C16: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTC16: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT shorelinesshorelines (seashores) = boundary where land and sea meet (seashores) = boundary where land and sea meet1. marks average height of sea (not considering waves and 1. marks average height of sea (not considering waves and tides)tides)2. 2. shoreshore = areas that lies between high and low tides = areas that lies between high and low tides a. are often hundreds of meters widea. are often hundreds of meters wide b. constantly changingb. constantly changing3. shaped by action of waves, tides, and currents3. shaped by action of waves, tides, and currents4. waves shape by eroding and depositing sediments4. waves shape by eroding and depositing sediments a. move faster in deep water than shallowa. move faster in deep water than shallow b. b. wave refractionwave refraction = difference in wave speed causes = difference in wave speed causes initially straight wave crests to bend when part of crest initially straight wave crests to bend when part of crest moves into shallow watermoves into shallow water c. wave crest bends toward headlandsc. wave crest bends toward headlands

5. rocky shorelines = most common features are rocks and 5. rocky shorelines = most common features are rocks and cliffscliffs

a. waves scour hollows and notches which may becomes a. waves scour hollows and notches which may becomes cavescaves

b. b. sea stacksea stack = island of resistant harder rock left after softer = island of resistant harder rock left after softer rock is worn away by waves and currentsrock is worn away by waves and currents

c. c. sea cavesea cave = tubelike passages formed in headland at sea = tubelike passages formed in headland at sea level by never-ending assault of breakerslevel by never-ending assault of breakers

6. 6. estuaryestuary = area where lower end of freshwater river or = area where lower end of freshwater river or stream enters oceanstream enters ocean

a. contain brackish water = mixture of a. contain brackish water = mixture of freshwater and salt freshwater and salt waterwater

b. provide nurseries to young of many different speciesb. provide nurseries to young of many different species

beachesbeaches = deposits of sloping sediment that run parallel to = deposits of sloping sediment that run parallel to shore shore

1. made of rock and shell fragments, sand, mud1. made of rock and shell fragments, sand, mud2. composition of beach material depends on source2. composition of beach material depends on source

Hawaii = black sands Hawaii = black sands →→ basalt; green sands basalt; green sands →→ olivine olivineJamaica = white sands Jamaica = white sands →→ coral and shell fragments coral and shell fragments

3. 3. longshore barlongshore bar = shallow water offshore lies above a sand = shallow water offshore lies above a sand barbar

a. forms in front of most beachesa. forms in front of most beaches b. b. surf zonesurf zone = wave that break on the longshore bar = wave that break on the longshore bar c. c. longshore troughlongshore trough = deeper water closer to = deeper water closer to shore than shore than

longshore barlongshore bar

4. 4. longshore currentlongshore current = current that runs parallel to shore = current that runs parallel to shore a. caused by waves hitting shore at a slight anglea. caused by waves hitting shore at a slight angle b. varies in strength & direction from day to dayb. varies in strength & direction from day to day c. can carry tons of loose sediment = sandc. can carry tons of loose sediment = sand d. if not carrying all the sediment it can, it will erode the d. if not carrying all the sediment it can, it will erode the

surfaces it passes bysurfaces it passes by5. 5. rip currentsrip currents = narrow currents that flow seaward at right = narrow currents that flow seaward at right

angles to shoreline angles to shoreline a. flow out to sea through gaps in longshore bara. flow out to sea through gaps in longshore bar b. return water spilled into longshore trough to open oceanb. return water spilled into longshore trough to open ocean c. can reach speeds of several km/hc. can reach speeds of several km/h d. dangerous to swimmers d. dangerous to swimmers →→ should swim parallel to shore should swim parallel to shore

to get out of current NOT againstto get out of current NOT against

Shoreline depositional features:Shoreline depositional features:

1. 1. bermberm = narrow shelf or ledge usually along a rocky = narrow shelf or ledge usually along a rocky shorelineshoreline

2. 2. spitspit = narrow bank of sand that projects into water from = narrow bank of sand that projects into water from bend in coastline bend in coastline

a. formed when longshore currents drop sand it is a. formed when longshore currents drop sand it is carrying as it turns into a baycarrying as it turns into a bay

b. forms where shoreline changes directionb. forms where shoreline changes direction c. can grow and cross a bayc. can grow and cross a bay3. 3. baymouth barbaymouth bar (bay barrier) = formed when deposit or spit (bay barrier) = formed when deposit or spit

grows and completely cuts off baygrows and completely cuts off bay4. 4. tombolotombolo = formed when sand is deposited where it = formed when sand is deposited where it

connects an island to mainlandconnects an island to mainland5. 5. hookhook = spit with a curved end = spit with a curved end

6. 6. lagoonlagoon = shallow, protected bodies of water behind = shallow, protected bodies of water behind baymouth bars and/or barrier islandsbaymouth bars and/or barrier islands

a. considered saltwater coastal lakes a. considered saltwater coastal lakes connected to connected to open open sea by shallow, restricted outletssea by shallow, restricted outlets

b. has poor circulation of waterb. has poor circulation of water c. may later fill with sediment and become a salt marshc. may later fill with sediment and become a salt marsh7. 7. barrier islandbarrier island = sand deposits that parallel shore but are = sand deposits that parallel shore but are

separated from mainlandseparated from mainland a. begin as underwater ridges of a. begin as underwater ridges of sand formed by breaking wavessand formed by breaking waves b. hurricanes and storms add b. hurricanes and storms add sediment raising some to sea levelsediment raising some to sea level c. once exposed the wind blows loose c. once exposed the wind blows loose

sand into dunessand into dunes d. considered a temporary featured. considered a temporary feature

Ex: Hatteras, NCEx: Hatteras, NC8. 8. coastcoast = border of land along shoreline = border of land along shoreline

PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES:PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES:1. can use seawalls, groins, jetties, and breakwaters to 1. can use seawalls, groins, jetties, and breakwaters to

prevent beach erosion and protect oceanfront propertyprevent beach erosion and protect oceanfront property2. artificial structures can interfere with natural shoreline 2. artificial structures can interfere with natural shoreline

processes; could have negative effectsprocesses; could have negative effects3. 3. groinsgroins = wall-like structures built into water = wall-like structures built into water

perpendicular to shoreline for purpose of perpendicular to shoreline for purpose of trapping trapping beach sandbeach sand

a. interrupt natural longshore transport and deprive a. interrupt natural longshore transport and deprive beaches down coast of sandbeaches down coast of sand

b. can cause aggravated b. can cause aggravated beach erosion down coastbeach erosion down coast from areafrom area

4. 4. jetties jetties = concrete walls built to protect a harbor = concrete walls built to protect a harbor entrance entrance from drifting sandfrom drifting sand

a. trap sand upshore from harbor a. trap sand upshore from harbor and prevent it from reaching and prevent it from reaching beaches downshorebeaches downshore b. sand will eventually drift around b. sand will eventually drift around and will have to be dredged to and will have to be dredged to keep harbor openkeep harbor open5. 5. breakwatersbreakwaters = built in water parallel to straight = built in water parallel to straight shorelines shorelines

to provide anchorage for small boatsto provide anchorage for small boats a. longshore current slows down behind breakwaters and a. longshore current slows down behind breakwaters and

can no longer move its load of sedimentcan no longer move its load of sediment b. if left along sediment will fill b. if left along sediment will fill anchorage area; must dredge anchorage area; must dredge regularlyregularly

SEA LEVEL CHANGES:SEA LEVEL CHANGES:1. global sea level has risen 10 – 15 cm in last 100 years.1. global sea level has risen 10 – 15 cm in last 100 years.2. continues to rise slowly; 1.5 – 3.9 mm/yr2. continues to rise slowly; 1.5 – 3.9 mm/yr3. Earth’s average surface temperature has increased ~0.53. Earth’s average surface temperature has increased ~0.5ooC C

over last centuryover last century4. predict global sea levels could rise another 30 cm in next 4. predict global sea levels could rise another 30 cm in next

70 years70 years a. polar ice sheets melt will flood many countries and low a. polar ice sheets melt will flood many countries and low

lying coastal citieslying coastal cities b. melting of Antarctic ice sheet would cause rise of 6 m in b. melting of Antarctic ice sheet would cause rise of 6 m in

sea level flooding many barrier islandssea level flooding many barrier islands

5. 5. fjordsfjords = deep coastal valleys scooped out by glaciers = deep coastal valleys scooped out by glaciers during ice age and later flooded when glaciers during ice age and later flooded when glaciers meltedmelted

6. affected by tectonic uplift 6. affected by tectonic uplift and sinkingand sinking a. coastline sinks a. coastline sinks →→ sea level rises sea level rises b. coastline rises b. coastline rises →→ sea level drops sea level drops c. form c. form emergent coastsemergent coasts = form when = form when

seafloor is pushed upward faster seafloor is pushed upward faster than sea level is risingthan sea level is rising

SEAFLOOR FEATURESSEAFLOOR FEATURES1. 1. continental margincontinental margin = area where underwater edge of a = area where underwater edge of a

continent meets ocean floorcontinent meets ocean floor a. more a part of land than it is a part of oceana. more a part of land than it is a part of ocean b. composed of 3 sections: continental shelf, b. composed of 3 sections: continental shelf,

continental slope, continental risecontinental slope, continental rise2. 2. continental shelfcontinental shelf = relatively flat part of continental = relatively flat part of continental

margin that is covered by shallow ocean watermargin that is covered by shallow ocean water a. usually slopes very gently downward from shorelinea. usually slopes very gently downward from shoreline b. width depends on changes in sea level; average width b. width depends on changes in sea level; average width

= 60 km; average water = 60 km; average water depth = 130 kmdepth = 130 km c. good fishing areasc. good fishing areas d. can find mineral deposits and d. can find mineral deposits and

deposits of oil and natural gasdeposits of oil and natural gas

3. 3. continental slopecontinental slope = area at edge of continental shelf that = area at edge of continental shelf that plunges steeply down to ocean floorplunges steeply down to ocean floor

a. marks boundary between crust of continent and crust a. marks boundary between crust of continent and crust of ocean floorof ocean floor

b. slopes average nearly 100m/kmb. slopes average nearly 100m/km c. cut by deep submarine canyonsc. cut by deep submarine canyons d. formed by d. formed by turbidity currentsturbidity currents = rapidly flowing water = rapidly flowing water

currents along bottom of sea that carry heavy currents along bottom of sea that carry heavy loads of sedimentsloads of sediments

1) may originate as underwater landslides on 1) may originate as underwater landslides on continental slopecontinental slope

2) form from sediment stirred up by large storm waves 2) form from sediment stirred up by large storm waves on continental shelfon continental shelf

3) can move > 30 km/h and erode bottom sediment 3) can move > 30 km/h and erode bottom sediment and bedrock and bedrock

4. 4. continental risecontinental rise = gently sloping region between = gently sloping region between continental slope and ocean floorcontinental slope and ocean floor

a. made up of large amounts of sediment a. made up of large amounts of sediment deposited by turbidity currentsdeposited by turbidity currents

b. may be several kilometers thickb. may be several kilometers thick c. rise gradually get thinner and eventually c. rise gradually get thinner and eventually

merges with sediment of seafloor beyond merges with sediment of seafloor beyond continental margincontinental margin

5. 5. submarine canyonsubmarine canyon = deep, V-shaped valleys that have = deep, V-shaped valleys that have been cut in rockbeen cut in rock

a. cuts through continental shelf and slopea. cuts through continental shelf and slope b. formed by turbidity currents, earthquakes, or other b. formed by turbidity currents, earthquakes, or other

movements that occur on continental slopemovements that occur on continental slope

6. 6. ocean basinsocean basins = deeper parts of seafloor that lie above = deeper parts of seafloor that lie above thin, basaltic, oceanic crustthin, basaltic, oceanic crust

a. exist beyond continental margina. exist beyond continental margin b. represent 60% of Earth’s surfaceb. represent 60% of Earth’s surface

7. 7. abyssal plainabyssal plain (abyss) = large, flat areas on ocean floor 5 (abyss) = large, flat areas on ocean floor 5 or 6 km below sea levelor 6 km below sea level

a. caused by currents depositing sediments from a. caused by currents depositing sediments from continental shelves and slopes onto bottomcontinental shelves and slopes onto bottom

b. range in depth from 3000 - 6000 metersb. range in depth from 3000 - 6000 meters c. c. abyssal hillsabyssal hills = small, rolling hills that occur often in = small, rolling hills that occur often in

groups, next to continental margins and oceanic groups, next to continental margins and oceanic ridge systemsridge systems

8. 8. ocean trench ocean trench (deep sea trench) = area where one piece (deep sea trench) = area where one piece of seafloor dives beneath another oneof seafloor dives beneath another one

a. longer and deeper than valleys on continentsa. longer and deeper than valleys on continents b. long, narrow, and steep-sided; sometimes arc b. long, narrow, and steep-sided; sometimes arc shaped depressionsshaped depressions c. many lie next to chains of volcanic islandsc. many lie next to chains of volcanic islands d. relatively narrow, about 100 km d. relatively narrow, about 100 km across, may extend for thousands across, may extend for thousands of kilometersof kilometers e. deepest: Mariana Trench = e. deepest: Mariana Trench = 11 km (9.2 miles)11 km (9.2 miles)

- compared to land = Grand Canyon = 1.6 km - compared to land = Grand Canyon = 1.6 km (1.3 miles)(1.3 miles)

f. longest: Peru-Chile Trench = 5900 km f. longest: Peru-Chile Trench = 5900 km (3440 miles)(3440 miles)

9. 9. mid-ocean ridgemid-ocean ridge = underwater mountain chain that rises = underwater mountain chain that rises from ocean floor from ocean floor

a. caused by forces within Earth that causes crust to move a. caused by forces within Earth that causes crust to move apart and buckleapart and buckle

b. form chain 65,000 km (39,000 miles) long that crosses b. form chain 65,000 km (39,000 miles) long that crosses every oceanevery ocean

c. average height = 1500 m; may be thousands of km wide; c. average height = 1500 m; may be thousands of km wide; highest peaks may form volcanic islandshighest peaks may form volcanic islands

d. d. fracture zonesfracture zones = areas where ridge breaks into series of = areas where ridge breaks into series of shorter, stepped sections which run at right angles shorter, stepped sections which run at right angles across ridgeacross ridge

e. contain e. contain rift valleysrift valleys = deep crevices = deep crevices 1) region of great earthquake and volcanic activity1) region of great earthquake and volcanic activity 2) mark the center of the areas where new crust is formed2) mark the center of the areas where new crust is formed f. Atlantic Ocean = Mid-Atlantic Ridgef. Atlantic Ocean = Mid-Atlantic Ridge Pacific Ocean = Pacific-Antarctic Ridge or East Pacific Pacific Ocean = Pacific-Antarctic Ridge or East Pacific

RidgeRidge

10. 10. hydrothermal ventshydrothermal vents = hole in seafloor where = hole in seafloor where heated magma eruptsheated magma erupts

a. located along bottom of riftsa. located along bottom of rifts b. b. black smokerblack smoker = eject thick, black, smokelike = eject thick, black, smokelike

plumes and ejects superheated water (350plumes and ejects superheated water (350ooC)C)

c. c. white smokerwhite smoker = ejects warm water = ejects warm water

11. 11. seamountseamount = cone-shaped mountain peaks that rise = cone-shaped mountain peaks that rise more than 1000 meters above ocean floormore than 1000 meters above ocean floor

a. have steep sides that lead to a narrow summit (top)a. have steep sides that lead to a narrow summit (top) b. are volcanic in originb. are volcanic in origin c. if it is still active may produce a c. if it is still active may produce a volcanic islandvolcanic island d. when rise above ocean surface form islandsd. when rise above ocean surface form islands 1) could become submerged due to sinking or rising 1) could become submerged due to sinking or rising

of sea levelof sea level 2) Ex: Hawaiian Islands2) Ex: Hawaiian Islands e. can be found alone but are usually found in groups, e. can be found alone but are usually found in groups,

clusters, or rowsclusters, or rows f. f. guyotsguyots (tablemounts) = (tablemounts) =

submerged flat topped submerged flat topped seamountsseamounts

12. 12. rift zonerift zone = area in middle of some = area in middle of some oceans that contains a oceans that contains a system of cracks where seafloor system of cracks where seafloor is spreading apartis spreading apart

a. molten material rises through a. molten material rises through cracks and becomes new cracks and becomes new ocean crustocean crust

b. earthquakes and volcanoes are b. earthquakes and volcanoes are common along this zonecommon along this zone

MARINE SEDIMENTSMARINE SEDIMENTS1. land derived include mud, sand, dust, volcanic ash1. land derived include mud, sand, dust, volcanic ash2. deep ocean floor = fine-grained, deep sea mud 2. deep ocean floor = fine-grained, deep sea mud 3. sandy sediments closer to land3. sandy sediments closer to land4. 4. oozeooze = sediments that contain the remains of microscopic = sediments that contain the remains of microscopic

organisms organisms5. 5. red clayred clay = made of sediments carried to oceans by rivers = made of sediments carried to oceans by rivers

- found in areas where ocean life is not abundant- found in areas where ocean life is not abundant6. manganese nodules = contain oxides of manganese, iron, 6. manganese nodules = contain oxides of manganese, iron,

copper, and other metalscopper, and other metals a. a. authigenic depositsauthigenic deposits = deposits that form directly from = deposits that form directly from

seawater in place where they are foundseawater in place where they are found b. will crystallize out of water; grow slowlyb. will crystallize out of water; grow slowly c. can be mined for their valuec. can be mined for their value

OCEAN LIFEOCEAN LIFELife Processes:Life Processes:1. water allows organisms in oceans to use less energy in 1. water allows organisms in oceans to use less energy in

moving aroundmoving around2. protects against sudden temperature changes2. protects against sudden temperature changes3. water makes up the tissues of plants and animals3. water makes up the tissues of plants and animals4. provides the liquid in which male and female 4. provides the liquid in which male and female

reproductive cells can joinreproductive cells can join5. helps organisms get rid of 5. helps organisms get rid of their wastestheir wastes

6. contains important nutrients and gases that organisms 6. contains important nutrients and gases that organisms needneed

7. 7. photosynthesisphotosynthesis = plants use carbon dioxide, nutrients in = plants use carbon dioxide, nutrients in water, and sunlight to produce food and oxygenwater, and sunlight to produce food and oxygen

8. 8. respirationrespiration = oxygen is combined with food so the energy = oxygen is combined with food so the energy in food can be usedin food can be used - produces water and carbon dioxide- produces water and carbon dioxide

9. energy is transferred through food chains9. energy is transferred through food chains10. 10. chemosynthesischemosynthesis = process used by bacteria to produce = process used by bacteria to produce

food and oxygen by using dissolved sulfur food and oxygen by using dissolved sulfur compoundscompounds

a. takes place at rift zones where lava oozes from the a. takes place at rift zones where lava oozes from the crustcrust

b. organisms feed on bacteriab. organisms feed on bacteria

Types of LifeTypes of Life1. 1. planktonplankton = drifting plants and animals = drifting plants and animals a. largest groupa. largest group b. float at or near the surface of ocean b. float at or near the surface of ocean where sunlight penetrateswhere sunlight penetrates c. many are microscopic in sizec. many are microscopic in size d. main food source for many larger d. main food source for many larger organisms (whales)organisms (whales) e. e. phytoplanktonphytoplankton = plant portion = plant portion 1) diatoms = one celled, yellow green algae1) diatoms = one celled, yellow green algae f. f. zooplanktonzooplankton = animal portion = animal portion 1) includes eggs, very young fish, jellyfish, crabs, 1) includes eggs, very young fish, jellyfish, crabs,

and tiny adults of other organismsand tiny adults of other organisms 2) most depend on surface currents for movement 2) most depend on surface currents for movement

but a few can swimbut a few can swim

2. 2. nektonnekton = forms of ocean life that swim = forms of ocean life that swim a. able to actively search for fooda. able to actively search for food b. can move from one part of the ocean to anotherb. can move from one part of the ocean to another c. can move from one depth to anotherc. can move from one depth to another d. remain in areas where conditions are most favorabled. remain in areas where conditions are most favorable e. deep dwelling creatures have special light e. deep dwelling creatures have special light generating organs for attracting live foodgenerating organs for attracting live food 1) 1) angler fishangler fish = luminous lure over forehead = luminous lure over forehead 2) 2) viperfishviperfish = luminous organs in its mouth = luminous organs in its mouth

3. 3. benthosbenthos = organisms that live on the ocean floor = organisms that live on the ocean floor a. a. kelpkelp = large brown algae that grows in shallow, cool = large brown algae that grows in shallow, cool

water near the shorewater near the shore b. animals include corals, snails, clams, sea urchins, and b. animals include corals, snails, clams, sea urchins, and

bottom dwelling fishbottom dwelling fish c. feed on decomposed matter that sinks to the bottom c. feed on decomposed matter that sinks to the bottom

or or other benthosother benthos d. d. coralscorals = animals that build hard, boxlike capsule = animals that build hard, boxlike capsule

around its body from calcium it removes from wateraround its body from calcium it removes from water 1) live in warm waters close to equator1) live in warm waters close to equator 2) form a 2) form a reefreef = when capsule is cemented to = when capsule is cemented to

others to form a colony others to form a colony

Kelp

SeaAnemone

Types of Coral Reefs:Types of Coral Reefs:

1. 1. fringing reeffringing reef = touch shoreline of an island or continent = touch shoreline of an island or continent2. 2. barrier reefbarrier reef = separated from shore by an area of shallow = separated from shore by an area of shallow

water water3. 3. atollatoll = ring shaped reef = ring shaped reef a. surrounds an island that has been worn away and a. surrounds an island that has been worn away and

sunk beneath the surfacesunk beneath the surface b. has a lagoon in the middleb. has a lagoon in the middle

Life Zones:Life Zones:

1. 1. intertidal zoneintertidal zone = regions that lies between the low and = regions that lies between the low and high tide lineshigh tide lines

a. most changeable zonea. most changeable zone b. organisms must be able to live without water some of b. organisms must be able to live without water some of

the timethe time c. organisms = anemones, crabs, clams, mussels, and c. organisms = anemones, crabs, clams, mussels, and

some types of seaweedsome types of seaweed

2. 2. neritic zoneneritic zone = extends from the low tide line to the edge = extends from the low tide line to the edge of the continental shelf of the continental shelf

a. receives plenty of sunlighta. receives plenty of sunlight b. water pressure low and temperature constantb. water pressure low and temperature constant c. richer in life than any other zonec. richer in life than any other zone d. ocean floor is covered with seaweedd. ocean floor is covered with seaweed e. source of much of the seafood people eate. source of much of the seafood people eat f. zone ends where there is too little sunlight for seaweed f. zone ends where there is too little sunlight for seaweed

to growto grow

3. 3. open-ocean zoneopen-ocean zone = two types = two types a. a. bathyal zonebathyal zone = begins at a continental slope and = begins at a continental slope and

extends down about 2000 metersextends down about 2000 meters 1) sunlight cannot penetrate to the bottom1) sunlight cannot penetrate to the bottom 2) forms of nekton live here = squid, octopus, 2) forms of nekton live here = squid, octopus,

large whales large whales b. b. abyssal zoneabyssal zone = extends from 2000 meters to an = extends from 2000 meters to an

average depth of 6000 metersaverage depth of 6000 meters 1) covers the large, flat plains of ocean1) covers the large, flat plains of ocean 2) no sunlight penetrates area2) no sunlight penetrates area 3) water pressure very high3) water pressure very high 4) animals that live here are small 4) animals that live here are small and strange lookingand strange looking 5) little food available5) little food available

OCEAN POLLUTION:OCEAN POLLUTION:

1. 1. pollutionpollution = whenever unnatural substances are = whenever unnatural substances are introduced into an environmentintroduced into an environment

2. humans concentrate pollution along the coasts of 2. humans concentrate pollution along the coasts of continentscontinents

3. industrial wastes = concentrations of metals and 3. industrial wastes = concentrations of metals and chemicals that harm organisms chemicals that harm organisms

4. solid wastes = plastic bags, fishing line can 4. solid wastes = plastic bags, fishing line can entangle animalsentangle animals

5. medical waste = needles, plastic tubing, and bags are a 5. medical waste = needles, plastic tubing, and bags are a threat to both humans and animalsthreat to both humans and animals

6. pesticides / herbicides used in farming reach the ocean 6. pesticides / herbicides used in farming reach the ocean as runoffas runoff

7. crop fertilizers and human sewage cause plant plankton 7. crop fertilizers and human sewage cause plant plankton to reproduce rapidly to reproduce rapidly →→ when die bacteria that breaks when die bacteria that breaks down uses all oxygen in water killing other organismsdown uses all oxygen in water killing other organisms

8. oil spills = tanker collisions, leaks at offshore oil wells8. oil spills = tanker collisions, leaks at offshore oil wells

9. oil mixed with waste water and pumped out of ships9. oil mixed with waste water and pumped out of ships10. oil dumped in streams for discarding will eventually reach 10. oil dumped in streams for discarding will eventually reach

the oceanthe ocean11. 11. thermal pollutionthermal pollution = when power plants and other = when power plants and other

industries pump warm water into an ocean industries pump warm water into an ocean 12. large amounts of sediment are washed into ocean due to 12. large amounts of sediment are washed into ocean due to

deforestation, agriculture, and construction deforestation, agriculture, and construction * will destroy filter feeding animals such as clams and * will destroy filter feeding animals such as clams and oystersoysters

13. marine habitats are destroyed when saltwater marshes 13. marine habitats are destroyed when saltwater marshes are filled in for land developmentare filled in for land development

14. causes a disruption in the food chain around Earth and 14. causes a disruption in the food chain around Earth and also affects oxygen supplyalso affects oxygen supply

* plant plankton in ocean are responsible for most of * plant plankton in ocean are responsible for most of oxygen available on Earth oxygen available on Earth →→ if they die so would if they die so would many other organisms !!many other organisms !!