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Conservation Agriculture: Principles, Advantage,

Problems, Solution etc.

Dr. D. B. Pandit and A K M Salah UddinCSISA-CIMMYT

Bangladesh

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feed the soil and let the soil

feed the plant

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Vision of CSISA Expansion in Bangladesh

By 2015, the project will have to reach 60,000 direct client HHs in 6hubs with the net HH income increase of US$350/HH from the baseyear level

In addition,

through various dissemination related activities such as demonstrations,adaptive research trials, farmers field days, farmers training activitiesetc. the project will reach about 300,000 HHs indirectly (5 indirect HH/1direct HH) and,

through innovative partnership with Public and Private sectors theproject will out-scale the activities and benefit well over 1 million

rural HHs across 6 hub regions in Bangladesh

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Conservation Agriculture (CA)

CA based crop management technologies

Resource conserving technologies

Conservation Agriculture is an agro ecological approach

associating rural development with environmental preservation.

It is integrating the whole agricultural practices & aiming

viability and sustainability of agriculture and environment

protection.

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Examples of CA-Based Technologies

A new seeder that allows planting into crop

residue with minimal or zero tillage

Development of crop varieties that are suitable

for zero till seeding

Methods to apply nitrogen fertilizer efficiently

into crop residues retained on the soil surface

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Examples of RCTs

New, higher yielding varieties with good quality and

resistances/tolerances to diseases and insects

Laser leveling to improve irrigation water use efficiency

A new fertilizer management practice that provides more

yield for less fertilizer

A more efficient irrigation system that saves irrigation

water (drip irrigation for example) but maintains or

increases crop yields

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All CA-based Technologies are RCTs but all

RCTs are not Conservation Agriculture

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Rotovator Seeder Not CA-based Turbo-Happy Zero Till SeederYes it is CA-Based

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There are three Basic Principles of

Conservation Agriculture

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CA Principle One

Minimum disturbance of soil with a potential

goal to zero-tillage

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CA Emphasizes Dramatic Tillage Reductions

Conventional Till System CA-based, Permanent Raised Beds

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Reduced/Zero Tillage Requires the Development

and Delivery of Appropriate CA-based Seeders

India Zero Till Drill Bangladesh Strip Till drill

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Comparison of Tillage/Seeding of Cotton

in for the Irrigated Cotton/Wheat System

in UzbekistanSeeding in Raised Beds with Tillage Seeding on Permanent Raised Beds

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CA Principle Two

Retention of adequate and rationallevels of

crop residues on the soil surface

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Planting Zero Till Rainfed Wheat after

Maize with Full Residue Retention

Maize Residue Management Zero Till Wheat Seeding in MaizeResidue

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Effect of tillage and residue retention on the soil

surface for rainfed maize

Conv. Tillage, All Residues Removed

Zero till All Residues Removed

Zero Till, All Residues Retained

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Zero Till Rainfed Wheat

Residues Removed versus RetainedZero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained

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CA Principle Three

Use of suitable and profitable crop

rotations

Ultimate GoalEconomically viable, diversified

crop rotations that can offer farmers new options

to reduce risk

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CA Emphasizes Diversified and Economical

Crop Rotation Options for Rainfed Conditions

Rainfed Zero Till Wheat Rainfed Alfalfa on Perm. Beds

Rainfed Zero Till Maize Rainfed Beans on Perm. Beds

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CA Emphasizes Diversified and Economical

Crop Rotation Options for Irrigated Conditions

Irrigated Soybean on Perm. Beds Irrigated Canola on Perm. Beds

Irrigated Chickpea on Perm. Beds Irrigated Cotton on Perm Beds

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Advantages of CA

Improves soil physical, chemical and biological

properties

Increase soil organic matter

Reduce soil erosion and surface run-off of water

Reduce weed infestation

Reduce production cost etc.

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These First Three CA Principleswhen Properly Used Enhance

Sustainable Soil Management

PhysicalPhysicalSoil QualitySoil Quality

ChemicalChemicalSoil QualitySoil Quality

BiologicalBiologicalSoil QualitySoil Quality

SoilSoilOrganicOrganic

MatterMatter

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Effect of Tillage with No Residue Retention on

Soil Erosion Caused by Water Runoff

Tillage/No Surface Residues Soil Erosion by Runoff Water

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Effect of Tillage with No Residue Retention on

Soil Erosion Caused by Wind

Tillage/No Surface Residues Soil Erosion by Wind

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Extensive tillage combined with inadequate crop

residue retention on the soil surface can lead to

extreme water loss by runoff and evaporationConventional Tilled Raised Beds

with Residues Incorporated

Perm. Raised Beds with Residue

Retained on the Surface

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Comparison of Soils Conventional Tilled

Versus CA-Based Zero Tilled after 7 YearsConv. Till - Residues Removed

= Sad, Degraded Soil

CA-based Zero Till -Residues Retained

= Happy, Healthy Soil

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Effect of Rotation, Tillage and Residue Management on Average

Rainfed Wheat Grain Yields from 1997 to 2009 at El Batan in the

Central Highlands of Mexico (Mean Annual Rainfall = 550mm)

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

Wh-Wh - ConvTill - All

Residues

Removed

(Farmer

Practice)

Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - All

Residues

Removed

Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - All

Residues

Retained

Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - All

Residues

Retained

Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - 50% of

Residues

Retained

Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - All

Residues

Removed

Rotation - Tillage - Residue Management

GrainYield(kg/ha)

LSD (0.05) = 235 kg/ha

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Effect of tillage/crop residue management on grain yield of

irrigated wheat over fourteen years (from 1993 to 2006) at CIANO,

Cd. Obregon

5600

5800

6000

6200

6400

6600

6800

7000

7200

Conventional till

bed

Wh Res - Incorp All

Mz Res - Incorp All;

Farmer Practice

Permanent bed

Wh Res - Burn All

Mz Res - Burn All

Permanent bed

Wh Res - Remove

70%

Mz Res - Remove

70%

Permanent bed

Wh Res - Retain All

Mz Res - Retain All

Grain

Yield

(kg/ha)

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Simultaneous Harvesting of Triticale, Baling

Part of the Straw, and Removing Bales of

Straw in Hidalgo, Mexico

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Immediate Seeding of Maize after Triticale

Harvest in Hidalgo, Mexico

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Typical Countryside Scene in Bangladesh

that is Similar in Many Developing Countries

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Main Constraints to the Adoption of CA-based Crop

Management by Farmers in Developing Countries:

First Constraint - Lack of appropriate seeders,especially for small and medium-scale farmers

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Solution CA-based Seeders in India

Original Widely Used Zero Till drill Multi-Crop Zero Till Drill

Zero Till Seeder for High Residues Levels Planter for Permanent Raised Beds

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Solution CA-based Planters in China

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Solution CA-based Seeders for Use by Small

Scale Farmers in BangladeshRaised Bed Seeder PTOs Seeder as Strip Till Seeder

Zero Till Seeder Strip Till Seeder

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Testing the New Chinese Strip Till Drill for 2-

Wheel Tractors in Mexico

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Small-Scale CA-based SeedersChinese Hand Planter Indian Rolling Punch Seeder

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Second Constraint Competitive use of

residues

The widespread use of crop residues by manyfarmers for fodder/pasture associated with

integrated crop/livestock systems. The use of crop residues for fuel, paper (potentially

biofuels)

The burning of crop residues

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The widespread integration of crop/livestock by many

farmers in developing countries creates multiple

demands for crop residuesUse of residues for pasture Use of residues for fodder

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Use of Residues for Cooking Fuel

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Many Farmers Burn Crop Residue

Burning Rice Straw in North India Burning Maize Straw in North China

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Third Constraint Need to Change Mind Set

of Farmers, Scientists and Policy Makers

Most of crop management experiences and educationare based on conventional tillage based productionsystems

Changing minds to accept crop management practicesbased on the principles of CA is perhaps the biggestconstraint

Many times, farmers are more ready to change theirmind set than scientists

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Conservation Agriculture:Examples of CA and CA

Implements from Different

Developing Countries

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Irrigated Bed Planted Wheat in

Southeast Turkey

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Bed Planter - Turkey

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Zero-till Technologies For Irrigated

Wheat in IndiaZero Till Wheat withControlled Traffic

Zero Till Wheat

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Zero till, Direct Seeded Rice in India

Bihar Haryana

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Comparison on Conventional Puddled, Transplanted

Rice vesus Direct Seeded, Unpuddled Rice in Bihar

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INDIAMaize on Permanent Beds after Rice

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INDIA WHEAT ON RAISED BEDS

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INDIA Comparison of Barley Planting in Haryana

PLANTED FLAT FLOOD IRRIGATION PLANT ON RAISED BEDS FURROW IRRIGATION

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BANGLADESH-WHEAT ON BEDS

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BANGLADESH - BED MAKER FOR

2-WHEEL TRACTOR

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BANGLADESH PLANTING MAIZE WITH 2

WHEEL TRACTOR

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Bangladesh - Planting Rice on

Raised Beds

Direct seeded bed planted rice Transplanted rice on permanent beds

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Making and Seeding on Permanent Raised

Beds in Bangladesh

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WHEAT BED

PLANTING IN CHINA

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Chinese Bed Planter

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China Bed Planter for 3 Beds

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Wheat on Permanent Raised

Beds in Sichuan, China

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China Nonghaha Strip Till Seeder

Wi t Wh t Pl t d ith th

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Winter Wheat Planted with the

Nonghaha Strip Till Seeder

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Strip-till Seeding of Wheat after Rice

in Sichuan, ChinaWith 2-Wheel Tractor With 4-Wheel Tractor

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PAKISTAN BED PLANTER

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WHEAT BED PLANTING IN

PAKISTAN

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IRANIAN BED PLANTER

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IRAN IRRIGATED WHEAT ON BEDS

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KAZAKHSTAN- WHEAT ON RAISED BEDS

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Wheat on Permanent Raised Beds

after Soybean in Kazakhstan

WHEAT ON PERMANENT RAISED BEDS IN

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WHEAT ON PERMANENT RAISED BEDS IN

KAZAKHSTAN

Thanks

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The principles of CA have an extremely

wide application Rainfed and irrigated conditions

Sea level to at least 3000 masl

Soils with 84% clay (Brazil) to 94% sand (Zimbabwe)

Equator to 60oN (Finland)

Wide range of crops: Wheat, Maize, Rice, Cotton,

Soybeans, Sunflower, Tobacco etc. etc. even

Potatoes and Cassava.

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Current Status of CA-based Crop

Management Activities

CA-based crop management technologies wereintroduced to farmer fields for commercial production

over 50 years ago

Today there are over 100 million hectares under CA

basedzero till seeding systems.

The area under CA-based reduced or minimum till

seeding systems is still much larger

Over 90% of area under CA is located in five countries

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Estimated Area under CA-

based zero-till seeding

systems in different

countries in 2005

Country ha

USA 25.304.000

Brazil 23.600.000

Argentina 18.269.000

Canada 12.522.000

Australia 9.000.000

Rest of the South

America

3.035.000

Indo-Gangetic-

Plains

2.800.000 (mainly India)

Europe 450.000

Africa 400.000

China 500.000Other Countries

(rough estimate) 1.000.000

Total 96.880.000

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Characteristics of Most Farmers Who Have Adopted

CA-based Crop Management Technologies

CA has been adopted mainly in large commercial farms

using heavy tractors and large-scale machinery/seeders

More than 96% of the area involves non-irrigated, rainfedfarming with minimal CA adoption for irrigated crop

production systems

Minimal adoption of CA in developing countriesparticularly by small and medium-scale farmers