ACIACI-- Airport Environmental Airport Environmental ColloquiumColloquium
Cairo International AirportCairo International Airport
Speaker : Mohamed Sherby
ACI Africa Representative on WESC Cairo Airport Head of Noise and Air
Quality Center
26-27 Nov2008 Cairo Egypt
General AdministrationGeneral Administrationfor Environmental for Environmental
OperationsOperations
Cairo Airport CompanyCairo Airport Company
Air Quality Section
Basic information for pollutantsAir PollutionAny change in the properties or specifications of the natural air which causes hazards to human health or to the environment, whether resulting from natural factors or human activities, including noise.
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA establishes air quality standards to protect public health, from harm, as well as protecting against decreased visibility and damage to crops, vegetation, and buildings.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
particulate matter (PM) carbon monoxide (CO)sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2)ozone (O3) lead (Pb)
EPA has set national air quality standards for six common air pollutants (also called the criteria pollutants):
Primary PM SourcesIndustrial Process.
Industrial, Commercial residential fuel combustion.
Windblown dust e.g., from mines.
Re entrained dust from Vehicle traffic on roads.
Open burning and agriculture burning.
Natural sources (sea salt and volcanoes).
Particulate Matter (PM)
Environmental effectsRegional haze, visibility degradation and smog, pendent on PM size.
Soiling of building and Property.
Alteration of local weather.
Health effects (fine PM)Respiratory Problems.
Lung diseases.
Premature death.
Chronic bronchitis.
Particulate Matter (PM) effects
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Automobiles.
Residential heating and cooking.
Industrial processes.
Open burning.
Prescribed or agricultural burning.
Sources
Created by incomplete combustion of Created by incomplete combustion of Carbonaceous fuel Sources Like:Carbonaceous fuel Sources Like:
Carbon Monoxide (CO) effectsEnvironmental effects
Global warming.
Health EffectsHeart diseases.
Prohibits the oxygen carrying ability of blood.
Respiratory problems.
Affects the central nervous system.
Death at higher concentration.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
SourcesFossil-fuel combustion.
Combustion of sulfur containing materials (e.g., coal).
Industrial processes.
Volcanoes.
SOSOxx used to categorize SOused to categorize SO22 and SOand SO33..
Sulfur Dioxide(SO2)effectsEnvironmental effects
Visibility degradation.Acid deposition.Secondary PM precursor.Corrosion.
Health EffectsRespiratory problems.Lung diseases.Aggravation of existing cardio-vascular diseases.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)NONOxx used to categorize NO and NOused to categorize NO and NO22..
sourcesVehicle traffic.High-temperature combustion processes Like:
Power plants (thermal and cogeneration).
Industrial combustion (Fossil fuels).
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) effectsEnvironmental effects
Photochemical smog.Ozone formation.Visibility degradation.Acid deposition.Secondary PM precursor.Eutrophication.
Health EffectsRespiratory problems.Lung diseases.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Combustion sourcesStationary traffic.
Vehicular traffic.
Evaporative sourcesSurface coating and paints.
Petroleum products storage and distribution (e.g., refineries and fuel stations).
Solvents (consumer products, industrial uses).
VOCs effectsEnvironmental effects
Secondary aerosol formation haze and particulate matter precursor).Photochemical smog and ground-level ozone formation.
Health effectsRespiratory problems.Nose and throat infection.Skin allergies.Cancer.Kidney ,live, and brain damage.Damage to nervous, reproductive and immune systems.
Ozone (O3)Formed by free radical reactions of reactive VOCs and NOx in the presence of sunlight.
Temperature inversions (warm air is trapped near the surface ) promote smog formation.
VOC + NOx + Sunlight = Ozone
Lead (Pb)
SourcesMetal processing.
Fuel combustion.
Waste incinerators.
Lead-acid battery manufacturing.
Lead-based paint manufacturing.
A metal found naturally in the environment.A metal found naturally in the environment.Used in manufactured products.Used in manufactured products.
Lead (Pb) effects
Environmental effectsSlowing of vegetative growth.Elevated levels in water causes reproductive damage to some aquatic and animal life.
Health effectsDamage to kidneys, liver brain , and nerves.Leads to osteoporosis and reproductive disorders.Cause high blood pressure and increased risk of heart attacks.
Sources of Air pollution at Airports
Sources of Air pollution at Airports
Mobile sourcesAircraft, ground support equipment, automobiles, maintenance and construction equipment.Not typically subject to permitting.
Stationary sourcesHeating units, generators, fuel storage tanks.
Area sourcesFuel facilities.Construction.
Air Quality Monitoring
Two Air Quality monitoring systems are installed Up and Down wind from TB3 to find out the impact of TB3 operations activities on ambient air quality in the Airport vicinity
Cairo AirportCairo Airport
Up Wind Air Quality Monitoring Station Hall 4
Down Wind Air Quality Monitoring Station
Terminal 2Terminal 2
Air Quality Monitoring StationInterior View
Environmental Monitoring Control Center at CAI
Life Time DATALife Time DATA
Annex 5Annex 5
24 Hrs
1 Year
150
70
Repairable Particles Repairable Particles (PM10)(PM10)
I Year60
24 Hrs150Black Smoke Black Smoke (BS)(BS)
8 Hrs120
1 Hr200
Ozone(OOzone(O33))
24 Hr150
1 Hr400Nitrogen Nitrogen Dioxide(NODioxide(NO22))
8 Hrs10 Milligram / Cubic meter
1 Hr30 Milligram / Cubic meterCarbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide (CO)(CO)
1 Year60
24 Hr150
1Hr350SulphurSulphur Dioxide Dioxide
(SO(SO22))
EXPOSURE EXPOSURE PERIODPERIOD
MAXIMUM LIMITMAXIMUM LIMITPOLLUTANTPOLLUTANT
B.SB.S
Hall 4 Daily BS Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-Aug
13-Aug
15-Aug
17-Aug
19-Aug
21-Aug
23-Aug
25-Aug
27-Aug
29-Aug
31-Aug
Conc
. µg/
m3
Day
Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150Hall 4 BS Concentration (OCT 2008)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1-Oct
3-Oct
5-Oct
7-Oct
9-Oct
11-O
ct
13-O
ct
15-O
ct
17-O
ct
19-O
ct
21-O
ct
Con
c. µ
g/m
3
Day - Hour
Hall 4 BS Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-A
ug
13-A
ug
15-A
ug
17-A
ug
19-A
ug
21-A
ug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-A
ug
31-A
ug
Co
nc
. µg
/m3
Day - Hour
PM10PM10
Hall 4 Daily PM10 Concentration (AUG 2008)
2030405060708090
100110120
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-Aug
13-Aug
15-Aug
17-Aug
19-Aug
21-Aug
23-Aug
25-Aug
27-Aug
29-Aug
31-Aug
Conc
. µg/
m3
Day
Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150
Hall 4 Daily PM10 Concentration (OCT 2008)
0102030405060708090
1-Oct
3-Oct
5-Oct
7-Oct
9-Oct
11-O
ct
13-O
ct
15-Oct
17-Oct
19-Oct
21-O
ct
Con
c. µ
g/m
3
Day
Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150
COCOTB 2 CO 8-h Concentration 8 hour (AUG 2008)
0
2
4
1-Au
g
3-Au
g
5-Au
g
7-Au
g
9-Au
g
11-A
ug
13-A
ug
15-A
ug
17-A
ug
19-A
ug
21-A
ug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-A
ug
31-A
ug
Co
nc
. m
g/m
3
Air Quality Limit / 8 Hour =10
Day - 8 Hour
TB 2 CO Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
2
4
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-A
ug
13-A
ug
15-A
ug
17-A
ug
19-A
ug
21-A
ug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-A
ug
31-A
ug
Co
nc
. mg
/m3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =30
Day - Hour
TB 2 CO Concentration (SEP 2008)
0
2
4
6
1-Sep
3-Sep
5-Sep
7-Sep
9-Sep
11-S
ep
13-S
ep
15-S
ep
17-S
ep
19-S
ep
21-S
ep
23-S
ep
25-S
ep
27-S
ep
29-S
ep
Co
nc.
mg
/m3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =30
Day - Hour
COCO22
Hall 4 CO2 Concentration (SEP 2008)
200
250
300
350
400
1-Sep
3-Sep
5-Sep
7-Sep
9-Sep
11-Sep
13-Sep
15-Sep
17-Sep
19-Sep
21-Sep
23-Sep
25-Sep
27-Sep
29-Sep
Con
c.m
g/m
3
Day - Hour
Hall 4 CO2 Concentration (JUNE 2008)
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1-Ju
n
3-Ju
n
5-Jun
7-Ju
n
9-Ju
n
11-Ju
n
13-J
un
15-J
un
17-J
un
19-J
un
21-Ju
n
23-J
un
25-J
un
27-J
un
29-Ju
n
Co
nc
.mg
/m3
Day - Hour
Hall 4 CO2 Concentration (JUNE 2008)
0
5010
015
020
025
030
035
040
0
1-Ju
n
3-Ju
n
5-Ju
n
7-Ju
n
9-Ju
n
11-J
un
13-J
un
15-J
un
17-J
un
19-J
un
21-J
un
23-J
un
25-J
un
27-J
un
29-J
un
Co
nc
. m
g/m
3
SOSO22
Hall 4 SO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
20
40
60
1-A
ug
3-A
ug
5-A
ug
7-A
ug
9-A
ug
11
-Au
g
13
-Au
g
15
-Au
g
17
-Au
g
19
-Au
g
21
-Au
g
23
-Au
g
25
-Au
g
27
-Au
g
29
-Au
g
31
-Au
g
Co
nc. µ
g/m
3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =350
Day - Hour
Hall 4 Daily SO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-Aug
13-A
ug
15-Aug
17-A
ug
19-Aug
21-A
ug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-Aug
31-A
ug
Co
nc.
µg
/m3
Day
Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150
Hall 4 SO2 Concentration (OCT2008)
0
20
40
1-Oct
3-Oct
5-Oct
7-Oct
9-Oct
11-O
ct
13-O
ct
15-O
ct
17-O
ct
19-O
ct
21-O
ct
Co
nc
. µg
/m3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =350
Day - Hour
NONO22
TB 2 Daily NO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-A
ug
13-A
ug
15-A
ug
17-A
ug
19-Aug
21-Aug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-Aug
31-Aug
Co
nc
. µg
/m3
Day
Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150
TB 2 NO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)
020406080
100
120
140
160
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-Aug
13-Aug
15-Aug
17-Aug
19-Aug
21-Aug
23-Aug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-A
ug
31-A
ug
Co
nc
. µg
/m3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =400
Day - Hour
Hall 4 NO2 Concentration (OCT 2008)
0
20
40
60
80100
120
1-Oct
3-Oct
5-Oct
7-Oct
9-Oct
11-O
ct
13-O
ct
15-O
ct
17-O
ct
19-O
ct
21-O
ct
Co
nc.
µg
/m3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =400
Day - Hour
TB 2 O3 8-h Concentration 8 hour (AUG 2008)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-A
ug
13-A
ug
15-A
ug
17-A
ug
19-A
ug
21-A
ug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-A
ug
31-A
ug
Co
nc
. µ
g/m
3
Air Quality Limit / 8 Hour =120
Day - 8 Hour
OO33
Hall 4 O3 Concentration (OCT 2008)
0
50
100
150
200
1-Oct
3-Oct
5-Oct
7-Oct
9-Oct
11-O
ct
13-O
ct
15-O
ct
17-O
ct
19-O
ct
21-O
ct
Co
nc
. µg
/m3
Day - Hour
Air Quality Limit / Hour =200
TB 2 O3 Concentration (AUG 2008)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1-Aug
3-Aug
5-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
11-A
ug
13-Aug
15-Aug
17-A
ug
19-Aug
21-A
ug
23-Aug
25-Aug
27-A
ug
29-Aug
31-A
ug
Con
c. µ
g/m
3
Air Quality Limit / Hour =200
Day - Hour
Our RecommendationsOur Recommendations1.1. Improve the quality of fuel and alternative fuel use Improve the quality of fuel and alternative fuel use
less polluted environment.less polluted environment.
2.2. Expansion of the project for replacement of old Expansion of the project for replacement of old Vehicles and the development of standards and Vehicles and the development of standards and specifications for cars.specifications for cars.
3.3. Spread environmental awareness for workers.Spread environmental awareness for workers.
4.4. Masks provide protection for workers.Masks provide protection for workers.
5.5. Increase green areas around the airport.Increase green areas around the airport.
6.6. Prevent build new cities neighbor the airport.Prevent build new cities neighbor the airport.
Mohamed Sherby
ACI Africa Representative on WESC Cairo Airport Head of Noise
and Air Quality Center