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Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

*3985896528*

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/12

Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2017

1 hour 30 minutes

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

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You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

Section A

Answer all questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

Section B

Answer one question from this section.

Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

At the end of the examination,

1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;

2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid.

For

Examiner’s Use

Section A

1

2

Section B

Total

2

8291/12/M/J/17© UCLES 2017

Section A

Answer all questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of a soil profile divided into separate horizons.

O horizon

A horizon

B horizon

C horizon

parent rock

Fig. 1.1

(i) With reference to Fig. 1.1, describe the characteristics of soil horizons A and C.

A horizon

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C horizon

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(ii) State in which horizon in Fig. 1.1 you would expect to find the highest concentration of humus.

Explain your answer.

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(iii) Explain two ways in which the vegetation shown in Fig. 1.1 may influence the development of the soil.

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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows how the process of salinisation can affect a soil.

water and salts

move upwards from

a high water table

soil surface

water table

Key

salts

dissolved salts

water

Fig. 1.2

(i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, explain the process of salinisation.

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(ii) Suggest two ways in which the soil shown in Fig. 1.2 might be managed to allow sustainable use of the soil for agriculture.

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[Total: 20]

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2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows information about tropical cyclone (hurricane) activity in different ocean regions of the northern hemisphere between 1988 and 2011.

1988

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

901989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

year

number of

tropical

cyclones

per year

10

27

20

20

23

13

2616

3018

22

11

13

22

16

1421

19 18

17

17

17

24

31

1519

23

13

13

20

666

8

54

4

55

58

5

8

4

5

8

139

12

10

104

73

2

4

1416

1817 14 16

21 5

57

17

17

10

21

11

34 31 31 32 37 39 35 4332 27 33 33 32 33 27 32

25 27 26 28 28

1924

North Indian

Key

North Atlantic

North East Pacific

North West Pacific

12

21

Fig. 2.1

(i) In Fig. 2.1, which region experienced the highest number of tropical cyclones between 1988 and 2011?

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(ii) State the year with the lowest number of tropical cyclones between 1988 and 2011.

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(iii) Describe trends in the pattern of tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic between 1988 and 2011 shown in Fig. 2.1.

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(iv) Outline one factor that might explain the variability of tropical cyclone activity as shown in Fig. 2.1.

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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a weather chart for the North Atlantic on 6 September 2012 at 12:00.

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW LOW

1028

1028

1016

10041004

1004

992

London

Reykjavik

A

Fig. 2.2

(i) Insert each of the letters W, X, Y and Z onto appropriate locations in Fig. 2.2.

a temperate frontal depression W

an anticyclone X

a cold front Y

a warm front Z [4]

(ii) Draw an arrow onto Fig. 2.2 to show the direction of air movement at point A. [1]

(iii) Describe the characteristics of the air at point A in Fig. 2.2.

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(iv) With reference to Fig. 2.2, describe the likely weather conditions in Reykjavik and London on 6 September 2012 at 12:00.

Reykjavik ............................................................................................................................

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London ...............................................................................................................................

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[Total: 20]

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

3 Fig. 3.1 shows the ages of the rocks that form the ocean floor of the South Atlantic Ocean.

0–40.0

age of rocks in millions of years

40.1–83.0

83.1–180.0

Key

Africa

South

America

Fig. 3.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe and explain the pattern shown in the ages of the rocks that form the ocean floor. [10]

(b) With reference to examples, assess the extent to which the hazards associated with volcanic activity can successfully be managed. [30]

[Total: 40]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows the actual and predicted pattern in the use of global energy resources between 1970 and 2030.

50

40

30

20

10

0

oil

coalgas

nuclearhydro

renewables

predicted

year

19701980

19902000

20102020

2030

percentage global

energy share

Fig. 4.1

(a) Briefly describe the changing pattern of global energy use shown in Fig. 4.1 and suggest reasons for the changes. [10]

(b) With reference to examples, explain why countries choose different energy policies in their search for an affordable and sustainable energy supply. [30]

[Total: 40]

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows the contributions made by different sources of two greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane.

fossil fuel

retrieval,

processing

and distribution,

29.8%

fossil fuel retrieval,

processing and

distribution, 8.4%

agricultural

byproducts, 40.6%transportation

fuels, 19.3%

industrial

processes,

20.6%

power

stations,

29.6%

waste disposal

and treatment, 18.2%land use and

biomass burning,

9.2% land use and

biomass burning,

6.6%

residential,

commercial

and other

sources,

4.8%

residential,

commercial

and other

sources, 12.9%

carbon dioxide methane

Fig. 5.1

(a) Using the information in Fig. 5.1, suggest reasons for the differences in the content of each pie graph. [10]

(b) To what extent have international agreements and protocols been successful in finding a solution to the issue of global warming? [30]

[Total: 40]