PARENTS1

DAYISSUE

Volume LXVI.

CaliforniaTechAssociated Students of the California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California, Thursday, October 22, 1964

In Godzilla

We Trust

Number 5

Parents Invade Campus

Notices

ELECTiON POLL RESULTSResults ot" the election poll now

being taken by the YMCA in theHouses and among grads, facultyand employees will appear in theOct. 29 issue of the Tech.

DANCE CLASSDon't forget the ASCIT Dance

Class, tonight, 8 to 9, Clubroom 1.Lots of women; dance in PageHouse immediately follOWing.

FRENCH BOOKS .Students who took L 1 during

the last three years and sti II possessth'eir copy of Palmeri's First YearFrench are requested to lend theircopy to the Language Departmentfor the rest of this academic year.Please deposit them at the Humani­ties Office, 6 and 7 Dabney. Re­ceipts will be given.

The book is now out of print,and several students taking L 1aare unable to buy a copy.BASKETBALL MA~AGERS

NEEDEDOfficial basketball practice for

both varsity and frosh begins nextTuesday. Managers and a statisti­cian are needed. Interested stu­dents should contact Coach Prieslerat once.PROP. 14 DEBATERS SOUGHT

Anyone interested in participat­ing in a one or two man debate OnProposition 14 should contact DanMetlay at 59 Ricketts immediately.

SUNDAY EVENING FELLOWSHIPA newly formed Christian fellow­

ship group for college students pri­marily from Caltech and PCC isnow meeting Sunday evenings at7 p.m. at Knox United Presby­terian Church, 225 South HillAve., one block north of Caltech.

SU~FIN' USAThere will be a short organiza­

tional meeting of the Surfing Clubtonight, at 7 :30, in the Lloyd Con­ference Room. All those interestedin becoming members should attendor leave a note in the "F" box inLloyd. A free guided tour of theclub surfboard will follow the meet­ing.DR""'A""'M-A-C-LU-B-D-R~INKS:---

All bums who want to affiliatewith the Drama Club but don't wantto work-just talk drama and so on-come to the Lloyd ConferenceRoom, Wed., Oct. 2.8, at 7 :30 p.m.We'll organize a few pretzel ses­sions.

The Visiting immediate-familymembers will then be given anopportunity to rest their wearyeardrums during a guided tourof the campus, which is to lastmost of the afternoon. At 3:30they can rest their weary meta­tarsals at a Caltech Service Leaguetea, but their day has just begun.They next meet their prodigalprodigies, and the fight begins,whether to eat out or not.Saga Wins Again

It is better than even odds thatthe young, vigorous frosh inuredto the same routine their parentshave just completed, will be ableto prevail upon their elders theinnate merits of avoiding Sagafood. After dinner the frosh cangive their side of the picture,with a delivery tailored to theindividual parent. How much thiswill differ from the management'sviewpoint might be significant.

The student may encounterproblems in his first year herethat he has not met before. Name­ly, he may be doing poorly. The

(Continued on page 6)

the blood is not circulated proper­ly. Thus scientists cannot considerthe capillaries as mere irrigationchannels and hence of no majorimportance.

Since the blood is a complexmixture of everything from sim­ple water molecules to very largeproteins, and because the small­ness of the capillaries creates newand unsolved problems in fluidmechanics, Zweifach and his as­sociates have not tackled a trivialproblem. Yet, in spite of its com­plexity, knoWledge of the work­ings of blood in the capillaries isvery important from a medicalviewpoint.Spaghetti, Anyone?

The microcirculation maintainsthe internal environment aroundthe tissues with almost 60,000miles of capillaries and canchange the environment aroundthe tissues to match the specificneeds of the tissues. To quoteZweifach, "the system is so com­plex that if I could not see it, Iwould not believe that it couldwork." Then, to prevent his audi­ence from doubting, he showedfilms of various important micro­scopic parts of the circulatorysystem doing their jobs.

Just as the smog starts to clearaway from the mountains, duringthe autumn of every year, theparents of the frosh are invitedto a program at Caltech to famil­iarize them with conditions here.~It's similar to Frosh Camp, withlots of speeches and introductionsto the guiding lights of the cam­pus, but it has a slightly differentpurpose.-The parent of the typical Cal­

tech frosh, although he may beinclined to think differently, hasnot taken the college boards withhis son and is not at presentsweating through weekly mathtests. The Parents' Day programthis Saturday will try to presentto the parents the difficulties theirprogeny are enduring.Stupid Frosh

Okay, so the random froshgraduated high school with hon­ors, but he is average here. Thestudent may have accepted thisby midterms, but in order thathis parents might, they are in­vited to listen to a series ofspeeches, take a tour of the cam­pus, and observe their offspringin action.

This year there are about 240parents expected, representing"back home" to about 120 fresh­men. Foster Strong, Dean ofFreshmen, says that a big jumpcan be observed this year in thenumber of parents emanatingfrom the Northwest. The numberof those visiting from the otherends of the world such as Georgiaand Massachusetts stays fairlyconstant, he adds.Schedule 01 Events

The parents will have a fairlyrugged schedule in the morning,including speeches by Dean Jones,Director of Admissions; Dr. Mil·ler, Assistant Director of Admis·sions; Dr. Huttenback, Master ofStudent Houses; Dean Eaton,Dean of Students; and DeanStrong, Dean of Freshmen. Dur·ing lunch there is an address byPresident Lee DuBridge.

Day parents in

used to tap on

-photo by Boswell Smash

BY HANK SUZUKAWABeckman Auditorium drew a

fair crowd of physicians, students,and curious members of the pub­lic Monday night as Dr. BenjaminZweifach lectured on the "Flowof Blood in the Microcirculation,"the second in the Caltech LectureSeries. The lecturer explained,through words, slides,and motionpictures, the nature of the circu­latory system, especially in thecapillary regions, and the meth­ods by which the circulatory sys­tem fulfills its mission.

Zweifach is professor of path­ology at New York UniversityMedical Center and is a visitingassociate in Caltech's Engineer­ing Department. He is a leader inthe investigation of the micro­circulation of blood and is work­ing with engineers in the studyof the fluid mechanics of blood.Blood Is Important!

Blood has many duties: it mustprovide cells with oxygen andfood, carry away their wastes,and perform a myriad of othertasks that simple one-celled ani­mals can perform through directcontact with their water environ­ment. All these lifegiving proper­ties are of no avail, however, if

ZweifachTalks on Circulationof Blood for Lecture Series

considered by itself for severalspeeches on each side. Four issueshave been agreed upon: defensestrategy, foreign policy, govern­ment morality, and governmenteconomic responsibility.

AltlIough the debate is primari­ly intended for those whose mindsare not yet made up, all stUdents,faculty, and friends are invitedto attend, wear buttons, and carrysigns.

Y Debate

Europe

Leon Fung, a physics TA, addresses a group of Parents'

his younger years. Note ring on right little finger, which he

the edge of his drum. You can see that Leon loves his work.

pean labs are freer, "but theore­tical concepts lack the stress theyreceive here.

Lucky StudentsAs a part of this program, Was­

er took over for about a month afreshman chemistry course atE.T.H. in Zurich, the Caltech ofSwitzerland. He found that Euro­pean high schools prepare stu·dents better than Americanschools do, especially in lan­guages, math, physics, and chem­istry.

Incidentally, there is an inter·esting difference between Amer­ican and European education sys­tems concerning tests: Europeancolleges have no mid-terms orfinals! European students havetwo whole years to prepare for abiennial comprehensive exam.

Pi Kappa Delta and the CaltechYMCA will present a debate onthe topic, "Resolved, that BarryGoldwater would make a betterPresident than Lyndon Johnsonand therefore should be electedin 1964," next Tuesday, October27, at 7:30 p.m. in Winnett Lounge.Debators will be representativesof the Young Citizens for Johnsonat Caltech and the Caltech YoungRepUblican Club.

Speaking for the affirmativewill be Jim GOUld, Max Bartlett,Ry Young, and Dave Close (teamcaptain). The negative team con­sists of Roger Davisson, Dan Met­lay, Fred Shultz, and Sean Solo­mon (captain). Tech's forensiccoach, Mr. Herb Booth, has agreedto serve as moderator.Direct-C'Iash Type Fight

To facilitate the examination ofspecific issues, an unusual formatcalled direct-clash debate will beused. Following opening state­ments by each side, each issue is

PKD,

VisitsWaserReturning to the faculty this

summer after his one-year leaveof absence is Dr. Jurg Waser, pro­fessor of chemistry. Waser, a re­cipient of a Guggenheim Fellow­ship, visited Europe to comparehow chemistry is taught in dif­ferent countries. He traveledthrough Italy, Germany, Austria,and finally arrived at Zurich,Switzerland, where he had re­ceived his BS.

Basically, Waser found collegelevel instruction consisted of thelecture method, but more lectureswere delivered, and they containedmore material than those in U.S.This procedure puts less emphasison texts, but requires more in­formation memorized. The lec­tures are supplemented by an ex­tensive laboratory program. Com­pared with Caltech's labs, Euro·

BY JOHN MIDDLEDITCHHighly interesting and enjoy­

able assemblies sponsored byASCIT-Alumni are now scheduledfor next month, while others arealready being planned for the re­mainder of first term. ASCIT­Alumni has already sponsoredthe Owen-Carstens talk on civilrights which drew a great dealof student enthusiasm.

The assemblies are held in Dab­ney lounge on Wednesdays of cer­tain weeks at 11 a.m. The purposeof the assemblies is to providean interesting program of speak­ers dealing with politics, arts,current events, and other non­scientific topics.J<'rosh Grades

According to Bruce Hudson,chairman of the AseIT Assem­blies Committee, the next assem­bly will be held in 201 Bridge onNovember 4, with Dean FosterStrong speaking about the resultsof the meeting of the faculty over

the possibility of eliminatingfreshman grades.

The following week, on Novem­ber 11, there will be an extremelyentertaining assembly with DonnaBurrow singing off-color Eliza­bethan folk songs. Miss Burrowwas recommended for the ASCIT·Alumni program by that oldfriend of the cultured Techman,Jim Davis.Take in Small Doses

Assemblies which are now inthe drawing-board stage includea talk from the professors whowere involved in highly-contro­versial research at Harvard withLSD, a non-addictive drug of thehallucinogen class. It will tem­porarily produce powerful psy­chological effects when taken insmall doses.

On October 28, at the usualASCIT-Alumni time and place,there is a possibility of a talk byPierre Salinger, the Democraticcandidate for the U.S. Senate fromCalifornia. If this assembly doesmaterialize, it will be sponsoredby the Young Citizens for John­son group. Unfortunately, due tothe fact that neither the YMCAnor ASCIT-Alumni can sponsorjust one assembly of a politicalnature (both sides must be re­presented), there is little chancethat either the Y or ASCIT-Alum·ni will have a political speakerthis term.

(Colltinul'd on page 2)

ASell-Alumni FreshmanAssemblyPlansFor Term Told

Page Two

Editorials

Frosh GradesThe faculty will meet Friday to discuss a proposal, recom­

mended to it by the temporary Committee on the FreshmanYear and the Faculty Board, to eliminate all grades forfreshmen starting immediately. A week from then the facultywill probably approve the committee's proposal. The changewill affect the present frosh class and the frosh to come inmany ways. Whether the effect will be beneficial, superficial,or harmful can, of course, only be evaluated after the fact.

The major objective is to create a real intellectual and schol­arly climate, as opposed to the narrow grade-getting atmospherethat has been seen by some. Thus by el iminating grades, thefrosh will not be under the constant pressure of making goodgr6des on all tests and quizzes. The idea is to give the froshthe opportunity to enrich and enhance his supposedly naturalenthusiasm. The hope is that the good students can excel andenjoy intellectual pursuits,

At first glance the idea of rei ieving the pressure of gradegetting seems reasonable. The ideal istic thought that mostpeople admitted to Tech can work and learn a subject forthe abstract principle of education is momentarily reassuring.But I have not found this to be the case.

It seems reasonable that without the incentive many peoplewill slough off in courses they do not like. This probably willbe felt most in chem and the humanities. If a student goesinto a course knowing he need do only enough work to pass,why take it at all?

It has been recognized by the faculty committee that somepeople will be directly hurt. These are the ones who sloughoff too much, hence do not learn the essential material, andthose who will be kept in the Institute for an extra year, be­cause they could not find how tough grades could get.

The faculty committee has undoubtedly considered all theevidence and indications that they had available and haveweighed the advantages and disadvantages of the system withall sincerity. It is unfortunate that the faculty did not solicitopinions from upperclassmen who have been through the gaunt­let. The student opinion now is far from universal. Of course,this opinion would be only one part in a final decision. Thefaculty has the ultimate authority and responsibility.

-Wally Oliver

Thursday, October 22, 1964

¥QUOICNCC

o Courage! In that golden treeImplant within the heart of me.

Despite the failure to give Wil­liams' "characters" free rein, thefilm's director does deserve spe­cial credit for his delicate treat­ment of the poet's ever-presentsymbolism.Where's Liz?

The success of The Night of theIguana in spite of the flaw men­tioned above, is made possible bya brilliant performance by Rich­ard Burton. The role of the Rev.Shannon is fraught with tempta­tions to the actor subject to vi­sions of grandeur and Christ­identification. Mr. Burton, how­e vel", preserves the essentialblemish of imperfection even inhis most triumphant moments.Even more than Brando and New­man before him, he seems tosense and capture the very soulof the Williams "hero."

The other two major roles re­present what Williams terms thetwo levels of earthly existence -

(Continued on page 3)

By Don GreenThe Night of the Iguana

Once again, the cinema hassought to capture the stage mas­tery of Tennessee Williams. And,as before in A Streetcar NamedDesire and Sweet Bird of Youth,something vital has been lost inthe translation. The most distinc­tive gift of Tennessee Williamsis his mastery of the characterwho is larger than life, one whotranscends the limitations of theperson and carries the weight ofhumanity upon his shoulders. Andhere is where the Hollywood pro­ductions fail. Concerned primarilywith characters "realistic" to theviewing public, the screen writerhas overlooked the vitality im­parted by Williams-the·artist.

The substance of TennesseeWilliams' lesson in The Night ofthe Iguana is the eventual recon­ciliation of violence and depravitythrough man's quiet endurance.The world's most vicious sin,viewed by the Rev. T. LawrenceShannon, is "man's inhumanityto God." Man's actions are moti­vated by his own fears; each ispursued by his personal "bluedevil."

The path to salvation is not theact of repentance, but rather adark, personal journey where theold poet's cry becomes the prayerof mankind:

CaliforniaTechPublished weekly during the school year by the Associated Students

of the California Institute of Technology, Incorporated.

Editors-in-ChiefWally Oliver, Stuart Galley

Mana.lnl EditorRick Briggs

News StoffJim Austin, Les Fettig, Les Fishbone, Barton Gordon,

Tim Hendrickson, Ralph Kimbrell, Michael Meo, Craig Nelson, Dick TezakPhotographers: Bill Boyd, Bob Geisenhainer, Larry Ruzzo

Feature StaffBob Berry, Editor

Don Green, Jeff Pressing, Bil" Orr, John Rouse,J. C. Simpson, Hank Suzukawa, Rodger Whitlock

Sports StaffSteve Blumsack, Editor

Peter Balint, Larry Dillehay, J. K. Evans, Mike Hunsaker, Gary Ihas,David Jackson, Ted Jenkins, Gary Ratner

Copy StaffNorton Greenfeld, Editor

Gary Schnuelle, Bob Schor

Business StaffJ. C. Simpson, Manager

Circulation: Stewart Davey

California Tech, 1201 East California Blvd.• Pasadena, California 91109.Member of The Associated Collegiate PressRepresented nationally by National Advertising Service, Inc.Second Class postage paId at Pasadena, CaliforniaPrinted by Bickley Printing Co.Subscriptions: $1.50 per term, $4.00 per year. Write: Circulation Manager.

Barry knew his secret name was"Bud." In moments of admira­tion they were heard to sigh,"That Bud, that's Bear."

Lyndon Bear soon found outabout Barry and decided that heneeded to show the bears that hewas the bear to man the load.He appealed to the grizzly bearsby offering them free fish. Hecalled it a war on poverty; thesmall business bears called it agiveaway. He then appealed tothe black bears by doing awaywith social discrimination led bythe polar bears. He called it ci­vil rights. The polar bears call­ed it many things, all unfit forour ears. He had an Ad bearwrite him a catchy slogan aboutLet US continue. The bear'sname was Lib.

Now most of the ordinarybears weren't really interested inthe issues, though they didn'twant a mispitched pine cone tobring about the end of the forestnor did they want Lyndon eatingall that honey. Lyndon did prom­ise to check into things right af­ter the election but then so didBarry.

In the same forest lived somefierce lions known far and wideas the literary lions. They weredivided into two groups, thosefor Lyndon who wrote the news­paper and those for Barry whowrote pamphlets. The newspaperlions seemed to treat Barry badlyas they always presented him assaying things he didn't mean,while the bok writers tried toprove Lyndon was involved deep­ly in the Baker Bear Affair. Hewas the boyfoot bear with teaksof chan. He was also LyndonBear's closest subordinate in theforest.

The Polar Bear extremists sentall the books around for all theother bears to read so that every­body muttered darkly about whatwas going on in the SchwarzWald and how it was going to thedogs so that pretty soon the Rus­sian bears could take over itsomething weren't done. "GiveBarry pine cones," they shouted."He will show those Red Bears athing or two!" They liked towalk around shouting "AmmechaFust!" whenever they met oneanother. Needless to say theythought Lyndon was a bare-facedliar.

Baby Barry Bear had troublewith the newspapers and Lyndonwith the accusations. Barry de­

(Continued on paJte 6)

Debateat UCLAThe Caltech debate squad at­

tended the first speech tourna­ment of the season at UCLA onOctober 16 and 17. At the tour­nament 667 students from 42schools from the states of Califor­nia, Utah, and Arizona, partici­pated in debate and individualevents. Caltech was representedin debate by Dave Close, GaryScott, Mike Casteel, Kermit Ku­bitz, and Jim Gould. There were148 debate teams entered.

Kirk TalksTomorrovv

Professor Russell Kirk, one ofAmerica's leading conservativescholars, will present a majoraddress tomorrow evening at 8in Beckman Auditorium. Kirk,who will speak on the conserva­tive philosophy in America, is inCalifornia for a three-weekspeaking tour.

. The speech, which is beingsponsored by the Caltech YoungRepublican Club, will be preced­ed by an informal discussionwith students at 4 p.m. in Win­nett Lounge.

After receiving his undergrad­uate education at Michigan StateUniversity, Kirk did graduatework at Duke and St. AndrewsUniversities. For the past sevenyears he has been professor ofpolitical science at Long IslandUniversity, where he has writ­ten several books and writes asyndicated daily column.

Tickets will be available Tues·day, Wednesday, and Fridayfrom 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. in theticket office of Beckman.

CALIFORNIA TECH

The folowing column, entitled"How Square the Bear Or ACracker Look At Lyndon," is re­printed from the Georgia TechTechnique, "the South's liveliestnewspaper." Use its brilliant an­alysis of the political scene tohelp you in choosing your candi­date in November.

Once upon a time there werefour bears: Barry, Lyndon, Hu­bert and Bill. They all lived to­gether in a great big forest on thebanks of the Potomac known asthe Schwarz Wald and were con­sidered to be the leaders of theland with "Big Lyndon" incharge.

Now every four years therewas a big meeting of all the bearsin the land to decide whether tokeep Lyndon Bear or whetherhe needed to be replaced. Someof the bears thought he had beentoo nice to the black bears andothers thought he had been keep­ing more than his share of thehoney. In short, they nominatedBaby Barry as his opponent inthe coming contests.

Baby Barry had a lot going forhim, he liked the little businessman bears and tried to see to itthat the polar bears didn't loseany of their rights. He advo­cated more pine cones for de­fense against the fierce RussianBears and less fish for the lazygrizzly bears who refused tolearn how to fish for themselves.Barry was a good speaker andmanaged to convince a lot of hisgroup that he knew the barefacts of what we going on upthere in the Schwarz Waldo Hegathered the support of a groupof Welsh Bears known in theforest as Birch bears and othersmaller groups that felt some­thing had to be done. Now allthese groups that were "in" with

F"m Otllel Cf/mpUSeS8yJace

Assembly(Continued from page 1)

The money which makes all ofthe ASCIT-Alumni assemblies pos­sible is donated to ASCIT by theAlumni. ASCIT works in coopera­tion with Professor D. S. Clarkof the Engineering Division, whorepresents the Alumni.

SELL ADSOnce again this year the Cali·

fornia Tech is offering Techmenthe golden opportunity to helpthe Tech by helping themselves.

The Tech is offering a 15 percent commission on all ads soldby Techmen. This commissionis paid not just on the first in­sertion, but every time the ad isrun this school year.

Tech ads cost $1.40 per columninch, and thus the commissionamounts to $0.21 for every col­umn inch of advertising sold..The commission on a Falstaffad, for example, would be $12.60for each insertion.

Selling ads is not as difficult asis may sound. Many Pasadenaretailers can be talked into ad­vertising with. relatively little ef­fort. Local stores such as OakKnoll C[eaners, Pie 'n Burger,etc. are especially "vulnerable"to an ad pitch for the Tech, andthe commission is pretty goodrecompense for the time spent(little t advertisers are also goodprospects).

For further information, rateletters, pUblication schedules, orany other material you mightneed, contact J. C. Simpson,Tech Business Manager, in 242or 244 Ruddock. Phone is camp­us extension 554.

Gary Edwards

Letters

Health PlanNecessary?Editors:

I wish further clarification ofthe system· of student health in­surance adopted recently by theInstitute and discussed in recentletters to the Tech. .

In the explanatory note issuedlast week by Dr. DuBridge, nomention was made of the veryimportant principles underlyinga compulsory health program. Thestatement was in fact made withthe tacit assumption that a com­'pulsory program is indeed theInstitute's responsibility to carryout. I do not see why this is so.

Most of us can appreciate theInstitute's concern for students'academic welfare, but by nostretch of the imagination can Irationalize its concern for stu­dents' physical welfare in theform of a compulsory health in­surance program. The matter ofpersonal health insurance is strict­ly relegated to individual con­sideration and initiative, and isnot under any circumstances theresponsibility of an academic in­stitution.

The problems of duplicative in­surance programs and annuallyincreasing expenses (no one seemsto know what the terminal costof the program will be) are sim­ply the result of requiring thedeferment of individual judgmentto the deliberation of committees.Perhaps someone can justify forme the undertaking of this pre­sumptuous task.

Thursday, October 22, 1964 CALIFORNIA TECH Pag_ Three

and

RICK!

KIRBY

lations,

Congratu-

telemetry and tracking • reconnaissance systems• amplifier and computer design • electromagneticinterference control • technical administration ...among others.

In addition'to a rewarding professional environment,LTV offers engineers the opportunity to earn advanceddegrees through company·financed graduate educationprograms.

Before selecting your industrial home, investigate thecareer avenues available with Ling-Temco-Vought. Getcomplete details from your Placement Office or writeCollege Relations Office, Ling-Temco-Vought, P. O. Box5907, Dallas, Texas 75222. LTV is an equal oppor­tunityemployer.

L."'r~L..ING-TEI\ACO -VOUGHT, INC •

GOING OUR WAY?

.......v DIVISIONS AND SUBSIDIARIES: LTV ALTEC • LTV ASTRONAUTICS. LTV CONTINENTAL ELECTRONICS. LTV LING ELECTRONICS. LTV MICHIGAN • LTV MILITARYELECTRONICS. LTV RANGE SYSTEMS • LTV RESEARCH CENTER • LTV TEMCO AERO SYSTEMS • LTV UNIVERSITY • LTV VOUGHT AERONAUTICS. KENTRON HAWAII, LTD.

If you're Q;lapping out your career destination, Ling­Temco-Vought offers a wide choice of exciting andchallenging routes to your personalized goal.

Here at LTV, young, alert engineers are "going places"in the fields of aircraft, missiles, space, mobile surfacevehicles, weapons systems, ground and airborne com­munications, electronics, and range services. Support­ing these activities is an excellent engineering climateproviding the opportunity to contribute and profes­sional advancement which is a direct function of thecontribution. Assignments are diversified and stimu­lating in such areas as: aerodynamics • avionics andinstrumentation • dynamics • systems design • propul­sion • stress analysis • communications design •

Audience(Continued from ImgC' 2)

the "fantastic" and the "realistic."The play's theme is Shannon'sencounter with the first level andhis eventual reconciliation withthe second. Deborah Kerr's port­rayal of the middle-aged Nan­tucket spinster is superb. It isher task to retrieve the waywardShannon and effect his reconcili­ation to his fate; this she accom­plishes with taste and finesse.

The role of the Widow Forbesseems destined for Ava Gardner.The competition between the twolevels seems one-sided throughoutmost of the film, and the finaloutcome is both surprising andsignificant. The Rev. Shannonreturns with quiet humility to the"realistic" existence with theWidow Forbes, with only thememory of his "fantastic" en­counter.Obscenity is theSalt of the Earth

Regretfully, Sue Lyon wasgiven another speaking part.One cannot deny her positive con·tribution to the charm of oldMexico, but her t a len t asan actress destines her for a longseries of "I Was a Middle-AgedLolita" thrillers.

,--_T_h_e_C_r_it_ic_a_l_E_a_r__1 MB~~!:!EW~~~~eat~~!.a~_~~n~!.~BY TOM McKENZIE flavor of the George Duning com- The brief duration of the recent For the past year or two, the blow itself into many pieces. OneDizzy Goes Hollywood position, and Dizzy's style fits the Soviet three-man space flight was USSR has been using two types such attempt apparently headed

(Phillips _ PHM 200-123) piece well. no accident, according to the Cal- of rockets for space shots: a me- off for Mars, but broke into twoThis record, available in both tech Space Patrol. The Patrol diumsized one for satellites dozen fragments after a few sec-

stereo and monaural, is a jazz The album - except for "Walk announced that the Russians had launched in orbits inclined 490

to onds of firing. Their problemstreatment of themes from eleven on the Wild Side" _ holds very orbited a test vehicle the pre- the equator, and a large booster appear to be centered around thepopular movies. Dizzy is featured little for someone already familiar vious week, and recovered it aft- for satellites in 65

0

inclination interplanetary probe itself. Shadeson trumpet with an anonymous er only one day in space. Appar- orbits. Their manned shots have of Ranger!

with the records Dizzy cut in the tl th t t t' I d f IIrhythm section and tenor sax. en y e es was s nct y a ress a en into the latter category. Be-Gillespie's sound is, as usual, pol- late forties. It probably is inter- rehearsal for the manned shot. fore each booster type was putished and brilliant, but excellent esting for people who want a Although this test vehicle, desig- into operation, the Russians con­technique alone doesn't make good bland and easy introduction to nated 1964-62A, was not observed ducted a series of tests in theirjazz. The choice of songs in this the music of one of the founders by the Patrol, its rocket body was Pacific test range. Thus, the ap-album is rather poor; about all of bop. If you are curious about sighted on two occasions. pearance of a new booster was nothey do is show that many tunes the meaning of improvisation, Bigger and Better real surprise, as there was a se-are not suitable bases for inspired you might try comparing this The Voskhod space ship, 1964- ries of tests last summer.improvisation. Perhaps a better album with the "Great Motion 65A, was kept in space for only Spy vs. Spydescription of the album is that Picture Themes" album series by 16 orbits, and hence it was not ob- The USSR has released no in­of a jazz group merely playing United Artists. A bit of warning served here. However, its rocket formation on any of its rockets,the music. to those who have never heard body remained in orbit until for what must be military rea-

There is, however, one track Dizzy before _ don't be alarmed Wednesday, and unsuccessful at- sons. Also, very little is releasedwhich has some value. "Walk on by the sudden octave jumps, the tempts were made to observe it about their satellites, except whenthe Wild Side" is one of the best syncopated base drum, and the from Caltech. Observations of the there is little doubt that the USthings Dizzy has done in the past steady 4/4 beat on the cymbal: test vehicle's rocket body and re- already has the information, orthree years. The soft, relaxed this is bop. ports on the Voskhod rocket indi- when there is a propaganda ad-solos of this long piece are the cate that the Soviets are indeed vantage to be gained.highlights of the album. Particu- For anyone looking for a more using a new and larger booster. In the past three years theylarly impressing is the tenor substantial and swinging Diz, This rocket body was brighter have had several unsuccessfulwork in this number. Inciden- "Night in Tunisia" and "Anthro- than prevIous Soviet rockets, and lunar and planetary probes, in­tally, the tenor sounds a great pology," both recorded in 1946, even appeared to be brighterthan eluding a Mars shot and a Venusdeal like James Moody, who plays are available on several albums. the upper stage of the US's Sat- shot, each of which went on prop­in Dizzy's regular quintet. Moody's Some of his more recent works urn rocket. This indicates that er trajectory but suffered elec­control while playing a duet with include "Something Old, Some- the Soviet Union has a booster tronics breakdowns. The majoritythe trumpet in "Wild Side" makes thing New" (Phillips) and "Diz physically larger than the Saturn, of Russian attempts have resultedthe duet sound like a trumpet in Greece" (Verve). which does not necessarily mean in their placing a larger object intosolo with tenor accompaniment,except they're both playing thesame line. His tasteful solo in thisnumber also makes him a personto watch for in the future.Dizzy for President

There are also some good mo­ments in the "Picnic" theme. Al­though the rest of the song isplayed reasonably straight, thetrumpet solo swings. If you havenever heard Dizzy, this might bea good number on which to start.The solo retains much of the

-G. Zweig

"If you always think ofthe physics, you'll neverhave any trouble ever, any­how, anyway."

Thursday, October 22, 1964

The Caltech varsity cross coun­try team suffered its first loss ofthe season against Redlands Fri­day, while the Tech frosh ran toan impressive victory over thefreshmen from Redlands.

In the varsity race a dozenmen from Redlands jumped aheadof the Caltech runners at thestart and held their lead throughthree miles. After a slow startPete Cross was able to placeseventh as Caltech lost 15 to 49.The course record of 15:56.2 heldby Early of Caltech was brokenby Larsen of Redlands with atime of 15:30. Larsen's mile andtwo-mile times were 4:57 and10:15, respectively.

In the frosh race, a Redlandsman took an early lead but BillPutman of Caltech passed himnear the mile mark and came infor an easy win in 10:28. Othersfrom Caltech who placed were:third, Mike Meo; fifth, Steve Pol­trock; seventh, Dave Kolb; andeighth, Dan Hammons. Thefinal score was Caltech 24, Red­lands 31.

Frosh HarriersBeat Redlands;Varsity Loses

ES9UIRE THEATRE2670 E. COLORADO BLVD.

SY 3-6149 or MU 4-1774Wed. & Thurs., Oc:t. 21 & 22

NIGHT IS MY FUTUREDEVILS WANTON

* * *Fri. & Sat., Oc:t. 23 & 243 STRANGE LOVES

_ILLICIT INTERLUDE* * *Sun., Mon. & Tues., Oc:t. 25, 26 & 27

SECRETS OF WOMENMONICA

* * *Wed., Thurs. & Fri., Oc:t. 28, 29 & 30NAKED NIGHT

A LESSON IN LOVE* * *Sat. & Sun., Oc:t. 31 & Nov. 1

DREAMSSMILES OF I' SUMMER NIGHT

* * *Mon., Tues. & Wed., Nov. 2, 3 & 4BRINK OF LIFETHE MAGICIAN* * *Thurs., Fri. & Sat., Nov. 5. 6 & 7

THE 7TH SEALWILD STRAWBERRIES

* * *Sun., Mon. & Tues., Nov. 8. 9 & 10THE VIRGIN SPRING

THE DEVILS EYE

Oct. 23Oct. 27

Oct. 24

Oct. 23

Oct. 24

Fri.Tues.

Fri.

Sat.

Sat.

Next Week/s Sporting EventsCROSS·COUNTRY

4:15 p.m. Claremont-Mudd at ClaremontFOOTBALL

2:00 p.m. La Verne at La VerneSOCCER

9:00 a.m. Cal Poly (Pomona) at CaltechVARSITY WATER POLO

4:00 p.m. Pomona at Caltech4:00 p.m. L. A. State at L. A. State

drive by throwing backs for longlosses. Harley, Kampe, Myers,Jackson, and Josephson wereveritable bulwarks. McWilliams,at defensive halfback, killed aSparrow drive by batting downtwo long passes, and generallyplayed amazingly well for a manwith no high school experience:another man to watch.

Still HopeGenerally speaking, although

the team has several good indi­viduals (CIT's punter, Steve Hall,is among the top 20 in the na­tion), the team has not yet jelled.Two games and another week of

(Continued on page 5)

r presenl 0 '!!:sp:~:v:r:r::r:~I

<~ of the works of world-famous"It Swedish director-scenarist, Ingmar

Bergman. Intact, in their originalversions, they will run - in strictchronological order - from one ofhis first films to the most recent.

Here is a rare opportunity to fol-

lll!l!!:! ~Ot/;: s:~~~~al~:~t~~m~c ;~~:t~

I This is your advar>ce Program, Clip and Save

L$7 SERIES TICKETS AVAILABLE $7

CALIFORNIA TECH

Tech fullback Dinius is surrounded by several Pomona players after pickingup yardage against the Sagehens last week at the Rose Bowl. Caltec:h lost thegame 26-0, despite the fact that the Beavers outgained Pomona on the ground.

This is the year of the forwardpass, and Pomona's Prairie Chick­ens spread their wings and tookthe air route to victory as theydefeated CIT's Beavers 26 to 0Saturday night at the Rose Bowl.The statistics tell the story: CIToutgained Pomona 129 yards to122 on the ground, but the Pigeonsflew for 276 yards and eight firstdowns to Tech's 13 yards and nofirst downs.

There are never many brightspots in a losing ball game, butthe indefatigable Techmen man­aged to come up with a few. De­spite weak offensive line play (nodoubt due to the fact that theParrots outweighed the Techmenby some 20 pounds per man onthe line), the CIT backs managedto lose only 8 yards while Po­mona lost 44. Brennan, Mowery,and Frazzini contributed goodruns when they found holes.

The CIT defensive line wasoutstanding. Dinius, playing de­fensive tackle for the first timein his college career, was in onthe tackle as often as not andpersonally stalled a Goldfinch

Pomona Takes to Air;Beats Beavers 26 - 0

ONce you TRYIT YOU'L.L. BE: ACOP£:NHAGEN

MAN FORGOOD!

Last weekend, in the first Dis­cobolus match of the year, Flem­ing defeated Blacker in a tenniscontest that was decided by thefinal match.

Prior to the deciding fourth sin­gles contest, Fleming had wonfirst and second singles, DonGreen and Roger Davidheiser de­feating their opponents. Blackeralso had two victories by virtueof Bill Pate's triumph in thirdsingles and a Sirelson-Ludwig winin the doubles match.

Perry, of Fleming, after beingbehind 2-5, came back to win thefirst set of his match 7-5, beforetaking the second set 6-2.

Lloyd will be the next Houseto challenge Fleming.

Flems DefendDiscobolus

On Saturday afternoon, SantaBarbara invaded C.altech, in whatwas expected to be a very 'ruggedgame. To complicate matters, sev­eral key players for Caltech weremissing; the few available substi­tutes were effectively utilized inthe defensive positions (Horn­swoggler rides again).

Many of Tech's fears were ful­filled in the first half. UCSB tookcontrol of the game, maintainingit throughout the first half. Cal­tech could not construct a goodoffensive; meanwhile, Santa Bar­bara's excellent long passes fromthe center of the field badlypressed the Tech defense. For­tunately for the ,Beavers, UeSBmanaged to score but one goalby the end of the first half.Santa Barbara Retreats

Santa Barbara found its matChin the second half. Tech began avigorous passing game which rantheir opponents into the ground.The first line mounted repeatedattacks on the Santa Barbaragoal, scoring 3 goals in about 5minutes. The patchwork defenseironed out its difficulties andsquelched Santa Barbara's occa­sional threats. By the time thesecond half had ended, Tech out­scored their opponents by thelarge margin of 5 to O. Only twomen contributed directly to thescoring - Frishuk knocked in 2goals, while Mahn scored 3.

This game indicated that Cal­tech's soccer team is rapidly solv­ing its problems and developinginto a powerful tea m.

BEST WAYIN THE:

WORl-D TOGE:T A RI:AL.

TOBACCOI-IFT!

I 51:~

you USe:'COPE:N HAGI:N.

Obviously outclassed, the Cal­tech varsity water polo team losttwo games away from home atthe end of last week, losing toEI Camino, 15 to 6, before bowingto Cal Poly (Pomona), 13 to 3.

Against, EI Camino last Wed­nesday, Tech was shut out bytheir opponent's first team duringthe first and third quarters, scor­ing all 6 goals against the secondstring. Two days later, they in­vaded Cal Poly in a rare nightcontest. Playing under the lightspresented problems to the Beav­ers, unaccustomed to night con­ditions. Superior swimming andalert playing were the key fac­tors in Cal Poly's victory; how­ever, Tech was not as bad as thescore seems to indicate.

The leading scorers in the twogames were Nielson with 5 goalsand Maynard with 2; the othergoals were scored by Touton andWalter, who tossed in one goalapiece.

Page Faur

BY HORNSWOGGLERCaltech's soccer team continued

its winning streak by defeatingboth Riverside and Santa Bar­bara this week. Riverside wasswept aside 4 to 1; later in theweek Santa Barbara found itselfon the short end of a 5 to 1 score.

In an afternoon game againstthe Riverside JV and varsityteams, Caltech displayed the threequalities which it has displayedin all of its games thus far - lackof conditioning, superb individualball control, and intermittentlygood teamwork. Caltech, however,had complete control of the gamefrom the very beginning to thefinal whistle. Triskuk and Mortellscored a goal apiece in the firsthalf to put Tech ahead. Towardthe end of the half, Riversidescored one goal on a fast breakdown the middle of the field.

The second half produced twogoals, one by Cline, the other byMahn. UCR attempted to scoreagain by breaking through themiddle, but all threats were easi­ly contained by Caltech's rapidlyimproving defense.

The junior varsity game, whichwas played earlier in the day,resulted in another Tech win, asthe JV's blanked Riverside by ascore of 1 to O.

WebmenLoseTwo Matches

Soccer Team Wins Two

Thursday, October 22, 1964 CALIFORNIA TECH Page Five

Cavalier FeaturesTech Football Team

Although the sports page ofthe California Tech is concernedmainly with the results of variousathletic activities, occasionally asports article in a periodical ornewspaper worthy of the atten­tion of the Caltech communitycomes to our attention. We feelthat the article by Joseph N. Bellon Caltech: Phi Beta Football(Cavalier, October, 1964) falls intothat category.

This article is concerned withthe many aspects of Caltech ath­letics in general, football in par­tiCUlar, that are relatively un­known to those not in close con­tact with the Caltech campus. Aconsiderable amount of space isdevoted to stories emphasizing afew main points.

Caltech Football Factory?The article attempts to explain

the difference between Caltechfootball and the type seen bymillions of sports enthusiasts ontelevision each weekend. Bellseems to get to the heart of theproblems so evident at Caltech.For example, he states a typicalcase of a student not out for avarsity sport for which he isqualified:

sports. Sometimes academics isused as an excuse for more exoticreasons for not turning out forintercollegiate sports; such things,for example, as the disinclinationto get beat with deadly consist­ency; or a greater athletic loyaltyto a dormitory team."Good Magazine

The overall tone of the articleis of particular interest. Mr. Ballpays Caltech several complimentsduring the course of his article,while trying to keep his com­ments humorous. His attitude ofthe Caltech athletic program ingeneral is best summarized in hisfinal paragraph. When Mr. Mus­selman, the athletic director, wasquestioned about the lack of at­tendance at Caltech footballgames, he replied as follows: "...But one thing is sure: Our ath­letes don't turn out for a teambecause they want to show off totheir girls or get a write-up inthe paper. They come out justbecause they want to play." Theauthor then followed that quota­tion with this observation:"Whichcome to think of it might not bea bad idea for U.S. football fac­tories which masquerade underthe title of universities."

Football(Continued from page 4)

practice may provide the neededcatalyst. LaVerne, Tech's nextopponent, will be as tough as Po­mona, but the Beavers may sur­prise LaVerne as well as loyalrooters if things fall into place.

The Play-By-PlayMyers' kickoff was returned to

the Pomona 24. On the first playHaynes passed to Dundas for 76yards and six points. Weaver'skick was good, and the Flycatch­ers led 7 to 0 after 40 seconds ofplay.

Dinius returned the kickoff tohis 41, but Tech had to punt. OnPomona's 21, violent defense byKampe and Jackson cost Pomonaten yards and forced a kick. Techkicked back and the Parakeetsbegan a drive from their 9 whichstalled when Hall and Moweryknocked down passes. After Po­mona punted for eight yards,CIT found itself in possession onthe Bobolink 37. But Hall's secondpass was intercepted by Carver,who was brought down with aresounding tackle by Peters. TheMagpies punted out of dangerafter Scott almost intercepted oneof Haynes' aerials.Second Quarter

CIT opened the second quarterwith a drive commencing on theTech 22, and proceeded in short

gulps to the BUdgie 45, where,after two no-gainers, Carver pick­ed off another Hall aerial to inau­gurate a Cowbird offensive fromtheir 47. A Haynes-Dundas passpicked up 17, and some shortgains put the ball on Tech's 11.A highly questionable pass inter­ference call against McWilliamson another Haynes-Dundas effortput the ball on CIT's one-yardline. About time for a goal linestand.

On first down Dinius brokethrough and spilled Pomona'sMills for a loss of four. A pass fellincomplete. Kampe held Mills toone yard, and it was fourth andfour. Gambin, sweeping left end,bulled his way into the endzone,but 10 and behold a double penal­ty was assessed (CIT offside andPomona illegal procedure) whichnullified the play. Fourth andfour again. Haynes faded to pass,and Dinius shot through andsmeared him for a loss of ten.End goal line stand.

Tech punted out to midfield.Buzzard passes gained 11, 18, and17, and it was again first and tenon the one. This time Haynesplayed it smart; two quarterbacksneaks got him into paydirt.Weaver kicked and it was 14 to O.The Chickadees kicked off andthe half ended.

Tech received to open the sec-

ond half and punted. The Squabsdrove to Tech's 59, at which pointGuffrey intercepted a fourth-downpass on his 29, but dropped it andMowery recovered. Chapyak'sfirst-down pass was interceptedby Pomona's Dahl on the Tech41. Haynes promptly cranked upand hit Dundas for a 41-yard TD.Weaver's kick was partially block­ed by Harley and Guffrey andthe score was 20 to O.

Brennan returned the kickoffto Tech's 32. A short drive, high­lighted by Mowery's 12-yard pick­up, ended in a punt to the Tit­mouse 15. Haynes-Dundas clickedfor 30 and 17. Harley threw Hay­nes for a loss of ten, but he calm­ly zeroed in on Dundas again,who made a fantastic fallingcatch on the CIT one. This timeGambin was not to be denied,and he bulled in for the TD.Weaver's kick was no good; 26to O.

Tech received and punted. TheGuinea Fowl began a drive thatdied when Kampe and Harleythrew Pomonans for losses. CITtook over, but Chapyak's longbomb was intercepted by Dahl.Haynes cranked up again, but finedefense by Scott and McWilliamsshut· him off and the Canariespunted. CIT began a drive, withFrazzini rambling for 11 andMowery hitting Levinson for tenas the game ended.

An Equal Opportunity Employer

Donald N. Frey was awarded a bachelor's degree in metal­lurgical engineering by the University of Michigan in 1947and a doctorate in 1950. One year later, he joined FordMotor Company as manager of the Metallurgical Depart­ment in the Scientific Laboratory. In 1962, Dr. Frey wasappointed assistant general manager of the Ford Divisionwith responsibility for all engineering, product planningand purchasing activities. He is 41 years old.

...MOTOR COMPANY

The American Road, Dearborn, Michigan

America's automobile industry is in the midst of a challenging era, with pros­pects of an even more exciting and demanding tempo in the years to come.Ford Motor Company is determined to achieve leadership in all phases of itsoperation. This leadership promises to bring lasting success to the company, itsemployes and its stockholders.It will take people to accomplish this objectiv~.Engineering,finance, styling,marketing, product planning, sales-all require people with the knowledge,judgment and personal drive to avail themselves of the unprecedented oppor­tunities offered by a great industry.The automobile business is growing. More cars are being bought now than everbefore. With increases in population and consumer buying power, even morewill be bought in the future. Realizing this, Ford Motor Company seeks toattract college graduates who have the capacity to grow with the companyand the market.Right now, our plans call for employing about a thousand of the best 1965graduates we can find, with all types of educational backgrounds. We needspecialists, but we also need persons with broad liberal-arts training who canhandle a wide variety of assignments. Actually, in our company, many gradu­ates grow into jobs totally unrelated to their degrees. They have discoveredthat Ford offers intellectually challenging opportunities for those with theability to seize them. We invite you to make the same discovery.Contact your Placement Office and arrange to see our representative.

An Open Letter to the 1965College Graduatefrom Donald N. Frey,Assistant General Manager,Ford Division ofFord Motor Company

STEP FORWARDWITH FORD MOTOR COMPANY

SW-,.ETAOIN SHRDLU cmf uuuAARDVARK SUBLL .

Ruddock stunned Fleming lastWednesday afternoon, scoring sixtimes in the third inning in theseason's biggest upset, to take thelead in the Interhouse softballrace with a 3 win, 0 lost record.Ricketts, yet to play Ruddock, isonly one game behind the men-in­blue.

Tremendous scores continuedto be run up during the first weekand first day of the second; anaverage of over 15 runs per gamehas been scored in the five-inninggames played thus far.. Sloppydefense, slow and inaccurate pitch·ing, and good bunting have re­sulted in the extensive offensiveoutputs. With the possible excep­tion of Fleming, no team hasshowed any exceptional hittingability or potential. However, dar­ing baserunning and occasionalfine playing has caused mostgames to be quite exciting for thespectators. Except for threegames, the scores have been veryclose, causing much anxiety untilthe final out was made.

IH SOFTBALL STANDINGSTeam Won Lost

Ruddock 3 0Ricketts 2 1Blacker 2 2Fleming 2 2Lloyd 1 2Page 1 2Dabney 1 3

GAME RESULTSBlacker 16, Dabney 4Fleming 13, Page 0Ruddock 8, Page 5Lloyd 9, Ricketts 8Ruddock 9, Fleming 7Dabney 10, Lloyd 6Page 9, Blacker 8Ric~etts 3, Dabney 1Ruddock 15, Blacker 10Ricketts 5, Fleming 4Blacker 23, Lloyd 3Fleming 7, Dabney 4

''Usually the excuse given is,'I haven't time to practice. Ittakes all my time to keep mygrades up enough just to stay inschool."

"The rationality of this argu­ment sometimes obscures itsvalidity. Caltech is tough, but it'snot that tough for all of the stu­dents who could compete in

I H Softball

Page Six----------------------------

SY 5-5888

STUDENTS,if you needHELPin fulfillingyour languagerequirement­inquire abouttutoringservices atBERLITZ,THE lANGUAGE CENTER

170 South Lake Ave.

Thursday, October 22, 1964

welcome to the

CampusBarber Shop

" in Winnett Center

haircuts $2.00

Three Barbers to Serve You

8 to 5 :30 Monday - Friday

Paul A. Harmon

More Parents(Continued from page 1)

parent, if he is acquainted withconditions at Caltech, can bettercope with such an unexpectedsituation. Besides, maybe thefrosh's younger brother wants tocome out to California when hegraduates high school. Here is achance for the parent to get afirsthand view.

CALIFORNIA TECH

Other Campuses(Continued from page 2)

veloped a complex and Lyndonburied his head in the sand andtried to look sincere.

As I said the regular run-of­the-mill bears didn't know whatto do, so they followed Lyndon'sexample because everyone agreedthat he was real gusto in a greatwhite bear. Besides, taking hon­ey was part of the ceremony forbelonging to a secret club calledthe Quorum Club. It was so se­cret that even its members didn'tknow any thing about it. Whatmore could anyone do whenthere was honey and fish for all,why not let him stay? Old Gal­lup bear said he would win any­way.

Some of the bears didn't likeLyndon or Barry but thoughtthey would vote for Barry so allthe Republican Bears could havea party in Lyndon Bear's part ofthe forest. So they did. Theycalled it a BEar blast.

to split for beddy-bye, whereuponthe dry I suggests that ossifernotenumher of him compared -tonumber of them. This answerdispleased the pokey-loader, andhe decreased 1's degrees of free­dom mechanically and stuffed himin fuzzmobile.

Friends and acquaintances pro­tested with wailing and gnashingof teeth, and the C.onstable, outof his deep and genuine love forTechsons, and out of fear of beingminutely dissected, released ourhero, with face-saving mouth­spewings. Thus triumph theforces of Mothra.

~ ..~~i~~-:<-;

In Dante celebration of rareprolate - spheroid transformationcontest with LAPutrific came oneIhasbeen to fame and notoriety.Beak learns that chosen one waswith a group of untouchables atinfinite wetness source, dumpingpuckie on people's preventer ofInferno and Conflagration, who,assizing great odds agin him, didnot press his request for them toretire from source, lest the wrathof Beak descend upon them, butrather informed nearby fuzzy oneof group's presence.Who Ees Mothra?

Fuzzy wuzzy garfs over andwarns underlings and Ihasbeen

Advt. of Falstaff Brewing Corp. of San Jose, Calif., in fond dedication to reading enjoyment, woman's home companionship &the making of great beer.