Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomy

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Note Set 10Note Set 10

Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System Aortic arches- within Aortic arches- within

pharyngeal archespharyngeal arches ArteriesArteries

Carries blood away from Carries blood away from heartheart

Muscular, elastic fibrous Muscular, elastic fibrous wallswalls

Regulates blood pressureRegulates blood pressure Terminate in capillary bedTerminate in capillary bed

VeinsVeins Carry blood toward heartCarry blood toward heart

HeartHeart Modified blood vesselModified blood vessel

Figure 13.1: Cross section of artery and vein.

Figure 13.2: Basic circulatory pattern of amniote embryo.

Figure 13.3: Embryological development of aortic arches.

Portal SystemsPortal Systems

Veins drain organ and dump blood Veins drain organ and dump blood into other organ instead of heartinto other organ instead of heart

Figure 13.4: Portal systems.

Portal SystemsPortal Systems (cont.) (cont.)

HepaticHepatic Drains intestine into liverDrains intestine into liver

RenalRenal Drains venous channels Drains venous channels

of tail into kidneysof tail into kidneys HypophysealHypophyseal

Drains hypothalamus into Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior sinusoids of anterior pituitarypituitary

SmallestSmallest

Figure 13.5: Hepatic and renal portal systems.

Portal SystemsPortal Systems (cont.) (cont.)

Figure 13.6: Hypophyseal portal system.

Typical tetrapod blood pumped Typical tetrapod blood pumped By pulmonary arteries, from heart to By pulmonary arteries, from heart to

lungs lungs By pulmonary veins, back to heartBy pulmonary veins, back to heart

HeartHeart

Heart Heart (cont.)(cont.)

Figure 13.7: Chambers of the primitive vertebrate heart.

Heart Heart (cont.)(cont.)

Figure 13.8: The heart tube elongates and bends.

Fish HeartFish Heart

Fish heart- tube likeFish heart- tube like 4 chambers: 4 chambers:

Sinus venosusSinus venosus AtriumAtrium VentricleVentricle Conus arteriosusConus arteriosus

Figure 13.9: Four chambered heart.

Fish Heart Fish Heart (cont.)(cont.)

Sinus venosusSinus venosus Thin walled venous chamberThin walled venous chamber Receives blood from: duct of Cuvier, Receives blood from: duct of Cuvier,

coronary veins, hepatic veinscoronary veins, hepatic veins AtriumAtrium

Large and thin walledLarge and thin walled Dorsal to ventricleDorsal to ventricle

VentricleVentricle Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous

with aortawith aorta Chambers separated by valves: sino-Chambers separated by valves: sino-

atrial note, sino-ventricular node, semi-atrial note, sino-ventricular node, semi-lunar valvelunar valve

Conus arteriosusConus arteriosus Short in bony fish and amphibiansShort in bony fish and amphibians Not found in adult amniotesNot found in adult amniotes

Fish HeartFish Heart (cont.) (cont.)

Figure 13.10: Heart chambers, oxygenated blood flow (red), and septum modification.

HeartHeart

Lungfish and Amphibian vs Lungfish and Amphibian vs DogfishDogfish

Modifications of partial or complete Modifications of partial or complete partition in atriumpartition in atrium Left and right atriaLeft and right atria

Advent of lungsAdvent of lungs Double circulationDouble circulation Modification in conus arteriosusModification in conus arteriosus Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt

deoxygenated blood to lungs (spiral deoxygenated blood to lungs (spiral valve)valve)

Spiral ValveSpiral Valve

Figure 13.11: Spiral valve in dipnoans; longitudinal folds of conus lining.

Figure 13.12: Spiral valve in anurans; single flap.

Amphibian HeartAmphibian Heart

Spiral valve directs Spiral valve directs oxy. blood entering oxy. blood entering ventricle from left ventricle from left atriumatrium

Conus (truncus) Conus (truncus) arteriosus; also called arteriosus; also called bulbous cordisbulbous cordis

Bulbous arteriosusBulbous arteriosus Swelling of ventral aortaSwelling of ventral aorta Smooth muscleSmooth muscle

Figure 13.13: Three-chambered frog heart.

Urodele- partially Urodele- partially divided circulationdivided circulation Right and left atriumRight and left atrium Sinus venosus dumps Sinus venosus dumps

into right atriuminto right atrium Pulmonary veins leave Pulmonary veins leave

left ventricleleft ventricle Reptile - fully divided Reptile - fully divided

circulation, but circulation, but additional chamber additional chamber (as in turtle)(as in turtle)

Figure 13.14: Turtle heart chambers and circulation path.

Amphibian HeartAmphibian Heart (cont.) (cont.)

Reptile HeartReptile Heart

Cavum venosum (CV)- internal pocket; e.g., Cavum venosum (CV)- internal pocket; e.g., turtleturtle

Blood collected from post cava through sinus Blood collected from post cava through sinus venosus to precavavenosus to precava To right atriumTo right atrium Venous blood to CVVenous blood to CV Cavum pulmonaleCavum pulmonale Into pulmonary artery to lungsInto pulmonary artery to lungs Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in left Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in left

atriumatrium Back to CVBack to CV To left and right aortic trunkTo left and right aortic trunk

Blood CirculationBlood Circulation

Figure 13.15: Single loop fish and double loop amphibian and mammal circulation.

Crocodilian HeartCrocodilian Heart

Mechanism for breathing and divingMechanism for breathing and diving Lungs not utilizedLungs not utilized Blood not pumped to lungsBlood not pumped to lungs

Foramen of PanizzaForamen of Panizza Valve between aortic trunks to divert Valve between aortic trunks to divert

bloodblood Allows left ventricle to pump to both Allows left ventricle to pump to both

arches when right ventricle closedarches when right ventricle closed Underwater right ventricle helps Underwater right ventricle helps

pump systemic bloodpump systemic blood

DivingDiving

Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above waterabove water

Semilunar valve forced open when Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in water to divert pulmonary submerged in water to divert pulmonary circulationcirculation

(a) (b)

Figure 13.16: Crocodilian blood circulation when (a) diving and when (b) on the surface.

Two Aortic TrunksTwo Aortic Trunks

Figure 13.17: Turtle heart and two aortic trunks emerging. Figure 13.18: Crocodilian

foramen of Panizza connects two aortic trunks at base.

Amniote HeartAmniote Heart

4 chambered heart 4 chambered heart 2 atria and 2 ventricles 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Birds and mammalsBirds and mammals Sinus venosus- 5Sinus venosus- 5thth chamber in reptile chamber in reptile

heartheart Becomes sino-atrial nodeBecomes sino-atrial node

In embryo, right and left atria are not In embryo, right and left atria are not separatedseparated Foramen ovaleForamen ovale Fossa ovalisFossa ovalis

Auricle - flap on side of atriumAuricle - flap on side of atrium

Adult HeartAdult Heart

Figure 13.19: Adult heart blood flow.

Aortic ArchesAortic Arches

Basic pattern has 6 aortic archesBasic pattern has 6 aortic arches Major arterial channelsMajor arterial channels

Ventral aortaVentral aorta Dorsal aortaDorsal aorta 6 pairs of aortic arches connects ventral 6 pairs of aortic arches connects ventral

and dorsal aortaand dorsal aorta Reptiles - additional aortic trunkReptiles - additional aortic trunk

Aortic Arches Aortic Arches (cont.)(cont.)

Figure 13.21: Ventral perspective of aortic arches.

Figure 13.20: Basic pattern of aortic arches and dorsal aortae.

Figure 13.22: Left aortic arches.

Aortic Arches Aortic Arches (cont.)(cont.)

TeleostTeleost 11stst and 2 and 2ndnd arches lost arches lost Dorsal aortae become Dorsal aortae become

internal carotidsinternal carotids Lung fishLung fish

Pulmonary artery from 6Pulmonary artery from 6thth archarch

TetrapodsTetrapods Pulmonary artery from 6Pulmonary artery from 6thth

archarch 55thth arch lost arch lost

Figure 13.23: Aortic arches, internal carotids (ic) and pulmonary artery.

Tetrapod Aortic ArchesTetrapod Aortic Arches

11stst and 2 and 2ndnd arches arches lostlost

Dorsal segment Dorsal segment dropped between 3dropped between 3rdrd and 4and 4thth arches arches Ductus caroticusDuctus caroticus

Figure 13.24: Adult aortic arches (book figure 14.19).

Tetrapod Aortic Arches Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)(cont.)

33rdrd arch extends to arch extends to internal carotidsinternal carotids Carotid archCarotid arch

Ventral aorta Ventral aorta extensionextension External carotidExternal carotid

Common carotid at Common carotid at base between 3base between 3rdrd and and 44thth

Figure 13.25: Aortic arches, internal carotid (ic), external carotid (ec) and common carotid (cc).

Tetrapod Aortic Arches Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)(cont.)

55thth arch lost arch lost Dorsal segment of 6Dorsal segment of 6thth arch arch

lostlost 44thth arch- no anterior arch- no anterior

connectionconnection Aortic archAortic arch

66thth arch arch Pulmonary archPulmonary arch

Ex: adult anuranEx: adult anuran Figure 13.26: Adult aortic arches.

Figure 13.27: Modifications of aortic arches and dorsal aortae into mature vascular system.

Aortic ArchesAortic Arches

UrodeleUrodele Ductus caroticusDuctus caroticus Ductus arteriosus- dorsal segment of 6Ductus arteriosus- dorsal segment of 6thth

archarch ReptilesReptiles

11stst and 2 and 2ndnd arches lost arches lost Ductus caroticus lostDuctus caroticus lost 55thth arch lost arch lost Ductus arteriosus lostDuctus arteriosus lost Additional aortic arch introducedAdditional aortic arch introduced

Arch from left side loops rightArch from left side loops right Arch from right side loops leftArch from right side loops left

Mammalian Aortic Mammalian Aortic ArchesArches

33rdrd, 4, 4thth, 5, 5thth, & 6, & 6thth retained retained embryonically embryonically

Adults- 1Adults- 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd dropped dropped 33rdrd carotid arch carotid arch 44thth systemic arch systemic arch 55thth lost lost Dorsal segment of 6Dorsal segment of 6thth lost lost

Retained embryonically- Retained embryonically- ductus arteriosus (becomes ductus arteriosus (becomes ligamentum arteriosum)ligamentum arteriosum)

Figure 13.28: Adult aortic arches.

Figure 13.29: Left aortic arches.

Bird Aortic ArchesBird Aortic Arches

Right portion of aortic arch is Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left is lost (opposite to retained and left is lost (opposite to mammals)mammals)

Birds have right aortic archBirds have right aortic arch Mammals have left aortic archMammals have left aortic arch

Venous SystemVenous System

Shark renal portal Shark renal portal system- drains system- drains blood from tail before blood from tail before

entering post cardinalentering post cardinal Sinus venosus- where all Sinus venosus- where all

blood returnsblood returns Duct of Cuvier or Duct of Cuvier or

Common Cardinal--Cuvier Common Cardinal--Cuvier was a foremost French was a foremost French comparative anatomistcomparative anatomist 2 ducts of Cuvier (or 2 ducts of Cuvier (or

derivatives) in most derivatives) in most vertebrates vertebrates

Figure 13.30: Modifications of basic venous patterns showing sinus venosus (S).

Venus SystemVenus System

Major venous channelsMajor venous channels Cardinals: anterior, posterior, commonCardinals: anterior, posterior, common Renal portalRenal portal Lateral abdominalsLateral abdominals Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal

systemsystem Coronary veinsCoronary veins

Additional characteristics of higher Additional characteristics of higher vertebratesvertebrates PulmonaryPulmonary Posterior vena cavaPosterior vena cava

Common Cardinals- directs blood to sinus Common Cardinals- directs blood to sinus venosusvenosus

Anterior Cardinals- receives blood from headAnterior Cardinals- receives blood from head Post Cardinals- receives blood from kidneysPost Cardinals- receives blood from kidneys Renal Portal- receives blood from caudal Renal Portal- receives blood from caudal

veinvein Lateral Abdominals- receives blood from Lateral Abdominals- receives blood from

abdominal stream to iliac abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of body)(lateral wall of body)

Hepatic Veins- receives blood from intestine Hepatic Veins- receives blood from intestine into liverinto liver

Venus SystemVenus System

Modifications to Basic Modifications to Basic Venous SystemVenous System

Post cardinal lost in adult anuransPost cardinal lost in adult anurans Post cavaPost cava- new vessel- new vessel

Post cava drains kidneys in turtlePost cava drains kidneys in turtle External iliac veinExternal iliac vein connects lateral connects lateral

abdominals and renal portal systemabdominals and renal portal system

Most mammals lose renal portal Most mammals lose renal portal systemsystem

Pre-cava- common cardinals in Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher vertshigher verts

Internal jugular- anterior cardinal Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veinsveins

Anterior vena cava- only right pre-Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retainedcava retained

Modifications to Basic Modifications to Basic Venous SystemVenous System

Modifications to Basic Modifications to Basic Venous SystemVenous System

Azygous- vestige of Azygous- vestige of right post cardinal right post cardinal veinsveins

Hemiazygous- Hemiazygous- remnant of left remnant of left post cardinalpost cardinal

Inferior vena cava- Inferior vena cava- post cavapost cava

(a) (b)

Figure 13.31: Ventral view of anterior venous channels of cat and human (a) and ventral view of azygos of rhesus monkey (b).

Azygos and HemiazygosAzygos and Hemiazygos

Figure 13.32: Ventral view of venous channels of rabbit.

Fetal CirculationFetal Circulation

Figure 13.33: Circulation of mammalian fetus.

Fetal Circulation Fetal Circulation (cont.)(cont.)

Figure 13.34: Fetal circulation before birth.

Fetal Circulation Fetal Circulation (cont.)(cont.)

Figure 13.35: Pre birth fetal circulation: liver (I), inferior vena cava (II), rt. atrium (III), lt. atrium (IV), ductus arteriosus into descending aorta.

Fetal CirculationFetal Circulation (cont.) (cont.)

Oxygenation at placentaOxygenation at placenta Umbilical veins supply Umbilical veins supply

fetus with oxy. bloodfetus with oxy. blood Vein passes through liver Vein passes through liver

and unites with post cavaand unites with post cava From right atrium, oxy. From right atrium, oxy.

blood goes 2 directionsblood goes 2 directions To right ventricleTo right ventricle To left atrium through To left atrium through

foramen ovaleforamen ovale

Figure 13.36: Foramen ovale in fetal circulation system.

Fetal Circulation Fetal Circulation (cont.)(cont.)

In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary arterypulmonary artery Lungs nonfunctionalLungs nonfunctional Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungsDuctus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs

Figure 13.37: Adult aortic arches of mammal.

Figure 13.38: Left aortic arches with ductus arteriosus.

Circulation At BirthCirculation At Birth

Placenta shuts downPlacenta shuts down Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform

ligamentligament Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis)Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis) Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum

arteriosum)arteriosum) Deoxygenated blood now enters right Deoxygenated blood now enters right

ventricle, ventricle, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary arteries, and continues to lungscontinues to lungs

Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum)venosum)

Figure 13.39: Post birth modifications in fetal circulation.

Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure 13.1- Figure 13.1-

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006777.htmlFigure 13.2- Figure 13.2- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.htmlFigure 13.3, 13.4, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11, 13.12, 13.14, 13.17, 13.18, 13.19, 13.21, 13.22, Figure 13.3, 13.4, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11, 13.12, 13.14, 13.17, 13.18, 13.19, 13.21, 13.22,

13.23, 13.24, 13.25, 13.26, 13.28, 13.29, 13.30, 13.31, 13.32, 13.33, 13.37 & 13.38 - 13.23, 13.24, 13.25, 13.26, 13.28, 13.29, 13.30, 13.31, 13.32, 13.33, 13.37 & 13.38 - Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.

Figure 13.5- Figure 13.5- http://www.teachnet.ie/farmnet/Circulatory.htmFigure 13.6- Figure 13.6- http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.htmlFigure 13.7- Figure 13.7- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.htmlFigure 13.8- Figure 13.8-

http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-cardev/cardev_htms/cardev017.htmFigure 13.13- Figure 13.13-

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Frog_Heart_Model_3/frog_heart_model_3.htm

Figure 13.15- Figure 13.15- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bloodflow.jpgFigure 13.16- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.htmlFigure 13.16- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.htmlFigure 13.20- Figure 13.20- http://connection.lww.com/Products/sadler/imagebank.aspFigure 13.27- Figure 13.27- http://connection.lww.com/Products/sadler/imagebank.aspFigure 13.34- Figure 13.34-

http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/hrnewborn/nicuintr.htmlFigure 13.35- Figure 13.35-

http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-cardev/cardev_htms/cardev042.htmFigure 13.36- Figure 13.36-

http://www.medizin.uni-koeln.de/kliniken/innere3/assets/images/HEART_PFOcombo2.jpg

Figure 13.39- Figure 13.39- http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Science-Detail.asp?SID=1&iPin=H926