CAD and Models

If 4-D is good then, 5-D

must be better

Construction Superconference

San Francisco, CA

December 2005

Agenda

• Traditional Drafting and Design

• Two Dimensional CAD

• Modeling and Three Dimensional CAD

• Visualization Models

• Four Dimensional CAD (Time)

• Five Dimensional CAD (Resources)

• New Issues Resulting from 3D+ Tools

• Resulting Contract Issues

New Issues

• Contract issues/roles and responsibilities

• Owner, Designer & Constructor Perspectives

• Means and Methods

• Bid Packages and Schedules/Resources

• Safety

• Coordination

• Shop Drawing Integration

• Progress Input

• Record Drawings

Drafting and Design

• What‟s an “ortho(graphic)”?

• aka “floor plan”; “layout”

Drafting and Design

• What‟s a P&ID?

Process &

Instrumentation

Drawing

(Diagram)

Drafting and Design

• What‟s an “iso(metric)”?

“spool” drawing.

3D CAD – Project Benefits

• Design Multi-discipline design environment

Consistency of design data

Automatic deliverable production

• Construction Clash detection during design

Visualisation

Construction status

• Operations and maintenance Effective data handover

Online visualisation

Maintain design integrity

3D, 4D, nD• 3D facilitates

Communication,

Collaboration,

Development of reusable data;

Faster decision making for every stakeholder

• Adding the 4th „D‟ - time offers build-ability checking,

workflow planning,

creates process change

• Planner talking to Designer

• Adding costs, risk, etc (5+D?) brings in more stakeholders, more „points of view‟ but lessens the chance for future conflicts.

Benefits from Owner‟s Perspective

• Building Information Modeling (“BIM”) technology promotes efficiency and schedule compression

• Enables integrated planning, design, detailing, cost control

• Eliminates inaccurate as-built documentation and inconsistent design quality

• Ensure better communication, design delivery and coordination

• Improves cost predictability

• Shift in project delivery by eroding distinctions between planning, design, and construction.

• Post-construction efficiencies (maintenance)

Benefits from Owner‟s Perspective

• Considered the founder of the biotechnology

industry, Genentech has been delivering on the

promise of biotechnology for almost 30 years,

using human genetic information to discover,

develop, commercialize and manufacture

biotherapeutics that address significant unmet

medical needs. Today, Genentech is among the

world's leading biotech companies, with multiple

products on the market for serious or life-

threatening medical conditions and over 30

projects in the pipeline.

Benefits from Owner‟s Perspective

• Genentech‟s ~$600MM plant expansion incorporated 3D modeling of primarily two buildings: 390,000 SF manufacturing facility (3 floors and a fourth

floor pop-up)

110,000 SF support building

220,000 feet of piping (~60% utility/dirty, 40% process/clean)

155,000 feet modeled, 50,000 feet field routed (small diameter), 15,000 feet in pre-built modules

Hundreds of pieces of major equipment (modules, skids, tanks, pumps, etc.)

Benefits from Owner‟s Perspective

• Project also includes

48,000 SF Warehouse expansion

3,000 SF Utility Plant expansion

Utility Yard expansion

Many equipment/module vendors

providing 3D models for input into

project model

http://www.mdcsystems.com/mdc/mdc.nsf/index?openform

http://www.mdcsystems.com/mdc/mdc.nsf/index?openform

Benefits from Owner‟s Perspective

• GNE is using model as construction tool (3D only, not as scheduling tool)

• Model is not updated for changes post-isometric issue

• Owner concerns: Level of detail in model may necessitate

“manual” changes to isometrics generated from model

Not all equipment/module vendors use same 3D package; results are semi-compatible – no assembly details are available in model

http://www.mdcsystems.com/mdc/mdc.nsf/index?openform

http://www.mdcsystems.com/mdc/mdc.nsf/index?openform

Benefits from Owner‟s Perspective

• 3D modeling is now standard on

large projects and is a “proven”

technology

• Genentech would like to see results

of a 4D or 5D pilot prior to

implementation on upcoming

projects

Potential Pitfalls

• Owner Acceleration

• Deficiencies in Current Standard

Contracts

• Delay Claims

• New Default/Termination Issues

• Insurability

Owner Views

Construction Users Round Table

(CURT)

• Owner-led collaborative project teams

• Integrated project structure

• Open, timely, and reliable information sharing

• Requirement for use of BIM

Source: CURT WP 1202 – “Collaboration, Integrated Information, and the Project Lifecycle in Building Design, Construction and Operation” (August, 2004)

CURT‟s VISION• Owners fully engaged in the virtual design

process

• Owners empowered to make informed decisions early

• Virtual design, fabrication, and construction become the standard approach for building.

• Information flows quickly, effectively and freely amongst project participants

• Project participants share a stake in the outcome and shares in the resulting rewards

• Digital information flows throughout the life of project

• Building infrastructure systems designed concurrently with architecture

Architect‟s View

AIA Response to CURT

• Need for full information sharing among design professionals and contractors

• Identify tools to facilitate transfer between disciplines

• Contracts need to redefine roles and responsibilities of owner, design disciplines and contractors

• Novel concept of complete and early integration to work impacts Design Professionals‟ responsibilities

• Traditional contracts necessarily create compartmentalization

• Need for contractually specified “Integrated Project Delivery Team” with defined roles

Architect‟s View

AIA Response to CURT (cont‟d)

• Risk Management Insurability of risks attenuated with new delivery models

Owner‟s acceptance of greater risk of integrated project‟s design

Owner‟s sharing of rewards of a project more broadly among contributors.

• Interoperability Current tools do not provide complete translations of

the useful data

Information lost in the exchange from one BIM program to another

No one application can handle all tasks required by a building project

Issues in Implementation

• Intra-team Platform Compatibility Platforms imposed by…

Owner

Designer

Builder

• „Standards‟ imposed by… „Platform‟ Limitations – Software\Hardware

• Insulation, clearances, tolerances, ancillary services

• Speed, „viewer‟ v. „interactive‟ v. „collaborative‟ tools

• Operating systems (WINTEL, Unix, Linux, Open Source)

Issues in ImplementationIf the approach is directed by the…

Owner

• Possible software,

support and training

investment ($$$)

• Possible interoperability

issues with designers or

builders (flexibility)

• On-going maintenance,

upgrade and training

(„legacy‟ issues)

Designer\Builder

• Different „drivers‟ than

Owner (short view : long

view)

• Possible interoperability

issues

• Database management

approach

Implementation

Is there some standard?Why develop standards? Don‟t these already exist?• Organization specific – quality and efficiency

• Project specific – communication and consistency

• Industry specific – common language

What‟s in a CAD Standard?• As little or as much information as necessary to make CAD

work more productive!

• Manipulating, editing and transferring drawings

Layers or levels

Symbols (Legend)

Special customization

• Data Exchange Format

• File and Project Organization

Industry Efforts at StandardizationThe National CAD Standard

The National CAD Standard Version 3.1: comprised of…

• CAD Layer Guidelines by the American Institute of Architects (AIA)

• Uniform Drawing System by the Construction Specifications Institute

(CSI)

• Tri-Service Plotting Guidelines by the US Department of Defense Drawing Set Organization: Module 01 Sheet Organization: Module 02

Schedules: Module 03 Drafting Conventions: Module 04

Terms & Abbreviations: Module 05 Symbols: Module 06

Notations: UDS Module 07 Code Conventions: Module 08

Identifies types of general regulatory information that should

appear on drawings, locates code-related information in a set of

drawings, and provides standard graphic conventions. Can be a

tool to expedite code review by designers and plan review

authorities.

So who‟s on board with this?Adopted the National CAD Standard

• A. Epstein & Sons International, Inc.

• AMEC, Inc.

• AMES A/E Architects & Engineers

• Architects Hawaii Ltd.

• Bhargava International, Inc.

• Burgess & Niple

• CBA Architects, PC

• CH2M Hill, Inc.

• Chicago Transit Authority

• Clark Nexsen

• Davis & Floyd, Inc.

• Dean and Dean/Associates

• Dietz & Company Architects, Inc.

• Duke Energy Corporation

• FedEx

• Ford Motor Company

• General Motors

• HDR (Hennington, Durham & Richardson)

• Helman Hurley Charvat Peacock/Architects, Inc.

• HOK (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)

• Intel

• Jacobs Engineering Group

• LEO A. DALY Company

• Little and Associates Architects

• Los Alamos National Laboratories

• MTA Bridges and Tunnels

• Murphy/Jahn Architects

• Nextel Communications

• National Institute of Health

• Raytheon Engineers and Constructors, Inc.

• Richard Meier and Partners

• RTKL Associates

• Sandia National Laboratories

• Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

• Simon Property Group

• Syska Hennessy Group, Inc.

• TSP, Inc.

• University at Buffalo

• University of Indiana

• UPS

• U.S. General Services Administration

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

• Wilson & Company, Inc., Engineers & Architects

GSA Requirements – 2006• PBS Buildings and Real Estate Services: specialized information

technologies to design, document, manage and monitor facilities.

• Building Information Modeling (BIM) 3D parametric modeling software with an underlying database.

• Computer Integrated Facility Management (CIFM) Integrated technology and processes supporting facility management and real estate

services.

• Computer Aided Facility Management (CAFM) calculation of building area and tracking of space classifications.

• Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) Manages scheduled and on-request building maintenance.

• Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) manages the documents associated with facility design and management.

• Geographic Information System (GIS)

Source: GSA Public Building Service CAD Standards (March 25, 2004); www.gsa.gov

GSA Requirements – 2006

• Time is now GSA BIM requirement effective fiscal year 2006 (which began in

October 2005)

• Mandate: Architects use IFC (Industry Foundation Classes)-based building

models through final concept

All schematic design submittals must be in BIM format

• GSA pilot projects 9 pilot projects through 2005

Indicated that discrete problems can be solved quickly in 3D

BIM automates space measurement

• Not requiring complete BIM implementation Using model to check designs against program requirements and cost

estimates

Source: GSA Public Building Service CAD Standards (March 25, 2004); www.gsa.gov

Standard Contract Clauses -

Caveat Emptor• Standardized forms protective of Owner and Engineer

• Data/Electronic information historically originates with Design Professional

• Risk of use is borne on the contractor unless otherwise specified

Example – Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee provision:

“A. Copies of data furnished by Owner or Engineer to Contractor or Contractor to Owner or Engineer that may be relied upon are limited to the printed copies (also known as hard copies). Files in electronic media format of text, data, graphics, or other types are furnished only for the convenience of the receiving party. Any conclusion or information obtained or derived from such electronic files will be at the user’s sole risk. If there is a discrepancy between the electronic files and the hard copies, the hard copies govern. ”

Source: EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract, 2002 Edition, Subparagraph 3.06 – Electronic Data

New Contract Requirements

• Express “Data Exchange” Addendum to general contract

• Clear definitions of ownership, management and security responsibilities of the information transfer

• Responsibilities for software & system compliance

• Promote, not impede collaboration

• One party tapped to manage the exchange process, responsible solely to coordinate notifications

• Define specific documents to be accepted electronically (drawings, models, shop drawings, change orders, RFIs, etc.)

• Methods of maintaining version control and a depository of all versions, during and after project

• Reciprocal indemnity obligations for failures and violations

• Determination of insurance and bonding requirements

The model in the context of the project

• As a part of the contract…

The model becomes a deliverable with a due date and a

„completion‟ date.

Model‟s „construction‟ must meet the Standard of Care

„normally practiced‟ within the profession – perfection is

not expected.

As a source point for other drawings, the model‟s

quality ripple‟s through other documents.

When used in asset management, the impact of an error

reaches further and lives beyond a single project.

Industry Acceptance and

Application of Technology

Industrial, Process and Infrastructure Projects with…

• Complex systems and components;

• Multiple participants;

• specialized, critical and sometimes hazardous uses

• have fostered the growth of 3D+ CAD applications.

• The cost of failure can be tremendous and potentially dangerous.

Commercial, Residential and Retail Projects…

• Greater pressure on „cost of delivery‟ and its impact on ROI;

• less complex systems;

• more „standardized‟ construction and components.

• The value of the job is in the cost of the job and „typical‟ built components make for easier execution.

Working in the Third Dimension

Time is Money – Money is Time

• The NIST report (USA) of August

2004 gave a figure of $15.8 Billion

wasted by US construction

industry through poor

collaboration and coordination

on project.

Impact on Traditional Roles• CMs and Contractors Migrate into Designing

Opportunity to offer “constructability” services (CDs) to owners and designers

Design Professionals used as “design intent” consultants during the constructability phase

Narrows role of designer to aesthetic and programming piece

• Increased CM Responsibilities Contracted by Owners to collect information from all consultants &

designers

Construct Owner‟s BIM to minimizing errors and omissions in the field

Minimizing impact on traditional design firms who can submit 2D drawings as they always have

• Or Design Professionals Take control assume responsibility for being building information managers

leveraging BIM as a way of consolidating the information into a comprehensive database

Deliver database to Owner after project for building operation and maintenance

Cultural Changes for Widespread

Implementation

• Collaborative design process is novel Change in the traditional notion that control of

design is in the hands of the design professional

Information provided by design professionals was traditionally limited to design intent only

BIM adds new electronic construction data provided by design professionals in their models

New information involves architects in means & methods, quantities and construction execution

Blurs traditional lines of responsibility

Consistency of Design Data

• Data exchange with other systems

IP&ID data transfer to 3D CAD model

Pipe stress analysis

Material management system

Sub contractor interfaces

• Specification and parametric driven design

• Enforces standards & methodology

• Utilizes standard specs and catalogues

Automatic deliverable production

• Orthographics (Plans & Sections)

• Isometric and Field Fabrication drawings

• Equipment Arrangements (Layouts)

• Bill of Materials (Material Take-Off‟s)

• Reports

(Clash Check, Line Lists, I/O, Valves, Devices, etc)

Operations and Maintenance

• More effective data transfer (turnover packages)

• Interface to operation systems Electronic Data Management Systems - EDMS

ERPs (SAP, Oracle), ‘Smart’ Drawings (PDS

database, INTools)/EDMS

• Ongoing modifications See CA/IFM, CMMS, EAM

• On-line visualization

• Communicate Design Intent Maintain design integrity – consistency of

approach thru life of the project.

New Issues on the horizon…Things grow curioser and curioser

• Performance-based Delivery Modular construction

Superskids

• New ‘ownership’ models Lease? Rent? Outsource?

• Sustainable Design (Green Buildings) LEED (USGBC); BREEAM (UK)

• Could it lead to DBOT/DBOM at the commercial scale?

‘brownfield’ development

Carbon Trading

• ISO 14000

• Integrated Delivery Process

Code Anxiety

• ENR, July 18th – Mysteries of Building

Codes; “Designers fear future collapse

from misinterpretation or miscalculation”

• ENR, July 11th – “Maturing Visualization

Tools Make Ideas Look Real”

Thanks for Coming!

Our Speakers:

• Gary A. Wilson, Esquire

• John W. Dornberger, Esquire

• E. Mitchell Swann, P.E.

• Robert C. McCue, P.E.

• Kim Bullock

Slides available for download at www.MDCSystems.com

Contact Us!

• MDCSystems®

Robert C. McCue, P.E.

E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., LEED AP

300 Berwyn Park, Suite 115

Berwyn PA 19312

T. 610.640.9600

www.MDCSystems.com

Contact Us!

• Post & Schell PC

Gary Wilson, Esquire

John Dornberger, Esquire

Four Penn Center

1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard

Philadelphia, PA 19103

T. 215.587.1000

www.postschell.com

Contact Us!

• Genentech, Inc.

Kim Bullock

Process Engineer

1 DNA Way

South San Francisco, CA 94080

T. 650.225.1000