heritage Program unpublished report to the Natural Resources Branch, U.S. Air Force Academy.

Schorr, R. A. 2003. Meadow jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius preblei) on the U.S. Air Force Academy, El Paso County, Colorado: Populations, Movement and Habitat from 2000-2002. Colorado Natural Heritage Program unpublished report to the Natural Resources Branch, U.S. Air Force Academy.

Trainor, A. M, T. M. Shenk, and K. R. Wilson. 2007. Microhabitat characteristics of Preble’s meadow jumping mouse high-use areas. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 469-477.

Trainor, A. M., T. M. Shenk, and K. R. Wilson. 2012. Spatial, temporal, and biological factors associated with Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei) home range. Journal of Mammalogy 93: 429-438.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2013. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: 12-month finding on two petitions to delist the Preble’s meadow jumping mouse. Federal Register 78: 31680-31712.

USFWS. 2015. Draft recovery plan Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6, Lakewood, Colorado.

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Combination of sedges, grasses, annual and perennial forbs and dense shrubs 13.2Combination of sedges, grasses, and dense shrubs 8.8Combination of sedges, grasses, and more open shrubs 4.4

Percent grass cover>40% 13.2>20 – 40% 8.810 – 20% 4.4

Percent shrub cover>80% 13.2>50 – 80% 8.85 – 50% 4.4

Distance from habitat patch to water<10 yards 12.510 – 20 yards 8.4>20 – 40 yards 4.2

Species richness (number of species in vegetation community)>20 species 11.910 – 20 species 7.9<10 species 4.0

Habitat size>60 acres 10.650 – 60 acres 7.0<50 acres 3.5

Percent forb cover>35 – 50% 10.4>15 – 35% 6.95 – 15% 3.5

Height of herbaceous vegetation (grasses and forbs)>20 – 40 inches 9.98 – 20 inches 6.6<8 inches 3.3

Land use within 100 yardsUngrazed 5.1Grazed lightly 3.4Grazed moderately 1.7



River Otter

Species DescriptionIdentification Northern river otters vary in length from 26–42 inches, with males larger than females. Males weigh on average 25 pounds; females weigh about 18 pounds. Their long tapered tails make up about one third their length.

Preferred Habitats River otters may inhabit nearly every aquatic habitat; however, they are most likely to occupy beaver ponds, stream channels, and warm water sloughs.

Diet Otters favor fish but also consume crayfish, mollusks, frogs, snakes, turtles, salamanders, birds, mammals, and fruit.

Conservation StatusNorthern river otters are listed as least concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In Colorado, they are listed as a threatened, Tier 2, Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015).

Species DistributionRangeNorthern river otters historically ranged throughout most of the United States and Canada but were extirpated from much of their range in the west. Reintroductions of otter to Colorado began in 1976, and they are now found in small numbers throughout most of western Colorado with a more scattered distribution in eastern Colorado.

North America map used from Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management (http://icwdm.org/handbook/carnivor/RiverOtters.asp). Colorado map based on Boyle (2006) and NDIS (2014).



Northern river otters (Lontra canadensis, Family Mustelidae) occupy streams and beaver ponds across Colorado’s western slope.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsBeaver often associated with beaver activity or old beaver

structuresDominant vegetation healthy riparian vegetationHabitat size longer reaches usually betterShore complexity undercut banks and other complex featuresStructures and debris habitat complexity, including woody debris and

log jamsStream order >4th order

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for northern river otters.

Hydrology• Maintain natural regime to extent possible.• Protect instream and seasonal flow regimes.• Enhance and/or protect stream and habitat connectivity.

Vegetation• Maintain or recreate conditions favoring healthy riparian vegetation.• Encourage new recruitment of trees.• Manage for age diversity.

Land Use / Other• Enhance and/or protect bank structure.• Enhance and/or protect flood plain.• Enhance and/or protect good water quality.• Protect potential upland denning sites from flooding.• Manage for prey base (e.g., fish).

Conservation• Monitor and control commercial harvest to maintain desirable population

numbers.• Form and maintain partnerships across jurisdictional boundaries to protect

connectivity and long stream reaches.


AcknowledgementsEric Odell and Scott Wait (Colorado Parks and Wildlife) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsBoyle, S. 2006. North American river otter

(Lontra canadensis): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.


Crowley, S., C. J. Johnson, and D. Hodder. 2012. Spatial and behavioral scales of habitat selection and activity by river otters at latrine sites. Journal of Mammalogy 93: 170-182.

Dubuc, L. J., W. B. Krohn, and R. B. Owen, Jr. 1990. Predicting occurrence of river otters by habitat on Mount Desert Island, Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 54: 594-599.

Gorman, T. A., J. D. Erb, B. R. McMillan, and D. J. Martin. 2006. Space use and sociality of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 87: 740-747.

Melquist, W. E., and M. G. Hornocker. 1983. Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho. Wildlife Monographs 83: 3-60.

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Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterWoody objects, e.g., logs, log jams

>5 large logs 17.81 – 4 large logs 11.9

Beaver activity (current or remains)Current activity or recent remnants 17.8Historic remnants 11.9

Percent canopy cover >6.6 feet>50% 17.0>30 – 50% 11.320 – 30% 5.7

Height of canopy cover>50 feet 17.0>16 – 50 feet 11.38 inches – 16 feet 5.7

Number of complex shore features (e.g., undercut banks)>5 17.01 – 4 11.3

Percent of water > 8 inches deep>90% 13.4>80 – 90% 8.940 – 80% 4.5



Arkansas Darter

Species DescriptionIdentification Arkansas darters are 2½- to 3-inch fish belonging to the perch family. During April and May, the belly of breeding males changes from white to bright orange.

Preferred Habitats Arkansas darters inhabit spring-fed streams, stream channels, and pools near shorelines, often with undercut banks.

Diet A large portion of the Arkansas darter’s diet consists of snails, but they consume many other aquatic animals, including insects, crustaceans, other invertebrates, and fish eggs.

Conservation StatusArkansas darters appear on several lists of concern: Federal candidate species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), sensitive (Bureau of Land Management), threatened and Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015), and near threatened (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Flows on a landscape or segment scale are needed for the fish to move between or among pools and to disperse. Large-scale withdrawals of ground water and dewatering streams are thought to have caused extirpations.

Species DistributionRangeArkansas darters occur only in parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. In Colorado, they are known from eight drainages within the Arkansas River Basin: Upper Arkansas, Fountain, Chico, Upper Arkansas-Lake Meredith, Horse, Upper Arkansas-John Martin, Big Sandy, and Rush.

North America map used from US. Geologic Survey (http://nas.er.usgs.gov). Colorado map by HIB 8 watershed based on Woodling (1985), NDIS (2014), and Paul Foutz (pers. comm., CPW).



Arkansas Darters (Etheostoma cragini, Family Percidae) are small native fish of the Colorado plains. They inhabit pools and channels within small streams.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation floating, broad-leafed vegetation, especially water-

cress (Nasturtium officinale)Landscape context heavy grazing unsuitableStream order first and second but may use larger streams for

dispersalStream width varies considerably through range; in Colorado

1.5–22 yardsSubstrate sand, silt, gravelSunlight high exposure to sunlightWater depth (predominant) varies through range; in Colorado 4–20 inchesWater origin spring fedWater quality clear, pH between 7–8.5Water temperature varies across seasons; in Colorado 55–86°F

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for Arkansas darters.

Hydrology• Protect springs and connecting streams.• Maintain refugia on landscape scale.• Maintain corridors by allowing natural disturbances.• Protect individual pools.• Maximize water conservation.• Protect natural function.• Promote natural flow regimes.• Restore and/or enhance connections for migration and dispersal.

Vegetation• Implement tamarisk control, with an emphasis on long term management for na-

tive vegetation.

Contamination• Eradicate predatory and non-native fish.• Avoid pesticide and herbicide use near small streams.

Land Use / Other• Reduce impact from livestock grazing.

Conservation• Translocate to establish new populations.• Identify suitable habitat for potential translocations.


AcknowledgementsPaul Foutz (Colorado Parks and Wildlife)reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.



Fuller, P. 2014. Etheostoma cragini. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, Florida.

Labbe, T. R., and K. D. Fausch. 2000. Dynamics of intermittent stream habitat regulate persistence of a threatened fish at multiple scales. Ecological Applications 10: 1774-1791.

Layher, B. 2002. Recovery plan for the Arkansas Darter, Etheostoma cragini Gilbert, in Kansas. Prepared for Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks.

Miller, D. L. 1984. Distribution, abundance, and habitat of the Arkansas darter Etheostoma cragini (Percidae) in Colorado. Southwestern Naturalist 29: 496-499.


Taber, C. A., B. A. Taber, and M. S. Topping. 1986. Population structure, growth and reproduction of the Arkansas darter, Etheostoma cragini (Percidae). Southwestern Naturalist 31: 207-214.

USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2010. Species Profile for Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini).


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Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterMorphology of stream

Permanent pools with connectivity to other waters 10.8

SubstrateSand must be a component 10.8

Dominant vegetationAquatic floating (e.g. watercress) and aquatic submerged or robust, e.g., cattail, bulrush, reedgrass 10.8

Water qualityNo visual evidence of turbidity or other pollutants 10.2Some turbidity or presence of other pollutants, but limited to small and localized areas within the wetland. Water may be slightly cloudy 6.8

Water is cloudy or has unnatural oil sheen, but the bottom is still visible. Note: If the sheen breaks apart when you run your finger through it, it is a natural bacterial process and not water pollution 3.4

Water originSpring fed 9.7

Stream order1 – 2 9.2

SunlightFull sun to 10% shade 9.2

Water depth>4 – 20 inches 8.5>20 – 40 inches 5.70 – 4 inches or >40 inches 2.8

Stream width at bankfull3.3 – 5.5 yards 8.5>5.5 – 22 yards 5.7>22 – 44 yards 2.8

Water temperature59 – 63°F 8.1>63 – 77°F 5.4>77 – 95°F 2.7

Landscape contextUngrazed 4.2Grazed moderately 2.8Grazed heavily 1.4



Brassy Minnow

Species DescriptionIdentification Adult brassy minnows are 2 ½–3 inches in length and are variously described in color, perhaps due to geographic differences or changes that occur through preservation of specimens. The majority of descriptions include a brassy color on the sides. The centers of their large eyes are even with the tips of their snouts.

Preferred Habitats Brassy minnows occupy stream chan-nels (particularly pools), back waters, and beaver ponds.

Diet The diet of brassy minnows consists primarily of plankton.

Conservation StatusBrassy minnows occur in low numbers and are listed as a Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015).

Species DistributionRangeBrassy minnows range from Canada south to Colorado and Utah and from Montana through northeast North America. In Colorado, they are found in the Lower South Platte River Basin and also in the backwaters of the Colorado River.

North America map used from US. Geologic Survey (http://nas.er.usgs.gov). Colorado map by HUC 8 watershed based on Woodling (1985), NDIS (2014), and Paul Foutz (pers. comm., CPW).



Brassy minnows (Hybognathus hankinsoni, Family Cyprinidae) are small native fish of the Colorado plains. They inhabit pools and channels within small streams.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation abundant aquatic vegetation, especially

submergent vegetation (plants growning fully underwater)

Landscape context connectivity with other waters through the driest months

Morphology of stream permanent (deep) pools and backwatersPredatory fish absence of large predatory fishSubstrate organic sediment on top of gravelWater depth (predominant) deep enough to persist through dry periodsWoody debris abundant

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for brassy minnows.

Hydrology• Manage conditions to create or maintain permanent pools.• Increase spring flows.

Vegetation• Manage riparian vegetation to create root mass that prevents streambank erosion.• Manage for conditions that favor submergent vegetation.• Manage for conditions in riparian area that favor recruitment of native woody

vegetation.

Contamination• Maintain native fish communities.• Prevent invasion of exotic predators and competitors.• Monitor streams for toxins and artificial hormones.

Land Use / Other• Encourage beaver where appropriate

to create suitable pools.

Conservation• Identify suitable habitat for potential

translocations.• Relocate in suitable habitat.


AcknowledgementsBoyd Wright (Colorado Parks and Wildlife)reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.



Fuller, P., and M. Neilson. 2015. Hybognathus hankinsoni. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, Florida.


Quist, M. C., F. J. Rahel, and W. A. Hubert. 2005. Hierarchical faunal filters: an approach to assessing effects of habitat and nonnative species on native fishes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 14: 24–39.

Scheurer, J. A., and K. D. Fausch. 2002. Brassy minnow in Colorado plains streams: identification, historical distribution, and habitat requirements at multiple scales, Final Progress Report, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute and Colorado Division of Wildlife, Aquatic Non-game and Endangered Wildlife Program, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

Scheurer, J. A., K. D. Fausch, and Kevin Bestgen. 2003. Multiscale processes regulate brassy minnow persistence in a Great Plains river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 840–855.

Schlosser, I. J. 1988. Predation rates and the behavioral response of adult brassy minnows (Hybognathus hankinsoni) to creek chub and smallmouth bass Predators. Copeia 1988: 691-698.


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Habitat Scorecard for Brassy Minnows (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Enter one value that best describes summer conditions of each habitat variable, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterStream morphology/landscape

Permanent pools connected with other waters during driest time of summer 21.4Permanent pools with intermittent connection to other waters during driest time of summer 14.2Shallow or temporary pools with connection to other waters during driest time of summer 7.1

Dominant vegetationAbundant aquatic vegetation, including submergent vegetation 20.2

Predatory fishGeneral absence of predatory fish 20.2

Predominant water depth during driest time of summer Answer for ONLY ONE appropriate stream segment, below, using best option

Upstream reach of streams inhabited by brassy minnow>15 inches 19.1>5 – 15 inches 12.83 – 5 inches 6.4

Size of unvegetated patch on otherwise vegetated bar or island>25 inches 19.1>15 – 25 inches 12.85 – 15 inches 6.4

Downstream reach of streams inhabited by brassy minnow>40 inches 19.1>15 – 40 inches 12.810 – 15 inches 6.4

Woody debris

Ample woody debris in water to provide cover 19.1



Redbelly Dace

Species DescriptionIdentification Two dace are included in this guild: northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) and southern redbelly dace (P. erythro-gaster). The southern redbelly dace can attain a length of up to 3 inches, while the northern redbelly dace is usually less than 2 inches in length. During summer, males acquire the red on their bellies that inspired their names.

Preferred Habitats Both dace occupy stream channels and off-channel wetlands.

Diet Northern redbelly dace are omnivorous, feeding on vegetation, small invertebrates, and detritus throughout the water column. Southern redbelly dace graze from the surface of substrate, rocks and other submerged objects..

Conservation StatusNeither dace speceis is Federally endangered; however, they are both considered locally uncommon. Both are endangered in Colorado, due to low population numbers, and are listed as Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conserva-tion Need (CPW 2015).

Species DistributionRange Northern redbelly dace are found in many isolated populations across the northern United States and Canada. In Colorado, northern redbelly dace are currently known only in the West Plum Creek drainage, south of Chatfield Reservoir. Southern redbelly dace have a smaller distribution but are also widely scattered into isolated populations. In Colorado southern redbelly dace are known in five drainages: Upper Arkansas River, Fountain Creek, Chico Creek, Apishapa River, and Big Sandy Creek.

Colorado occurence maps by HUC 8 watershed based on Woodling (1985), NDIS (2014), and Paul Foutz (pers. comm., CPW).



Redbelly dace (Family Cyprinidae) are small native fish of the Colorado plains. Their name comes from the reb color of their undersides during the summer months.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation plenty of vegetation, especially algaeMorphology of stream slow-moving pools, undercut banksPredatory fish absence of large predatory fishPredominant water depth >10 inchesSunlight ample shadeWater origin spring-fed water up to third-order streamsWater quality clear and unpollutedWater temperature cool; 63–75°FWoody debris presence of woody debris as cover

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for redbelly dace.

Hydrology / Stream Morphology• Restore streams to natural function, especially dewatered streams.• Minimize changes to natural stream functions.• Protect springs that flow into streams.• Prevent erosion and siltation by maintaining buffers.• Restore and/or enhance connections for migration and dispersal.

Contamination• Prevent with barriers invasion by predatory and non-native fish.• Prevent stocking of predatory fish and bullfrogs.• Monitor streams for toxins and artificial hormones.• Consider location of wastewater treatment facilities.

Conservation• Restock appropriate streams with redbelly dace from closest stream.• Restrict harvest and enforce regulations.• Identify suitable habitat for potential translocations.


AcknowledgementsBoyd Wright and Paul Foutz (Colorado Parks and Wildlife) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.




Northern redbelly daceBestgen, K. R. 1989. Distribution and notes on

the biology of Phoxinus eos (Cyprinidae) in Colorado. Southwestern Naturalist 34: 225-231.

MNHP and MFWP (Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks). 2012. Northern redbelly dace, Chrosomos eos.

Nico, L., and P. Fuller. 2015. Chrosomus eos. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, Florida.

Propst, D. L., and C. A. Carlson. 1986. The distribution and status of warmwater fishes in the Platte River drainage, Colorado. Southwestern Naturalist 31: 149-167.

Stasiak, R. 2006. Northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

Southern redbelly daceBertrand, K. N., and K. B. Gido. 2007. Effects

of herbivorous minnow, southern redbelly dace (Phoxinus erythrogaster), on stream productivity and ecosystem structure. Oecologia 151: 69–81.

Seilheimer, T. S., and W. L. Fisher. 2010. Habitat use by fishes in groundwater-dependent streams of southern Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 164:2 01-216.

Slack, W. T., M. T. O’Connell, T. L. Peterson, J. A. Ewing III, and S. T. Ross. 1997. Ichthyofaunal and habitat associations of disjunct populations of southern redbelly dace Phoxinus erytrogaster (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Mississippi. American Midland Naturalist 137: 251-265.

Stasiak, R. H. 2007. Southern redbelly dace (Phoxinus erythrogaster): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

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Habitat Scorecard for Redbelly Dace (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions



Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterStream morphology

Pools, overhung banks, slow water 13.3

Water qualityNo visual evidence of turbidity or other pollutants 12.5Some turbidity or presence of other pollutants, but limited to small and localized areas within the wetland 8.4Water is cloudy or has unnatural oil sheen, but the bottom is still visible. Note: If the sheen breaks apart when you run your finger through it, it is a natural bacterial process and not water pollution. 4.2

Dominant vegetationAmple vegetation, especially algae 12.5

Sunlight availabilityFull shade 11.9Some shade 7.9No shade 4.0

Water origin/stream orderAnswer for EITHER northern or southern redbelly dace

Northern redbelly daceSpring-fed; stream order: 1 – 2 11.9

Southern redbelly daceStream order: 1 – 3 11.9

Predatory fish

General absence of predatory fish 11.9

Predominant depth of water10 inches 10.4>8 – 20 inches 7.06 – 8 inches 3.5

Woody debrisPresence of woody debris as cover 10.4

Water temperature63 – 75°F 5.2>75°F 1.7



Leopard Frogs

Species DescriptionIdentification Two leopard frogs are included in this guild: northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and plains leopard frog (R. blairi). They are roughly the same size (3–4 inches as adults), but plains leopard frogs are usually browner than the mostly green northern leopard frogs.

Preferred Habitats Due to their complicated life history traits, leopard frogs occupy many habitats during different seasons and stages of develop-ment, but they are closely associated with wet environments. In general, leopard frogs occupy three categories of habitat: (1) over-wintering habitat with deep water that does not freeze solid; (2) foraging habitat for adults, which may consist of uplands, riparian areas, and wet mead-ows; and (3) breeding habitat suitable for egg development and tadpole survival. In general, plains leopard frogs breed in more ephemeral ponds, while northern leopard frogs use semi-permanent ponds.

Diet Adult leopard frogs eat primarily insects and other invertebrates, including crustaceans, mollusks, and worms, as well as small vertebrates, such as other amphibians and snakes. Leopard frog tadpoles are herbivorous, eating mostly free-floating algae, but also consuming some animal material.

Conservation StatusNorthern leopard frog populations have declined throughout their range; they are listed in all western states and Canada as sensitive, threatened, or endangered. In Colorado, northern leopard frogs are listed as a Tier 1 Species of Greatest Conserva-tion Need (CPW 2015). Less is known about plains leopard frog populations, but threats to plains leopard frogs are prob-ably similar to those of northern leopard frogs. They are listed as a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Colorado (CPW 2015).

Species DistributionRangeNorthern leopard frogs range from the northern United States and Canada to the more northern parts of the southwestern United States. With the exception of a few counties, they occur throughout Colorado. Plains leopard frogs have a much smaller distribution than northern leopard frogs, occurring through the Great Plains into southeastern Arizona and eastern Colorado.

Leopard frog distribution maps for Colorado adapted from Hammerson (1999) and NDIS (2014).



Two species of leopard frogs occur in Colorado. Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens; primary photo, brighter green) are more widespread than plains leopard frogs (R. blairi; inset photo).

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation in adult foraging wetlands

varies but includes grasses, sedges, and forbs

Dominant vegetation in breeding wetlands

emergent vegetation with buffer of grasses, sedges, rushes, and spike rushes

Landscape context 0.6–1.2 miles between categories of habitat (see above habitat types)

Percent vegetation cover dense and extensivePredatory fish and bullfrogs noneSize of habitat can be very smallSunlight high sunlight exposureVegetation height in adult foraging wetlands

6–12 inches

Water depth for winter hibernation deep enough not to freeze to the bottom Water depth in breeding wetlands 25–40 inches but can varyWater quality neutral pH, well-oxygenated, and unpollutedWater temperature 54–73°F

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for leopard frogs.

Hydrology• Maintain water depths to avoid water column freezing solid.• For breeding ponds, maintain depth of >20 in. until metamorphosis completed.• After mid-July, draw down water containing predatory fish and bullfrog larvae.Vegetation• Provide grass buffers around breeding ponds.Contamination• Reduce nitrogen loading.• Reduce pesticides, chemicals and other toxins.• Reduce predatory fish.• Possibly reduce or change mosquito control.Land Use• Eliminate livestock access to ponds.• Avoid or minimize clear-cutting.

Conservation• Translocate frogs to re-establish populations.• Promote conservation programs to provide grassland component in the landscape.• Promote native species in adjacent lands.


AcknowledgementsTina Jackson (Colorado Parks and Wildlife) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsCorn, P.S., and L.J. Livo. 1989. Leopard frog and

wood frog reproduction in Colorado and Wyoming. Northwestern Naturalist 70: 1-9.



Nichols, J. 2006. Petition to list the western United States population of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) as threatened. Petitioners: Center for Native Ecosystems, Biodiversity Conservation Alliance, Defenders of Black Hills, Forest Guardians, Center for Biological Diversity, The Ark Initiative, Native Ecosystems Council, Rocky Mountain Clean Air Action.


Smith, B. E., and D. A. Keinath. 2004. Species assessment for the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in Wyoming. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming State Office, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Smith, B. E., and D. A. Keinath. 2005. Plains leopard frog (Rana blairi): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

Smith, B.E. and D.A. Keinath. 2007. Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.

USFS (United States Forest Service). 2003. Conservation assessment for plains leopard frog (Rana blairi). USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region.

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Habitat Scorecard for Leopard Frogs (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions


Instructions: Select appropriate checklist: (1) Breeding Wetlands (e.g., emergent marshes, playas, seeps, springs, moist soil units, reservoirs, other impoundments), (2) Adult Foraging Wetlands (e.g., wet meadows, riparian areas), or (3) Over-wintering Wetlands (oxbows, stream channels, warm water sloughs, gravel pits, and reservoirs). Enter one value that best describes each habitat variable during the appropriate season, using the numbers in the value column. Habitat variables are in shaded boxes; ranges of condition are directly below each variable. If condition is outside range or is not described, enter a zero.

Breeding Wetlands (e.g., emergent marshes, playas, seeps, springs, moist soil units, reservoirs, other impoundments)

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterWater pH

6.1 – 7 16.3

Water qualityNo visual evidence of turbidity or other pollutants 16.3Some turbidity or presence of other pollutants, but limited to small and localized areas within the wetland; water may be slightly cloudy 10.8

Water is cloudy or has unnatural oil sheen, but the bottom is still visible (note: if the sheen breaks apart when you run your finger through it, it is a natural bacterial process and not water pollution) 5.4

Predominant depth of water>25 – 40 inches 16.3>40 – 80 inches 10.84 – 25 inches 5.4

Percent total canopy cover 6.6 feet0 – 30% 15.4>30 – 50% 10.3>50 – 100% 5.1

Percent emergent vegetation>50 – 90% 12.2>30 – 50% 8.110 – 30% 4.1

Height of emergent vegetation8 – 40 inches 12.2>40 – 80 inches 8.1>80 inches 4.1

Dominant vegetationRobust wetland herbs (cattail, bulrush, reedgrass, etc.) tall sedges and rushes >8 inches, aquatic vegetation (submergent, floating leaves, algae) 11.3

Tall grasses (>8 inches), open willows/shrubs 7.6





Adult Foraging Wetlands (e.g., wet meadows, riparian areas)

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterHeight of herbaceous cover

2 – 20 inches 23.0>20 – 40 inches 15.3>40 – 80 inches 7.7


Water pH6.1 – 7 23.0

Percent of herbaceous cover>30 – 90% 17.225 – 30% or >90% 5.7

Dominant vegetationLow grasses <8 inches, annual forbs, perennial forbs 11.3





Over-wintering Wetlands (oxbows, stream channels, warm water sloughs, gravel pits, and reservoirs)

Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterPercent of habitat covered by water

>90 – 100% 19.4>60 – 90% 12.940 – 60% 6.5

Predominant depth of water>40 inches 19.435 – 40 inches 6.5

Water pH6.1 – 7 23.0

Water qualityNo visual evidence of turbidity or other pollutants. 18.4Some turbidity or presence of other pollutants, but limited to small and localized areas within the wetland; water may be slightly cloudy 12.3


Percent of submergent vegetation>30 – 60% 14.6>10 – 30% 9.70 – 10% 4.9

Dominant vegetationRobust wetland herbs (cattail, bulrush, reedgrass, etc.) tall sedges and rushes >8 inches, aquatic vegetation (submergent, floating leaves, algae) 9.7



Red-sided Garter Snake

Species DescriptionIdentification Red-sided garter snakes, sometimes re-ferred to as common garter snakes, can grow as long as 49 inches. In Colorado, they are usually considerably smaller and may only grow as long as about 3 feet (36 inches). They have patches of red between their lighter stripes.

Preferred Habitats Garter snakes hibernate during the winter, up to seven or eight months in the more northern parts of their range. While they are active, they are wetland-dependent, occupying most wetland habitat types within Colorado.

Diet Red-sided garter snakes consume primarily amphibians, fish, and earthworms.

Conservation StatusThe abundance of red-sided garter snakes is mostly unknown. In Colorado, they are listed as a Species of Concern and a Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015). Population declines of other garter snakes, such as the western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) that consume mostly amphibians, have apparently been tied to amphibian declines. Because the red-sided garter snake eats primarily amphibians, it is possible populations of red-sided garter snakes are associated with populations of amphibians.

Species DistributionRangeThe red-sided garter snake is found in Canada and the western United States, with a disjunct distribution in the western United States. In Colorado, they are found in the northeast and north-central part of the state.

North America map used from Wild Animals of Manitoba (http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/mbsp/fs/rsgarter.html). Colorado map based on Hammerson (1999) and NDIS (2014).



Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, Family Colubridae) occur in wetlands on Colorado’s northeastern plains.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsDominant vegetation emergent, sedges, grasses, and other vegetation

that provides coverLandscape context close and unfragmented connection between

upland hibernacula (hibernation sites) and wetlands (foraging habitat)

Percent emergent cover very denseSize of habitat not well understood, but larger is betterWater quality pH = 6.1–7 with no visual evidence of turbidity or

other pollutants

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for red-sided garter snakes.

Hydrology• For breeding ponds, maintain depth of >20 inches until metamorphosis

completed.• After mid-July, draw down water containing predatory fish and bullfrog larvae.

Vegetation• Provide grass buffers around breeding ponds.• Manage for dense emergent vegetation.

Containimation• Reduce nitrogen loading.• Reduce pesticides, chemicals and other toxins.• Reduce predatory fish.• Possibly reduce or change mosquito control.

Land Use / Other• Eliminate livestock access to ponds.• Avoid or minimize clear-cutting.

Conservation• Translocate frogs to re-establish populations that can serve as a food source.• Promote conservation programs to provide grassland component in the

landscape.• Promote native species in adjacent lands.


AcknowledgementsTina Jackson (Colorado Parks and Wildlife)reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.



Hammerson, G. A. 1999. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.

Larsen, K. W., P. T. Gregory, and R. Antoniak. 1993. Reproductive ecology of the common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis at the northern limit of its range. American Midland Naturalist 129: 336-345.

Manitoba Wildlife Branch. 2015. Wild animals of Manitoba: Red-sided garter snake fact sheet. https://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/mbsp/fs/rsgarter.html.

Matthews, K. R., R. A. Knapp, and K. L. Pope. 2002. Garter snake distributions in high-elevation aquatic ecosystems: is there a link with declining amphibian populations and nonnative trout introductions? Journal of Herpetology 36: 16-22.


Shine, R., M. J. Elphick, P. S. Harlow, I. T. Moore, M. P. LeMaster, and R. T. Mason. 2001. Movements, mating, and dispersal of red-sided gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) from a communal den in Manitoba. Copeia, Vol. 2001, No. 1 (Feb. 16, 2001): 82-91.

License for Zooplan and J Hazard photos: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en.

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Habitat Scorecard for Red-sided Garter Snakes (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions



Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterPercent of emergent vegetation

>60 – 100% 36.4>40 – 60% 24.220 – 40% 12.1

Amphibians in same habitatAbundant amphibians present 36.4Only occasional amphibians noted 12.1

Water qualityNo visual evidence of turbidity or other pollutants 27.2Some turbidity or presence of other pollutants, but limited to small and localized areas within the wetland; water may be slightly cloudy 18.2




Yellow Mud Turtle

Species DescriptionIdentification The carapace of an adult yellow mud turtles is typically no longer than 6–7 inches, dome shaped and flat on top. The marginal shields are often yellow.The turtles have relatively large heads and yellow throats.

Preferred Habitats Yellow mud turtles require three basic habitats to complete their life cycle: (1) an upland hibernation site, (2) aquatic habitats, often wetlands and other bottomlands, and (3) a sandy site for aestivation (summer dormancy, similar to winter hibernation) and egg-laying. Additionally, they require suitable habitat to move among these sites. They will occupy almost any wetland type that has adjacent sandy areas, such as sand ridges and sand hills.

Diet Yellow mud trutles are primarily carnivorous, though they do consume duckweed, Their diet consists of snails, fish, crayfish, and other macro-invertebrates.

Conservation StatusDue to low population numbers, in Colorado, yellow mud turtles are listed as a Species of Concern and Tier 2 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (CPW 2015). Severe declines in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri are attributed to lower water tables and withdrawal of water from aquifers.

Species DistributionRangeThe range of yellow mud turtles extends from parts of Nebraska through northern Mexico and from far southeastern Arizona to disjointed populations in Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. In Colorado, yellow mud turtles are known only in the far eastern counties.

North America map used from U.S. Geologic

Survey (http://nas.er.usgs.gov). Colorado map based Hammerson (1999) and NDIS (2014).



Yellow mud turtles (Kinosternon flavescens, Family Kinosternidae) are found in wetlands on the far eastern plains of Colorado. They lay their eggs in sandy soil.

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Preferred Habitat ConditionsAestivation depth 2–10 inchesAestivation site relative to wetland 16 feet above elevation of wetlandDominant vegetation aquatic (submergent, floating, algae)Hydrology of wetland ephemeral wetlands; occasionally farm ponds Landscape context wetland adjacency to sand ridges, sandy rises, or

sand hillsWater depth 3–10 inchesWater temperature 64–68°F

Management RecommendationsThis fact sheet contains easy-to-use guidelines for understanding habitat needs of Colorado Parks and Wildlife priority wetland-dependent wildlife. A number of practical steps can be taken to improve habitat for yellow mud turtles.

Hydrology• In spring, maintain water depth that limits access by terrestrial predators but

allows turtle hydration, reproduction and feeding.• In later summer and fall, reduce depth to promote kill of predatory fish and

predatory aquatic turtles.

Conservation• Maintain sand habitat between wetlands to facilitate seasonal movements and

gene flow.• Maintain mosaic of wetland diversity.• Remove barriers that prevent movement among wetlands.• Control predators.


AcknowledgementsTina Jackson (Colorado Parks and Wildlife) reviewed an earlier version and provided input on preferred habitat conditions.

Suggested Reading and CitationsBernstein, N. P., and J. L. Christiansen. 2011.

Response of a yellow mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens Agassiz) community to habitat change: management implications for a nature preserve. Natural Areas Journal 31: 414-419.

Christiansen, J. L., J. A. Cooper, J. W. Bickham, B. J. Gallaway, and M. D. Springer. 1985. Aspects of the natural history of the yellow mud turtle Kinosternon flavescens (Kinosternidae) in Iowa: a proposed endangered species. Southwestern Naturalist 30: 413-425.


Degenhardt, W. G., and J. L. Christiansen. 1974. Distribution and habitats of turtles in New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 19: 21-46.

Gregoire, D. R. 2015. Kinosternon flavescens. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.


Iverson, J. B. 1991. Life history and demography of the yellow mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens. Herpetologica 47: 373-395.


Tuma, M. W. 2006. Range, habitat use, and seasonal activity of the yellow mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens) in Northwestern Illinois: implications for site-specific conservation and management. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5: 108-120.

Webster, C. 1986. Substrate preference and activity in the turtle, Kinosternon flavescens. Journal of Herpetology 20: 477-482.

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Habitat Scorecard for Yellow Mud Turtles (v. Jan 2016)Assessment of habitat before and after restoration or management actions



Key habitat variable and conditions Value Before AfterWater

Ephemeral 13.7Permanent 9.1

Substrate of wetlandSoft mud or muddy sand 12.2

Adjacent aestivation site (aestivation = dormancy to avoid summer heat, site must have sandy soil)At least 5.5 yards above elevation of wetland and easy to access 12.2

Sandy soil depth of adjacent aestivation site2 – 10 inches 12.2

Percent emergent vegetation>70 – 100% 12.2>40 – 70% 8.220 – 40% 4.1

Predominant depth of water3 – 10 inches 10.7>10 – 16 inches 7.2

Water temperature64 – 68°F 10.7>68 – 79°F 7.2>79 – 91°F 3.6

Percent of landscape within 100 yard dominated by grassland>70 – 100% 10.7>40 – 70% 7.20 – 40% 3.6

Percent of landscape within 100 yard dominated by grasslandAquatic vegetation (submergent, floating, algae) 5.4


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