CADASTRAL STUDIES (MGU1014 / MGHU1514)... · Kadaster Marin...

CADASTRAL STUDIES(MGU1014 / MGHU1514)

WEEK 14-MARINE CADASTRE/MARITIME BOUNDARY

AND 3D CADASTRE

SR DR. TAN LIAT CHOON07-5530844

016-4975551

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OUTLINE

• Marine Cadastre

• Maritime Boundary

• 3D Cadastre

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MARINE CADASTRE

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Marine Cadastre Marine environments are rich in resources such as fisheries, renewableenergy potential and fossil energy reserves below the seabed. Marineresources generate a significant proportion of a maritime nation’s wealth.Therefore it is important for coastal countries to govern and harness themarine resources within its maritime boundaries for the national good. Inorder to administer its marine resources, many coastal countries haveimplemented a marine cadastre.

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Marine Cadastre

The customary international law that outlines the rights andresponsibility of a coastal country together with the variousmaritime zones that it is entitled to claim was outlined bythe 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS III). Any maritime boundaries claimed anddelimited have to be in accordance with the provisionsstated in UNCLOS III. In order to identify and claim itsmaritime zones, and in the mean time promote bettermanagement of ocean resources and generate harmonyand goodwill amongst States, many coastal countries havesigned and ratified UNCLOS III.

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Malaysia Maritime Jurisdiction Malaysia’s jurisdiction over its marine environment is split betweenthe federal government and the local states’ government.

“State” refers to a local state, and so, according to Section 5 of theNational Land Code 1965.

"State Land" means all land in the State (including so much of thebed of any river, and of the foreshore and bed of the sea, as is withinthe territories of the State or the limits of territorial waters) otherthan:(a) alienated land;(b) reserved land;(c) mining land;(d) any land which, under the provisions of any law relating to forests(whether passed before or after the commencement of this Act) is forthe time being reserved forest. 6

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The Marine Cadastre’s Boundary Issues

For a land cadastre, the boundary marks depicting the limit ofthe cadastre parcel are surveyed and demarcated on the ground.Its physical location is static, although its geographicalcoordinates might change due to a shift in horizontal land datumcaused by natural phenomena such as earthquakes. Comparedto land cadastre, a marine cadastre boundary is delimited, notdemarcated, and generally there is no physical evidence.Basically there are two types of spatial concerns on the sea:

• Three dimensional location of a marine parcel within amaritime zone•Maritime rights of a designated target group within a maritimezone

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2Marine protected Area

5 Fishing Zone

9Heritage Protection Area

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Cables & pipelines

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Oil & Gas Exploration Areas

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KADASTER MARIN

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Kadaster Marin

Dalam definisi oleh Ng’ang’a dalam et al, 2003 “MarineCadastre is an informations system that allows rights inmarine space to be define, recorded, visualised andmanaged“. Perkataan marin itu telah menggambarkanaktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan berasaskan laut iaitubermula dari tepi pantai hinggalah kepada lautan luas.

Kadaster marin adalah suatu sistem untuk menentukan hakdan kepentingan yang terkandung sempadan maritim yangperlu direkodkan, diuruskan secara mampan danmenentukan secara fizikal dalam hubungan antarabangsanegara jiran.

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Kadaster Marin

Kadaster marin adalah satu konsep baru pengurusan aktiviti dilaut yang bertujuan untuk mengawal aktiviti berasaskan marindaripada kegiatan ekploitasi secara sewenang-wenangnyasehingga menimbulkan kerugian dan menimbulkan masalahalam sekitar. Kadaster marin juga satu kaedah pengurusanhartanah berasaskan laut dengan mengikat kawasan atau tempatdari tepi pantai hinggalah mengunjur ke laut iaitu sehinggakawasan Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif (EEZ) yang kaya dengan sumberasli di dalam dan di dasar laut seperti kaedah pemberimilikandalam konsep kadaster.

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Kadaster Marin

Polisi terkini dan rangkerja institusi yang terlibat dalam wilayahmarin ini agak kompleks dari sudut perundangan dan perjanjianantarabangsa seperti UNCLOS yang perlu diambil kira. Ini keranarangkakerja perundangan itu kompleks dan bertindih dengankepentingan utama dan terhad dan menjadi tanggungjawabstakeholder masing-masing dalam lapangan marin dan aktiviti didaratan dan di lautan. Ia juga adalah sistem informasi menjuruskepada semua kejadian semulajadi dan ruangan dalamkepentingan dan hak harta dengan mengakui hak kepunyaan,pelbagai hak dan tanggungjawab dalam kontek perlembagaanmarin.

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Hubungkait Antara Pentadbiran Tanah dan Persekitaran Marin

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Akta Laut Wilayah 2012-Had Laut Wilayah

3(1) Tertaklum kepada peruntukan Akta ini, lebar lautwilayah Malaysia hendaklah 12 batu nautika bagi segalamaksud.

(2) Garis pangkal yang dari lebar laut wilayah itu yanghendak diukur hendaklah bagi segala maksud merupakangaris pangkal yang ditetapkan mengikut Seksyen 5 AktaGaris Pangkal Zon Matitim 2006.

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Akta Laut Wilayah 2012-Had Laut Wilayah

(3) Bagi maksud Akta Pelantar Benua 1966 (Akta 83), AktaPerlombongan Petroleum 1966 (Akta 95), Kanun TanahNegara 1965 (Akta 56) dan mana-mana undang-undangbertulis yang berhubungan dengan tanah yang berkuatkuasa di Sabah dan Sarawak, apa-apa sebutan mengenailaut wilayah dalamnya hendaklah berhubung dengan mana-mana wilayah ditafsirkan sebagai sebutan mengenaibahagian luat itu yang berdampingan dengan pantaiwilayah itu tidak melebihi 3 batu nautikal diukur dari garisair surut.

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Zon Tanah

Seksyen 5 KTN memberi takrif “Tanah Kerajaan” adalah semuatanah di dalam Negeri itu (termasuk sebanyak mana dasar mana-mana sungai, seperti yang termasuk di dalam wilayah Negeri ituatau batas perairan wilayah) selain daripada tanah berimilik,tanah rizab, tanah lombong dan hutan simpan. Perairan Wilayahmempunyai erti yang diberikan kepadanya dalam Seksyen 4 (2)Ordinan Darurat (Kuasa-kuasa Perlu) No. 7/1969.

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Zon Tanah

Seksyen 51 KTN memberi pengkelasan tanah kepada:

a) Tanah yang lebih tinggi daripada pinggir laut ada tiga kelas iaitu:

i. tanah bandar,

ii. tanah pekan dan

iii. tanah desa

b) Tepi pantai dan dasar laut.

Seksyen 5 KTN memberi takrif “pinggir laut” sebagai tikas air pasang dari pasang perbani biasa.

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Zon Laut

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Zon Laut

Article 1 of The 1958 Geneva Convention On TheContinental Shelf, “ Continental sheif as referring;

a) to the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areasadjacent to the coast but outside the areas of theterritorial sea, to depth of 200 metres or, beyond thatlimit, to where the depthof the superjacent watersadmits of the exploitation of the natural resources ofthe said areas;

b) to the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine areasadjacent to the coasts of islands.

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Zon Laut

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Zon Laut

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Zon Laut

Interprestasi Seksyen 2 Akta Pelantar Benua 1966 (Disemak1972) bagi pelantar benua ialah dasar laut dan tanah bawah lautyang bersempadanan dengan pantai Malaysia tetapi di luar hadperairan wilayah negeri-negeri yang permukaannya terletaksedalam tidak lebih daripada 200 meter di bawah permukaanlaut, atau jika dalamnya air super jasen membolehkan eksplotasisumber alam di kawasan tersebut di mana-mana tempat yanglebih dalam. Seksyen 3 Akta Pelantar Benua 1966 (Disemak 1972)memperuntukkan semua hak berkenaan dengan penjelajahanpelantar benua dan eksplotasi sumber alamnya adalah denganini diletakkan (vested) pada Malaysia dan hendaklah dijalankan(exercisable) oleh Kerajaan Persekutuan”.

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Zon Laut

Seksyen 3 Ordinan Darurat (Kuasa-kuasa Perlu) No. 111969 mengistiharkan bahawa kelebaran laut wilayah bagiMalaysia adalah 12 batu nautika dan kelebaran tersebutadalah dikecualikan bagi Selat Melaka, Laut Sulu dan LautCelebes dan akan diukur mengikut Artikel 3-13 KonvensyenGeneva Bagi Laut Wilayah dan Zon Berdampingan (1958).

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Zon Laut

Seksyen 4(2) Ordinan Darurat (Kuasa-kuasa Perlu) No. 111969 memperuntukkan bahawa bagi maksud Akta PelantarBenua 1966, KTN 1965 dan apa jua undang-undang bertulisyang berkuatkuasa di Sabah dan Sarawak, mana-manarujukan kepada Laut Wilayah yang berhubung denganmana-mana wilayah ditafsirkan sebagai rujukan bahagianlaut yang bersebelahan dengan pantai yang tidak melebihi 3batu nautika jika diukur dari tikas air surut (low watermark).

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Zon Pantai

Lebar pesisir pantai (foreshore) adalah tidak tetap dan akansentiasa berubah. Ini kerana definasi pesisir pantaiditentukan dari tikat air surut (low water mark) LWM ketikas air pasang (high water mark) HWM. HWM ditentukanmengikut garisan tanda sampah (debris) ditepi pantai padamasa ukuran dijalankan.

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Zon Pantai

Berdasarkan gambarajah di atas, bagi maksud Kanun Tanah Negara 1965:

a. Tepi pantai ialah dari garisan pantai (shoreline) ke garisan LWM.

b. Dasar laut ialah tidak melebihi 3 batu nautika dari garisan LWM.

c. Selepas 3 batu nautika dari garisan LWM adalah bukan lagi dalam lingkungan wilayah negeri (di luar had perairan wilayah Negeri) dan menjadi pantai Malaysia yang tertakluk kepada Akta Pelantar Benua 1966 di bawah bidang kuasa Kerajaan Persekutuan.

d. had bagi maksud tanah bandar, tanah pekan dan tanah desa (tanda sempadan patut ditanam) ialah di tempat yang paling hampir dekat dengan garisan HWM.

Walau bagaimanapun, penandaan dan pengukuran titik pangkal bagi maksud persempadanan perairan antara Kerajaan Negeri-negeri dan Kerajaan Persekutuan belum ditentukan. 31

SEMPADAN MARITIM

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Penentuan Sempadan Maritim Negara

JUPEM merupakan competent authority bagi urusanpenentuan sempadan maritim di antara Malaysia dengannegara-negara jiran. Pada 21 Disember 1979, Peta BaruMalaysia 1979 yang terdiri daripada Syit 1 (SemenanjungMalaysia) dan Syit 2 (Sabah & Sarawak) dan menunjukkankawasan Perairan Wilayah serta Pelantar Benua Malaysiatelah diisytiharkan menerusi Pemberitahuan No. 5745.

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Malaysia telah meraktifikasikan Konvensyen Undang-Undang Laut 1982 (KUUL 1982) pada 14 Oktober 1996 yangtelah membawa kepada beberapa obligasi, di antara lainnyaadalah bagi mengemukakan garis-garis pangkal dan batasluar maritim yang ditunjukkan di atas carta berskala besarataupun mengemukakan senarai koordinat geografikal titik-titik pangkal berserta dengan maklumat datumgeodetiknya, kepada Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu(PBB).

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Perihal garis-garis pangkal telah dirujuk dalam beberapatindakan yang telah diambil oleh Malaysia. Di antaranya ialahsemasa mengumumkan Ordinan (Kuasa-Kuasa Perlu) DharuratNo. 7, 1969 yang di antara lainnya menyatakan bahawa peluasanPerairan Wilayah Malaysia diukur dari garis-garis pangkalsepertimana yang ditetapkan di bawah Konvensyen Laut Wilayahdan Zon Berdampingan 1958. Pada 25 April 1980, Malaysia telahmengisytiharkan kawasan Zon Ekonomi Eksklusifnya padakelebaran 200 batu nautika dari garis-garis pangkal melaluiPerisytiharan P.U. (A) 115.

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Perjanjian Persempadanan Maritim di antara Malaysia dengan Negara-

Negara Jiran Malaysia – Indonesia

Malaysia – Thailand

Malaysia – Singapura

Malaysia – Brunei

Malaysia- Filipina

Malaysia – Vietnam 37

Peta Baru Malaysia 1979

Peta Baru Malaysia 1979 disediakan lanjutan dariContinental Shelf Act 1966 & The Emergency (EssentialPowers) Ordinance, Act No. 7 of 1969 - menunjukkanSempadan Perairan (Territorial Waters) & Pelantar Benua(Continental Shelf). Peta ini mengandungi dua syit iaitu Syit1 (Semenanjung Malaysia) & Syit 2 (Sabah & Sarawak). Petaini telah diisytiharkan pada 21 Disember 1979 melaluiPemberitahuan Kerajaan No. 5745.

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Peta ini disediakan berdasarkan kepada akta-akta,pengisytiharan, KUUL 1958, perjanjian/MOU dengannegara-negara jiran, customary practices tertentu.Walaubagaimanapun garis pangkal tidak ditunjukkan dalampeta tersebut dan tidak menunjukkan Perairan Dalaman(Internal Waters) & Perairan Dampingan (Contiguous Zone)Malaysia.

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Dalam hubungan mengenai masalah tuntutan bertindihdengan negara-negara jiran, antaranya, melibatkan PulauLigitan dan Pulau Sipadan dengan Indonesia, JUPEMmemainkan peranan penting dalam menyediakan peta-petadan dokumen berkaitan bagi mengemukakan kes tersebutkepada Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa (ICJ) di TheHaque, Belanda. ICJ telah mengesahkan kedaulatanMalaysia ke atas Pulau Ligitan dan Pulau Sipadan pada 17Disember 2002.

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Pengukuran Titik Pangkal Bagi Penentuan Sempadan Maritim

Negara

UNCLOS 1982 berkuatkuasa pada 16 November 1994 danMalaysia telah meraktifikasinya pada 14 Oktober 1996.Sehubungan dengan itu Malaysia perlu memenuhibeberapa obligasi berhubung dengan garis pangkal danpembatasan sempadan maritim, di antaranya,mengemukakan garis pangkal kepada Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu.

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Negara

Garis Pangkal, mengikut peruntukan Konvensyen Undang-Undang Laut Antarabangsa (KUUL) 1982, digunakan sebagaigaris asas bagi menentukan keluasan zon-zon maritimseperti Laut Wilayah (Territorial Sea), Zon Berdampingan(Contiguous Zone), Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif dan PelantarBenua sesebuah negara berpantai. Ia juga digunakan bagimenentukan sempadan maritim di antara negera-negaraberpantai yang berjiranan.

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NegaraSeawal 1988, satu Pasukan Petugas Khas telah dibentuk untukmeneliti dan mengkaji soal penentuan Garis Pangkal Malaysia.Penentuan Garis Pangkal Malaysia adalah berdasarkan kepadaprinsip-prinsip utama:i. Memelihara kepentingan negara.ii. Memenuhi keperluan perundangan antarabangsa UNCLOS

1982.

Ukuran telah dijalankan dari 1998 - 2005 bagi menentukankedudukan Titik-Titik Pangkal Malaysia dimana pada masa kini,tindakan sedang diambil untuk mengisytiharkan Garis PangkalMalaysia. 43


Negara

Pada keseluruhannya, sebahagian besar titik-titik pangkalyang telah ditetapkan berada pada tikas air surut (lowwater mark) dan titik yang paling terkeluar (outermostpoint) sesebuah pantai/pulau/ batuan/terumbu [KUUL 1982Art. 5 & 6]. Terdapat juga titik-titik pangkal yang terdiridaripada elevasi air surut [KUUL 1982 Art. 7(4) & 13] yangpaling terkeluar dan titik yang paling terkeluar sesebuah jeti[KUUL 1982 Art. 11].

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Jenis-jenis Garis Pangkal

Terdapat tiga jenis Garis Pangkal, iaitu:

i. Garis pangkal biasa (normal baseline) [KUUL 1982 Art. 5]adalah tikas air surut (low water mark) di sepanjang pantai.

ii. Garis pangkal lurus [KUUL 1982 Art. 7] adalah garisanlurus yang menyambung titik-titik yang paling terkeluar(outermost point) atau pulau-pulau berpinggiran (fringe ofislands) di sepanjang pantai dengan mematuhi syarat-syaratyang ditetapkan.

iii. Archipelagic baselines [KUUL 1982 Art. 47].

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3D CADASTRE

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3D Cadastre

Multiple use of land is increasing. The owner of a parcel ofland may possess the rights to the column of air above andthe column of soil under that land. At ground level, multipleuse of land has resulted in the multiple exercises of rights ofthe use of the regions above and below ground level and inthe division of rights in the ownership column.

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3D Cadastre

Pressure on land in urban areas and especially their businesscenters has led to overlapping and interlocking construction ….Even when the creation of property rights to match thesedevelopments is available within existing legislation, describingand depicting them in the cadastral registration, poses achallenge …. The challenge is how to register overlapping andinterlocking construction when projected on the surface in acadastral registration that registers information on 2D parcels.Although property has been located on top of each other formany years, it is only recently that the question has been raisedas to whether cadastral registration should be extended into thethird dimension…

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The Importance of 3D Cadastre

Current cadastre registration systems, bound to ground surfacetopological and geometrically described parcels, have shownlimitations in providing an insight into three-dimensional location ofthree-dimensional constructions as well the vertical dimension (depthand height) of rights established for three-dimensional constructions.In addition, the cadastre should be able to describe propertyownership, including Strata Title ownership.

A 3D cadastre is defined as a cadastre that registers and givesinsight into rights and restrictions not only on parcels, but also on 3Dproperty units. Thus, a 3D cadastre would be able to handle suchconditions as overlapped buildings and utilities that prohibit theproperty from being registered according to legal and organisationalaspects using a 2D cadastre.

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The Importance of 3D Cadastre

In the near future, the cadastre will contain updated documentation ofpublic and private rights, ownership, land use and real estate in variousspaces. 3D boundaries and parcels in space will be determined by the 3Dcadastre that serves the legal and physical objectives. A modern cadastresystem should always reflect the existing situation of all property rights,including a mixture of private and public properties.

It is necessary to develop a 3D cadastre with its own legal solutionsthat meet its specific needs. On the other hand, the content and role of acadastre that is related to three-dimensional properties have not changedsignificantly, notwithstanding the substantial impact on the cadastresystem. The 3D cadastre system should provide information beyond thetypical planning data and ensure registered rights above, on and belowthe surface of a property. Hence, land will be more optimally developedand utilised.

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Practical Solutions

(a) Full 3D cadastre• Option 1: Combination of infinite parcel columns and volume

parcels, i.e. a combined 2D/3D alternative.• Option 2: Only parcels that are bounded in 3D volume.

(b) 2D/3D hybrid cadastre• Option 1: Registration of 2D parcels in all cases of real property

registration, and additional registration of 3D legal space in thecase of 3D property units.

• Option 2: Registration of 2D parcels in all cases of real propertyregistration, and additional registration of physical objects.

(c) 2D cadastre with 3D tags linked to parcels in current cadastralregistration.

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Full 3D Cadastre

The concept of a full 3D cadastre introduces property rights inthree-dimensional space, which is being subdivided into volumeparcels partitioning the three-dimensional space. In thisapproach, the traditional cadastral map does not have anybearing on the three-dimensional rights that entitle persons tovolumes. In other words, rights and restrictions are no longerestablished only on 2D parcels, but are explicitly related to well-defined volume parcels. Examples of real property objects thatare defined in three-dimensional are strata and stratum units.However, to realise this full 3D cadastre solution, significantchanges are required in the cadastral survey and mappingregistration, land registration, as well as the technical andlegislative frameworks.

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Full 3D Cadastre

It is possible to establish parcels that are defined with boundaries onthe surface because the volume parcels are only established in three-dimensional situations. The first option is to convert the conventionalparcels representation into three-dimensional; a parcel is defined bythe boundary on the surface, which is converted into an indefiniteparcel columns and volume parcels that intersects with the surface atthe location of the parcel boundary. With the second option, the onlyproperty objects that are recognised by the cadastre become volumeparcels, forming a complete partition of space. In order to define theextent of ownership in the vertical plane, it requires extensive andcomplicated overall three-dimensional land title settlements prior tothe cadastral survey. Moreover, the relevant land laws need to beamended, and this usually takes a long process.

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2D/3D Hybrid Cadastre

The 2D/3D hybrid cadastre solution refers to the integration of the 2Dcadastre with the factual situation in three-dimensional space inregistering the three-dimensional objects within the three-dimensionalcadastral registration. This solution requires the separate legalregistration of on-surface parcels and of the three-dimensionalsituations, which are combined and integrated. The hybrid solution ofcadastral registration of the three-dimensional situation is notjudicially binding. This means that the exact legal situation stilldepends on reliable documents like those recorded by Certified Plan inthe land registration, with the description of the volume agreed uponin the three-dimensional registration. The three-dimensionalrepresentation is the volume to which a person is entitled, i.e. theregistration of the three-dimensional object defined by the surfaceparcel and that is bound by the upper and lower limits. Suchregistration can also refer to the three-dimensional physical objectitself.

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2D/3D Hybrid Cadastre

The first option refers to the 3D registration of rights thatare already registered with the 2D parcel as the startingpoint of registration. The second option is the registrationof 3D physical objects themselves, which a physical objectas the starting point of registration. Constructions (e.g.buildings) are integrated in the cadastral data in the currentcadastral registration. The juridical and cadastral concept ofownership and property will remain the same.

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2D Cadastre with 3D Tags

2D cadastre is supplemented with three-dimensional tagssolution, the existing 2D cadastre is maintained in its originalstate, but with external references linking to three-dimensionaldigital drawing or three-dimensional analogue to representthree-dimensional situations. In this solution, complex three-dimensional situations are registered using ad hoc solutionswithin current registration possibilities, while every right that isregistered can be attributed with a reference to a three-dimensional representation. The difference between 2D/3Dhybrid cadastre and 2D cadastre with three-dimensional tags isthat the three-dimensional representations in the secondapproach are maintained separately and not integrated with thecadastral data.

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3D Cadastre

The National Land Code 1965 only allows 3 types of lot/parcel, i.e.:

• Land• Strata Parcel and Land Parcel in strata Scheme• Stratum

The more efficient of cadastre system in future is to allow 3D lot/parcel including air space and marine space.

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3D Cadastre

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Stratum

LOWEST ASTRONOMICAL TIDE

3D SPACE CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

MEAN SEA LEVEL

TOPOGRAPHY

[ X1,Y1, H1 ]

[ X1,Y1, H2 ]

[ X2,Y2, H1 ]

[ X2,Y2, H2 ]

[ X3,Y3, H1 ]

[ X3,Y3, H2 ]

[ X4,Y4, H1 ]

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MEAN SEA LEVEL

TOPOGRAPHY

[ X1,Y1, H1 ]

[ X1,Y1, H2 ]

[ X2,Y2, H1 ]

[ X2,Y2, H2 ]

[ X3,Y3, H1 ]

[ X3,Y3, H2 ]

[ X4,Y4, H1 ]

3D SPACE CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

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MEAN SEA LEVEL

TOPOGRAPHY

[ X1,Y1, H1 ]

[ X1,Y1, H2 ]

[ X2,Y2, H1 ]

[ X2,Y2, H2 ]

[ X3,Y3, H1 ]

[ X3,Y3, H2 ]

[ X4,Y4, H1 ]3D SPACE CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

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Overlapping Development

64Penang KOMTAR and Prangin Mall

1

Cross sectional

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Building above and basement parking below public road

3D parcel

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1

Building above and basement parking below public road

67Melaka Hatten Square

2

Cross sectional

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Sky-bridge above public road

3D parcel

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2

Sky-bridge above public road

KL Central Multi Storey Complex and Transportation Hub

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Jean Nouvel's Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis 71

Interlace Singapore72

Interlace Singapore73

Source: http://arkinetia.com 74

The Construction Of MRT Station Need 3D Element

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Cross sectional

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5

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Multiple-use

3D parcels

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4

5

Multiple-use

3D scenario

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Multipurpose 3D Cadastre

3D cadastre registration system is being developed.Researchers have contemplated adding 3D cadastre objectsin the current cadastre data model and information,accessible by the Department of Survey and MappingMalaysia, State Land and Mines Office, and District LandOffice. Unfortunately, the two stated databases, viz. theeKadaster and the eTanah database work separately underdifferent authorities, still do not support three-dimensionalcapability.

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The Malaysian Land Administration is based on the TorrensSystem where the cadastral map and the Document of Titlewith spatial and textual information are regarded as legalevidence, and are required under the rules and regulationsin order to have full institutional coordination. Therefore, agood institution is very important in order to achieve anexcellent and reliable cadastre registration system.However, due to historical constraints, it seems quitedifficult to realise this unless there is full cooperation fromvarious legal bodies, technical organisations and other land-related government agencies and private sectorparticipants.

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A multipurpose 3D cadastre can be defined as an integrated landinformation system containing legal (e.g. tenure and ownership),planning (e.g. land use zoning), revenue (e.g. land value, assessmentand premium) and physical (e.g. cadastre) information.

The Malaysian multipurpose 3D cadastre should contain allinformation about administrative records, tenure, value and sale &purchases records, base maps, cadastral and survey boundaries,categories of land use, streets addresses, census utilities etc.

There are many advantages for implementing a multipurpose 3Dcadastre. It is especially useful for property inventory, projectimplementation and monitoring, utility management, populationestimates, school management, census mapping and urban and ruraldevelopment. 81


A 3D cadastre registration model has been proposedrecently, focusing on the combination of these two cadastreregistration databases and encompassing matterspertaining to legal rights, land attributes and spatial objectsgeo-data. The three authorities mentioned above are themain government agencies that are responsible for thecadastre registration system; they integrate and coordinateeach other in order to have an integrated andcomprehensive cadastral system in Malaysia by using a2D/3D hybrid cadastre approach.

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Various 3D cadastre objects, such as stratified buildings,and construction above and below the ground surface, arethe responsibility of the Department of Survey andMapping Malaysia and the State Land and MinesOffice/District Land Office where it concerns objectregistration and ownership registration respectively. Inshort, 3D cadastre registration is a combination of landregistration utilising the plan land parcel and the three-dimensional land parcel for cadastral registration. Three-dimensional cadastre registration encompassesconsiderations of the legal rights of land attributes, planecadastral objects and three-dimensional information.

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T H A N K YO U

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