C151 Multiuser Operating Systems

Introduction to LaTeX

What is LaTex

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LaTeX is a document markup language and document preparation system.

Why LaTeX?

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LaTeX

Separate contents from style

Word

WYSIWYG

Why not MS Word?

Why LaTeX?

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Portable and freeProfessionally crafted layouts are availableThe typesetting of mathematical

formulae is supported in a convenient wayOutput: many different formatsUsers need only to learn a few simple

commands, which specify the logical structure of a document

Complex structures such as footnotes, references, table of contents, and bibliographies can be generated easily

Required Tools

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Editor:TeXnic Winedt

Input file:The input for LaTeX is a plain text file with

extension “.tex”You can create it with any text editor.It contains: the text of the document and

commands which tell LaTeX how to typeset the text.

Compiler (www.miktex.org)Standard installation for LinuxWindowsMac

Output Formats .dvi Device Independent .ps Post Script .pdf PDF .rtf Rich Text Format .html HTML

Compile LaTeXGenerate a dvi file:

>latex file_name.tex

Generate a pdf file

>pdflatex file_name.tex

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Documents Structure (1) Every LaTeX document must contain the

following three components:\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\end{document}

Document Structure (2)Every input file starts with the command:

\documentclass{...}

When all the setup work is done, you start the body of the text with the command:

\begin{document} Now you enter the text mixed with some

useful LaTeX commands.At the end of the document you use the

\end{document}

\documentclass[options]{class}

First line of all LaTeX documents specifies the {type} of the document and the [stylesheet] used.book report article letter Ready templates: IEEETrans, ACM, etc.

In general, required information is included in LaTeX commands in braces {}, while optional information is included in square brackets [].

\documentclass[ieee]{article}

\documentclass{article}

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\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}

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\documentclass{report}

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LaTeX Document Example (1)

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}This is some sample text.\end{document}

LaTeX Document Example (2)\documentclass{article}\begin{document}During the 1960s, many large software

development efforts encountered severe difficulties. Software schedules were typically late, costs greatly exceeded budgets and the finished products were unreliable.

\vspace{10 mm}\noindentPeople began to realize that software

development was a far more complex activity than they had imagined.

\end{document}

LaTeX Document Example (2): result

LaTeX Document Example (3)

To add a title to a document use \title and \maketitle\title defines the title and \maketitle inserts it into

the document\maketitle must come after \begin{document}\maketitle usually comes before any other text\title must come before \maketitle

To add an author and date and use \author and \date

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\title{Hello, World! In Latex}\author{Marc Corliss}\date{2/15/2006}\maketitleHello, World!\\\end{document}

LaTeX Document Example (3): result

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AbstractsTo create an abstract, place your text in an

abstract environment, i.e., between \begin{abstract} and \end{abstract} commands.

The abstract should come immediately after your \maketitle command, but before any \tableofcontents command.

Sections\section{Section Title}

\subsection{Title}

\subsubsection{Title}

LaTeX Document Example (4)\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\title{Hello, World! In Latex}\author{Marc Corliss}\date{2/15/2006}\maketitle\begin{abstract}This is example 4.\end{abstract}\section{Hello, World!}Hello Everyone!\\\end{document}

LaTeX Document Example (4): result

SpacesWhitespace characters (e.g. blank, tab,

single linebreak) are treated uniformly as “space” by LaTeX.Several consecutive whitespace characters

are treated as one “space”.An empty line between two lines of text

defines the end of a paragraph.Several empty lines are treated in the same

way as one empty line.

Spaces\documentclass{article}\begin{document}It does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word.

An empty line starts a new paragraph.\end{document}.

Editor view

Document view

Special CharactersThe following symbols are reserved

characters, that have a special meaning in LaTeX

$ & % # _ { } ~ ^ \ Some of these characters can be used in

your documents by adding a prefix backslash (escape character):

\$ \& \% \# \_ \{ \}The other symbols (and many more!) can be

printed with special commands in mathematical formulae.

LaTeX CommandsLaTeX commands are case sensitive and start

with a backslash \

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}This is \emph{emphasized} text.\end{document}

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CommentsWhen LaTeX encounters a % character while

processing an input file, it ignores the rest of the present line.

This is useful for adding notes to the input file, which will not show up in the printed version.

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}This text is processed. % A comment isn’t\end{document}

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Page StylesLaTeX supports three predefined

header/footer combinations. These are known as page styles.

The style parameter of the \pagestyle{style} command defines which one to use:plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of

the page in the middle of the footer (default page style)

headings prints the current chapter heading and the page number on each page header.

empty - both header and footer empty

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Hyphenation There are four hyphens in LaTeX :

1. - (a single dash) is for hyphenating words.

2. -- (two dashes) is for ranges of numbers.

3. --- (three dashes) is for an honest-to-goodness dash between words.

4. $-$ is a minus sign in math mode.

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Hyphenation\documentclass{article}\begin{document}My cousin-in-law lived in Germany in 1995--2006; he speaks French---really, he does. His favorite number is $-2$.\end{document}

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The LaTeX LogoYou can typeset the LATEX logo with the \LaTeX

command. As with most commands, it consumes any

space behind it, so if it isn't at the end of a sentence, use \LaTeX\ instead.

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Appearance of Words\underline{phrase} to underline a phrase,\textbf{phrase} to print a phrase in boldface, and\emph{phrase} to italicize a phrase.

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Centering TextBy default, LaTeX will start all text at the left

margin.

If you want to center a title, a table, etc., surround what you want centered with the commands:

\begin{center} and \end{center}.

LaTeX Example (5) \documentclass{article}\begin{document}\title{\LaTeX\ 1, 2, 3}\author{Liguo Yu}\maketitle\section{Introduction}\begin{center} This is an intruduction!\end{center}\section{Conclusion}Thanks for reading this \textbf{article}.\end{document}

LaTex Example (5): Result

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Bulleted ListsTo create a bulleted list, surround the information

with a \begin{itemize} and an \end{itemize}, and begin each item with an \item.

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\begin{itemize}\item A bulleted item.\item Another bulleted item.\begin{itemize}\item A nested bulleted item.\end{itemize}\item You get the idea.\end{itemize}\end{document}

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Numbered ListsTo create a numbered list, surround the information

with a \begin{enumerate} and an \end{enumerate}, and begin each item with an \item.

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\begin{enumerate}\item A numbered item.\item Another numbered item.\item You get the idea.\end{enumerate} \end{document}

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Typesetting MathematicsLaTeX has a Math mode for typesetting mathematics.Within a paragraph, math mode is entered between $

characters, or by using the \begin{math} and \end{math} commands

\documentclass{article}\begin{document}Add a squared to b squared to find c squared, e.g. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$. It’s as easy as that!\end{document}

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Typesetting MathematicsGreek Symbols

\alpha, \beta, \gamma

Superscript, Subscript

x^y x_y x_y^z

Calculus

\int_0^\infty \int{\int}

\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}

Typesetting Mathematics

x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} } {2a}

Figures

\begin{figure}\includegraphics{sample.jpg}

\caption{A sample figure.}\end{figure}

Example\documentclass{article}\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}\begin{document}\begin{figure}

\centering\includegraphics{Figure1.jpg}\caption{Depiction of the production of

kernel-based software}\end{figure}\end{document}

Compile:pdflatex file_name

Result

Columns\begin{tabular}{|…|…|}\end{tabular}

Rows& - Split text into columns\\ - End a row\hline - Draw line under row

Two Columns

l = automatically adjust size, left justifyr = automatically adjust size, right justifyp = set size e.g p{4.7cm}c = centre text

Tabular

Example of table\documentclass{article}\begin{document}\begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|} \hlineDate & Price & Size \\ \hlineYesterday & 5 & Big \\ \hlineToday & 3 & Small \\ \hline\end{tabular}\end{document}

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BibliographiesArticles can be referred to in the text using

the \cite commandThe details of the cited articles are stored

in BibTeX format, in a “.bib” file.BibTeX resolves the citations in the LaTeX

file and generates the required bibliography

BibliographiesExample entries from test.bib file:

@book{AhR1975,author = {N. Ahmed and K. Rao},title = {Digital signal processing},publisher = {Springer-Verlag},year = {1975},address = {New York},

}

@inproceedings{Aus1989,author = {James Austin and A. Phantom and B. Nom},title = {High Speed Neural Networks},booktitle = {IEE Image Processing and Applications},year = {1989},pages = {28--32},

}

test.tex file\documentclass[12]{article}\begin{document}\title{Work Study 1, 2, 3}\author{Liguo Yu}\date{\today}\maketitle\section{Introduction}This is an intruduction!\section{Result}By far the most commonly used feature is presented by \cite{Aus1989} and \cite{Ahr1975}.\section{Conclusion}Thanks for reading this article.\bibliographystyle{abbrv}\bibliography{test}\end{document}

Compile LaTeXWe need to compile .tex and .bib

separately and combine the output together to generate a PDF file

>latex test (compile .tex file)

>bibtex test (compile .bib file)

>pdflatex test (geberate .pdf file)

Might need to run several rounds to successfully combine them

Result: test.pdf