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DEFENSE
PRESENTED BY: LAUREN TALIA
May 17, 2012
DISSERTATION TOPIC
CALIFORNIA MANUFACTURING COMPANIES’ LEADERS’ PERCEPTIONS FOR INTEGRATING AUTOMATON AND HOW IT IMPACTS THE
WORKPLACE
EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS CALIFORNIA Divided into two regions
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA San Jose San Francisco Silicon Valley Mountain View
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA San Diego Los Angeles Orange County
MANUFACTURING 32,000 companies in California according to Manta.com
LEADER Chief ExecuRve Officer (CEO)
Vice President Director
AUTOMATION
Self-‐OperaRng Machine
RoboRc Technology
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY IS TO ADDRESS TWO MAIN QUESTIONS
1. To examine the leaders of California manufacturing companies’ percepRons and objecRves towards integraRng automaRon.
2. To examine the leaders of California manufacturing companies’ percepRons concerning the impact of automaRon in the workplace.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
CALIFORNIA MANUFACTURING COMPANIES’ LEADERS ARE INTEGRATING AUTOMATION WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT
AUTOMATON MAY HAVE IN THE WORKPLACE.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. WHAT ARE CALIFORNIA’S MANUFACTURING COMPANY LEADERS PERCEPTIONS FOR INTEGRATING AUTOMATION?
2. WHAT ARE CALIFORNIA’S MANUFACTURING COMPANIES’ LEADERS PERCEPTIONS FOR ASCERTAIN AFTERMATHS FROM INTEGRATING AUTOMATION IMPACTING THE WORKPLACE?
LITERATURE AUTOMATON
ImplemenRng automaton leads to a safer workplace environment for workers.
AutomaRon promotes efficient operaRon by increasing producRvity quotas to saRsfy leader’s expectaRons (Tzafestas, 2010).
AutomaRon decreases operaRonal costs by producing an increased quality of goods at a lower-‐cost (Wandner, 2010).
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHOD QualitaRve Research Method In-‐depth and rich informaRon What are your percepRons of automaRon?
RESEARCH DESIGN Phenomenological Research Design Allowed the researcher to survey a small populaRon sample of 10–20 parRcipants
SAMPLING
RANDOM SAMPLING Professional contact Personal contact
POPULATION SAMPLE California manufacturing
Leaders AutomaRon
JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING Over 20 parRcipants
SEARCH ENGINES AND KEYWORDS SEARCH ENGINES Google.com
Whitepages.com
Manta.com
Cmta.com
Erascal.org
Cmtc.com
Apparelnews.net
EXAMPLES OF KEYWORDS California manufacturing companies
Northern California manufacturing companies
Northern California network chips companies
Southern California manufacturing companies
RECRUITMENT PROCESS
MS EXCEL WORKBOOK Spreadsheet dated (that day date) First Name Last Name Company Name Job Titles Email Addresses
DATA CONNECTED External Hard Drive Encrypted and Password protected
LOCKED CABINET Only the researcher had access to the content
DOCUMENTING THE PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION
RECRUITMENT PROCESS, CONT.
EMAILS SENT FOR RECURITING
Over 1800 individuals emails sent individually to each qualified candidates and follow-‐up phone call.
SCREENING QUESTION Do you currently or did you used to parRcipate in the decision-‐making process for implemenRng automaRon
RECRUITMENT EMAIL Provided link to access the web survey quesRonnaires online through Survey Monkey ™
DATA COLLECTION
PROS Web Survey QuesRonnaire
CompleRng the survey at the leaders convenience
Anonymity of respondents
More honest answers to sensiRve quesRons
No Cost
CONS
ParRcipants are unfamiliar with the site Caused some parRcipants to quesRon the integrity of the study
Poor response rate
Less aftudinal behavior
Survey Monkey ™
RECRUITMENT TOTALS
22 ParKcipants Accessed the Survey
SCREENING QUESTION Do you currently or did you used to parRcipate in the decision-‐making process for implemenRng automaRon?
12 parRcipants ParKcipated in the screening process
10 parRcipants FAILED the screening process
PARTICIPANTS RECRUITED
DEMOGRAPHICS
5 Northern California
7 Southern California
AGE
Was not factor in this study. Seniority of the parRcipants posiRons was factor.
GENDER 9 Males 3 Females
JOB TITLES 5 President/CEO 2 Vice Presidents 2 Chief Officers 2 Directors
# Region Gender Title Manufacturing Industry
1 NoCal Male Chief ExecuRve Officer (CEO)
Automobile Parts
2 NoCal Male Director Snowboarding and Skateboarding products
3 NoCal Male Vice President (VP)
PlasRc
4 NoCal Female Sr. VP Label PrinRng
5 NoCal Female Chief OperaRng Officer (COO)
Networking Devices
NoCal PARTICIPANTS
SoCal PARTICIPANTS # Region Gender Title Manufacturing Industry 1 SoCal Male President/Owner Guitar Instrument 2 SoCal Male Director Aircraj Manufactures 3 SoCal Male President Medical Equipment
4 SoCal Male Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
Commercial Aircrajs
5 SoCal Male Director Apparel TexRles
6 SoCal Female President/CEO Apparel TexRles
7 SoCal Male CEO Food and beverages
HOW DATA ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED
CONTENT ANALYSIS RelaRonships of among categories of data SimilariRes in common wording
SURVEY QUESTION 1
9 PARTICIPANTS Great tool PosiRve Cost reducRon Improve process improvements for streamline efficiently
Staying compeRRve
WHAT ARE YOUR FEELING ABOUT AUTOMATION?
3 PARTICIPANTS Neutral Feelings for automaRon
Its about how the workplace adapts to automaRon
SURVEY QUESTION 2
6 PARTICIPANTS Improve complicated process Streamline processes Simplify processes AutomaRon is an effecRve tool
5 PARTICIPANTS To cut costs Increase producRvity
1 PARTICIPANT Higher producRvity number across all metrics Reduces Dangers for injury
WHY DID YOU OR THE LEADERS OF YOUR ORGANIZATION DECIDE TO INTEGRA TATE AUTOMATION?
SURVEY QUESTION 3
8 PARTICIPANTS Highly PosiRve Eager to integrate automaRon in the workplace
1 PARTICIPANTS IniRal investment of cost
1 PARTICIPANT Mixed interpretaRons of automaRon
1 PARTCIAPANT Change in any form is rarely accepted
1 PARTICIPANTS Retraining the workers, where necessary
HOW DID YOU OR THE LEADERS IN YOUR ORGANIZATION REACT TO THE INTEGRATION OF AUTOMATION IN THE WORKPLACE?
SURVEY QUESTION 4
9 PARTICIPANTS Simplify processes Increase employee producRvity.
3 PARTICIPANT Perform repeRRve work Sojware Producing automated products
HOW WAS AUTOMATION INTEGRATED INTO YOUR WORKPLACE?
The ques;on asks “how” but the respondents seemed to respond to “why” instead.
SURVEY QUESTION 5
7 PARTICIPANTS Employees who wanted to learn embraced automaRon
Higher level of job security Employees welcomed
HOW DID THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES) REACT TO THE INTEGRATION OF AUTOMATION?
5 PARTICIPANTS Workplace reacted negaRvely to automaRon
Employees felt their jobs were in jeopardy
SURVEY QUESTION 6
8 PARTICIPANTS Hired professional trainer to educate the employees
Training took place In-‐house
WHAT TYPE OF TRAINING WAS INSTITUTED TO EDUCATE THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES) TO LEARN AND OPERATE THE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS?
4 PARTICIPANTS Management goes over the safety and maintenance requirements for the new equipment
Leadership offered demonstraRon of uRlizing automaRon
Process training
SURVEY QUESTION 7
10 PARTICIPANTS Company insRtuted some form of onsite training
Had an internal team leader on the floor to educate and assist the team with conRnuous training.
1 PARTICIPANT Successful training, the employee
1 PARTCIAPNT Change was challenge
HOW DID THE TRAINING ASSIST THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES) TO LEARN TO USE THE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS?
SURVEY QUESTION 8
4 PARTICIPANTS AutomaRon benefited the workplace
Increasing morale which had a posiRve effect
Beneficial to the leadership team.
2 PARTICIPANTS Employees are now comfortable with the concept of automaRon
1 PARTICIPANT ReducRon of repeated moRon faRgue
HOW DID AUTOMATION BENEFIT THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES)?
SURVEY QUESTION 8, CONT.
1 PARTICIPANT Company invested in the employees
1 PARTICIPANT New job opportuniRes opened
1 PARTICIPANT AutomaRon resulted in the staff being bored easily
1 PARTICIPANT AutomaRon assisted the execuRves more, by increasing the producRvity quotas
1 PARTICIPANT Helped the company grow in size and increased profits
HOW DID AUTOMATION BENEFIT THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES)?
SURVEY QUESTION 9
9 PARTICIPANTS Leaders in their organizaRon had a posiRve reacRon to the cost of integraRng automaRon.
1 PARTICIPANT ResisRng the change
1 PARTICIPANT Created debates amount the leaders
1 PARTICIPANT The expense of automaRon was more than offset by the increased revenue
HOW DID YOU OR THE LEADERS IN YOUR ORGANIZATION REACT TO THE COST OF INTEGRATING AUTOMATION?
SURVEY QUESTION 10
6 PARTICIPANTS The effect of automaRon on their workplaces was neutral
1 PARTICIPANT AutomaRon was success.
4 PARTICIPANTS AutomaRon had posiRve
effect 1 PARTICIPANT Increased producRvity Decreased errors Reduced lead Rmes
OVERALL, HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE IMPACT OR EFFECT AUTOMATION HAS IN YOUR WORKPLACE?
SURVEY QUESTION 11
11 PARTICIPANTS
Automaton exceeded their company’s expectaRons
Decreased OperaRonal Costs Increased employee producRvity numbers, saving the company money PrevenRng outsourcing.
1 PARTICIPANT AutomaRon did not increase
the companies sales growth.
AFTER INTEGRATING AUTOMATION, DID IT MEET OR EXCEED YOUR COMPANY’S EXPECTATIONS? WHY OR WHY NOT?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 1
Lack of knowledge regarding how automaRon might influence the workplace through integraRon.
The leaders seemed to have a basic understanding of the benefits automaRon provided to the workplace.
WHAT ARE YOUR FEELING ABOUT AUTOMATION?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 2
Increasing employee producRvity
Improving accuracy
Staying compeRRve
China is United States biggest global compeRtor in low-‐cost.
More products are being manufactured in the United States.
WHY DID YOU OR THE LEADERS OF YOUR ORGANIZATION DECIDE TO INTEGRATE AUTOMATION?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 3
Leaders need to have a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the company and the industry in which it competes (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010).
Lack of understanding of automaton
Examples or prototypes of automaton
Strengths, Weaknesses, OpportuniRes, and Threats (SWOT) analysis
HOW DID YOU OR THE LEADERS IN YOUR ORGANIZATION REACT TO THE INTEGRATION OF AUTOMATION IN THE WORKPLACE?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 4
Return of Investment (ROI)
Prevented injury Increased producRvity
Improved accuracy Simplified processes and procedures for the lean effecRveness
HOW WAS AUTOMATION INTEGRATED INTO YOUR WORKPLACE?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 5
Prevented the employees from conducRng dangerous acRviRes
Their jobs were lost from automaRon
Excited for the new opportuniRes would present itself
AutomaRon might help to increase job security
HOW DID THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES) REACT TO THE INTEGRATION OF AUTOMATION?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 6
Hiring professional trainers
Having full-‐Rme trainer on-‐site
Trial and error is costly
Training Seminars
Cross-‐training the workforce
WHAT TYPE OF TRAINING WAS INSTITUTED TO EDUCATE THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES) TO LEARN AND OPERATE THE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 7
Employees had the opportunity to ask the professional trainer any quesRons that they had.
The training will assist the employees to begin operaRng the new machinery with certainty.
Training assisted the employees in learning how to use and operate automaRon.
The employees preferred learning from a professional trainer
HOW DID THE TRAINING ASSIST THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES) TO LEARN TO USE THE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 8
AutomaRon caused producRvity to increase while reducing the size of the workforce. Lower morale
Flexible working hours Increase the morale
Increasing the profit and sales margins
HOW DID AUTOMATION BENEFIT THE WORKPLACE (EMPLOYEES)?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 9
Cost was an issue for the leaders in any organizaRon because automaRon implementaRon is expensive.
Not all companies possess the funding necessary to integrate automaRon in the workplace.
The findings from the study indicated that it is wise for any company (not just manufacturing companies) to set aside cash on reserve to be used for the integraRon of new prototypes of automaRon.
HOW DID YOU OR THE LEADERS IN YOUR ORGANIZATION REACT TO THE COST OF INTEGRATING AUTOMATION?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 10
People in the workplace will always have mixed feelings regarding the effect automaRon has in the workplace.
Each employee or leader has an individual aftude regarding adapRng to new changes.
Some people enjoy change, while others resist it; some people enjoy structure and consistency.
AutomaRon has improved the employees accuracy.
OVERALL, HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE IMPACT OR EFFECT AUTOMATION HAS IN YOUR WORKPLACE?
FINDINGS FOR SURVEY QUESTION 11
AutomaKon exceeded expectaKons
Increased producRvity
Improved accuracy
Cut costs
Higher cash reserves
Prevented Injury
AFTER INTEGRATING AUTOMATION, DID IT MEET OR EXCEED YOUR COMPANY’S EXPECTATIONS? WHY OR WHY NOT?
AutomaKon cannot guarantee
Increase in sales
Increase profits.
FINDINGS AND RESULTS ADAPTING TO CHANGE Workers were resistant to change
COST OF AUTOMATION Costly Cash reserve Return on investment (ROI)
COMMUNICATION EducaRng the workers that automaRon will not threaten their posiRons in the company.
TRAINING
Hiring professional trainer to train the workplace
AUTOMATON ADDED TO THE LITERATURE
SHOWN IN THE LITERATURE
Increased ProducRvity
Prevented Injury
Simplified processes
Streamline effecRveness
Improved Accuracy
WAS NOT SHOWN IN THE LITERATURE
Improved Processes and Procedures
ROI
Some workers were resisted change
Training the workplace on automaRon
INTERPRETATIONS OF RESULTS
. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT CALIFORNIA MANUFACTURING LEADERS’
OVERALL PERCEPTIONS REGARDING AUTOMATION WERE POSITIVE.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
GEOGRAPHIC
INDUSTRY
PARTICIPANTS
QUALITATIVE
RECRUITMENT EMAIL
SURVEY MONKEY™
SAMPLE SIZE
RANDOM SAMPLING
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
ROBOTEIC TECHNOLOGY
GEOGRAPHIC’S
PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE HARMED FROM AUTOMAITON
TRAINING
EFFECTS OF AUTOMATON
RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
IMPORT AND EXPORT
MANUFACTURING WORKERS PERCEPTIONS FOR AUTOMATION
QUESTIONS
OR COMMENTS