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C. S. Murthy
Principal Investigator (Drought)
[email protected]@yahoo.com
Disaster Management Support ProgramNational Remote Sensing Agency
(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)RS & GIS Applications AreaNational Remote Sensing Agency
(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)
Drought Management – Integration of Geo Spatial & Contemporary Technologies
C. S. MurthyPrincipal Investigator (Drought)
Organization Activity
India Meteorological Department, NCMRWF
Meteorological information such as rainfall, temperature and derived products on aridity anomaly at subdivision level. Mainly for meteorological drought.
Agro-advisory services based on weather data
Central Water Commission
Water levels in surface water bodies - hydrological drought
State Departments of Agriculture
Monitoring crop sown area progression and drought prevalence through manual observations on agricultural situation and the data on rainfall and surface water bodies. Contingency crop plans.
State Disaster Management Authorities
Analyzing data from different departments and drought declaration
State Agricultural Universities
Agro-advisory services
Contingency crop plans
ICAR Agro meteorological data basesAgro advisory servicesDrought proofing measures
NRSA
(Dept. of Space, Govt. of India)
In season agricultural drought assessment and monitoring with satellite images and geospatial information technologies.
Organizations associated with drought assessment/monitoring
SATELLITE MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
Ground water Storage
Surface Storage
Runoff
Rain
Infiltration &Percolation
Satellite Sensors
Evapo transpiration
Biophysical Parameters
Vegetation Index
AgriculturalDrought
MeteorologicalDrought
HydrologicalDrought
Runoff
Earth Observation Systems and Geo-spatial Information Technologyfor drought assessment and management
Earth Resources Satellites
Geo-stationery &Communication Satellites
Automatic Weather Stations (AWS)
Village ResourceCentres (VRCs)
• Drought assessment• Vulnerability mapping• Drought mitigation• Drought management
1. Monitoring of Crop area, crop condition & yieldRange lands2. Soil moisture estimation3. Land surface temperature
• Meteorological information• Monitoring vegetation• Monitoring range lands
Geo-spatial tools-
Geographic Information System (GIS) – Data ware house, knowledge discovery, data mining, Spatial modellers etc
PNT systems (Position, Navigation and Tracking System)Data integration from diff. sources/ decision support
Data communication and net working
NDVI anomaly Assessment(1) Relative dev.(2) VCI(3) In season transformation
Agricultural drought situation
Change in crop calendar
Lag between NDVI & rainfall
Abnormal weather eventsSuch as floods
Extent of NDVI anomaly
Extent of rainfalldeviation
Extent of sown areadeviation
Methodology for drought assessment, kharif season (AVHRR/WiFS/AWiFS)Harmonization of NDVI and ground data
Normal
Watch
Alert
Drought warning(June, July, August)
Drought declaration(Sep, Oct)
Mild
Moderate
Severe
.
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
.
12/6 19/6 6/6 3/710/7 17/7 24/7 31/7 7/8 14/8 21/8 28/8 4/9 11/9 18/9 25/9
% d
evi
atio
n
.
0102030405060708090
100
5 J
un
12
Ju
n
19
Ju
n
26
Ju
n
3 J
ul
10
Ju
l
17
Ju
l
24
Ju
l
31
Ju
l
7 A
ug
14
Au
g
21
Au
g
31
Au
g
11
Se
p
18
Se
p
25
Se
p
30
Se
p
% o
f no
rma
l
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Coverage
Satellite data analysis
Integration with ground data
Information reporting
Drought assessment
AVHRR NDVI – August 2007
June 07 July 07 August 07
Uttar Pradesh state
Agricultural Drought Assessment – Aug 2007 NDVI
Andhra Pradesh stateAugust 2007
AWiFS NDVI
Agricultural drought assessment
at dis-aggregated level
June 2007
July 2007
August 2007
93 mandals in 7 districtswere found to be under mild agricultural drought situation
Agricultural Drought Assessment (upto August 2007)
Agricultural drought situationin 55 districts in the country
• 22 districts in U.P• 11 districts in M.P• 8 districts in Rajasthan• 6 districts in Maharashtra• 7 districts in AP• 1 district in Bihar
Crop condition anomalies at different levels
State District Block
Normal year (2005)
Drought year (2002)
Tadipatri mandal - Anantpur (Groundnut)
-0.100
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
June July August Sep October
ND
VI
2005 2002
Pamidi mandal - Anantpur (Paddy)
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
June July August Sep October
ND
VI
2005 2002
Impact of 2002 drought at block level Anantpur district
Mudigubba mandal - Anantpur districtgroundnut
-0.100
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
June July August Sep October
ND
VI
2005 2002
Kanekal mandal - Anantpur districtgroundnut + paddy
-0.100
-0.050
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
June July August Sep October
ND
VI
2005 2002
Anantpur district Mahaboobnagar district
Data used
NDVI Rainfall Irrigation support
More vulnerable
Less vulnerable
Participating Organizations
CRIDA NRSA NIRD
Drought vulnerability mapping – space & ground inputsHanumantharao committee 1994
% area irrigated at district and block level in different agro climatic zones was the main criteria
1173 blocks in 185 districts of 13 states – 120 M ha as drought prone
Parthasarathy Committee 2005 – re-look in to criteria for drought proneness CRIDA ‘s criteria – Rainfall and irrigation support NRSA – Historic NDVI from high resolution data Integration of these two methods for composite drought prone index
3 Scale of informationAt different spatial units (mandals/taluks) within districtWeekly/fortnightly information
Info
rmat
ion
req
uir
emen
ts
for
in-s
easo
n d
rou
gh
t m
anag
emen
t 2 Middle/end of the season(a) Impact of drought on standing crops.(b) Expected reduction in crop yield
1 Beginning of the season(a) Extent of delay in sowings (no. of days/weeks)(b) Extent of reduction in sown area(c) Expected sown area
4 Quantitative assessment of drought impact
(a) Area affected by drought - list of drought affected mandals/taluks along with severity level.
(b) Extent of reduction in crop yield.
5 Early warning on drought occurrence/severity
Drought management
Goals• Land management • Crop management• Fodder management• Agricultural Water management• Drinking Water management• Socio-economic equity
Short term1. Contingency crop plan2. Drought resistant cultivars3. Cultivation practices for soil
and water conservation4. Mid season corrections5. Nutrient management
Long term1. Watershed management2. Ground water recharge3. Water use efficiency4. Employment generation5. Public awareness
In-season management(near real-time)
• Assessment indicators• Monitoring mechanism
End-of-the season management
• Drought declaration rationale• Relief management
Criteria for drought declaration by different states
State Criteria for drought declaration
Andhra Pradesh 1. Mandal level rainfall
2. Mandal level crop sown area
3. Yield reduction
4. Dry spells
Karnataka Rainfall
Dry weeks
Maharashtra Paisewari system, yield loss 100 point scale
Orissa Block level rainfall, Crop assessment
Rajasthan, UP and J & K
Yield loss criteria
• Declaration of drought by state level• Declaration in Sept/Oct
• Memorandum of scarcity
• Verification by Central Govt.
Criteria in different states
Standard criteria for operational drought assessment & declaration
Scientific approach
Criteria should cut across various rainfall zones, agro-ecological zones
Complete and comprehensive – rainfall, soil and plant
Weather data
• IMD weather stations• Revenue rain guages• Automatic Weather stations• Geo-stationery satellites
Soil moisture
• Soil water balance• Automatic Weather stations• Microwave satellites • Thermal data from satellites
Crop sown areas
• Manual collection• Satellite observations
Crop condition & crop estimation
• Geospatial near realtime from different satellites• Bio-physical parameters from satellites• Agro meterological yield models• Improved manual crop estimation surveys
Drought severity Classification
at Sub district level
Drought declaration Relief Assessment Relief Management
National Drought Management SystemA model
Institutional participation
Agriculture
Meteorology
Hydrology
Socio-economic
Academic
Scientific
Near real-time flowof data/information
Flow of expertise
KNOWLEDGECENTER (KC)
Integrated Geospatial Data base on droughtrelated parameters (Spatial and non spatial)
Geo-informatics tools for data analysis
Knowledge Data mining Data Fusion
Spatial DecisionSupport Systems
. . .
Drought Assessment atdiff. spatial & temporal scales
Federal Government
State Government
DistrictAdministration
Farmers
Delivery & Feedback mechanism
Institutional Linkages with KNOWLEDGE CENTRE (KC)
KNOWLEDGE CENTRE (KC)
IMD
State Depts. of Agril.State Depts. of Relief
State Depts. of Planning
Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
ICAR
State Agril. Universities
Other A
cademic/S
cientific
Main issues• Identification of institutions• Defining roles/responsibilities• Ensuring near realtime flow of data and knowledge• Ensuring end use and feed back analysis
Remote Sensing
Standardization of data collection and Transmission system
1. Weather data -- IMD stations Revenue stations Increasing the density - Automatic Weather Stations
2. Agriculture – Soil information (Soil maps) Deep Soils Shallow soils Geo morphology – uplands, low lands Cropping pattern, Irrigation support Crop sown area progression Irrigation support
3. Geospatial data bases Land Use / Land cover Crop condition Bio physical parametrs etc
4. Consistency in the data collection procedures, timeliness etc
Data transmission to centralised servers
Surface mail, e mailSatellite transmission
Harmonization of data & Unified index – A Classic example
• Multi disciplinary • Involvement of multiple organizations (about 150 scientists are involved)• Comprehensive drought assessment• It is not a forecasting/early warning system
Drought monitor is atclimatic division averaged.
Not good for local leveldecision making
Criteria in US Drought monitor
Category Palmer drought index
CPC soil moisture model
Stream flows
SPI Satellite Vegetation health index
Normal -1 to -1.9
21-30 21-30 -.5 to -.7
36-45
Moderate drought
-2 to -2.9
11-20 11-20 -.8 to -1.2
26-35
Severe drought
-3 to -3.9
6-10 6-10 -1.3 to -1.5
16-25
Extreme drought
-4 to -4.9
3-5 3-5 -1.6 to -1.9
6-15
Exceptional drought
-5 or less
0-2 0-2 -2 or less
1-5
Automatic Weather Stations
• Affordable alternatives to get detailed weather information.
• AWS measures – meteorological parameters like rainfall, humidity, temperature
• Special sensors for measuring soil moisture
• Data transmission through communication satellites – Kalpana - 1, INSAT 3A
• consistency in data recording, enhanced frequency of coverage,
• Coverage of inaccessible areas, all weather and all time operations
AWS are being established in selected locations in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
Thank you all